Police officers are exposed to stress outside the range of usual human experience. The operational duties of police work, by their very nature, may at any time place officers in life threatening situations (McCraty, Tomasino, Atkinson and Sundram, 1999). These life threatening situations often lead police officers to experience different kinds of trauma. Certain temperament characteristics have throughout time been implicated as vulnerabilities toward trauma (Marais, 2005). This research study aimed to investigate this relationship between temperament styles and the effects of traumatic events on police officers working as dog handlers at the SAPS Dog Unit, Soweto. An exploratory-descriptive research design with a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to address the aims of the study. Use of the Keirsey’s Temperament Sorter indicated that from the fifteen respondents who took part in this study the majority demonstrated a tendency towards extraversion, sensation, feeling and judging. The sensation subscales showed a weak, yet significant relationship with both intrusion and avoidance symptoms which were measured by the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R). In addition to the IES-R the researcher made use of a semi-structured interview schedule to determine the effects that traumatic work incidents had on the respondents. Common themes that emerged from the interviews included: denial, emotional detachment, lack of trust and a lack of selfknowledge. The main conclusion that emerged from the study was the need to empower police officers by helping them gain self-awareness in terms of their unique ways of coping with trauma.

ABSTRACT Durban's “Golden Mile” is the city’s most prominent tourist attraction and contributed ± R225 million towards much needed job creation and poverty alleviation in the region during the 2007 financial year, a trend which is set to increase dramatically during the FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) 2010 Soccer World Cup, which was awarded to the Republic of South Africa. The City of Durban will host eight World Cup matches, including a semi-final at the newly designed Moses Mabhiba World Cup 2010 Stadium. The high incidence of violent crimes committed against tourists, which is also reported on in the international media, has caused the concern that if tourists perceive the beachfront to be unsafe they will be hesitant to visit Durban again, while the likelihood also exists that they might discourage other potential visitors. This paper is an attempt to provide input to the discourse on the matter based on empirical research. Much of the research on crime and tourism is founded on economic models of criminal behaviour. The current study contributes to the expanding crime and tourism literature by providing facts and accurate statistics instead of anecdotal information on violent crime and tourism, more specifically with regard to the so-called “street robberies”. From the data collected and analysed, it will become evident that during 2006, 90% of the street robberies reported to Golden Mile hotel security was not documented in the form of a case docket with the SAPS. Through the use of qualitative data analysis techniques such as theming, coding and categorising, the study will also reveal that all the respondents who completed the open-ended questionnaire are of the opinion that preliminary crime scene investigation of street robberies committed against tourists on Durban’s Golden Mile was, for a variety of reasons, ineffective. Finally, based on the relevant literature as well as the findings of the study, a number of recommendations will be put forward.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

The goal of this study was to conduct a needs assessment for a pre-retirement programme in the South African Police Service. The need for this study has arisen from the unavailability of a pre-retirement programme within the organisation which leads to the exit of employees, most probably unprepared for retirement, either in terms of financial or social aspects. The applied research study was conducted in order to explore the necessity for a pre-retirement programme in the South African Police Service. A quantitative research approach was utilised in order to gain numerical data that would determine the needs of both serving and retired employees of the South African Police Service. Two samples were utilised to collect data. The first sample which consisted of 80 units of analysis was for serving employees with a response rate of 100%. The second sample which consisted of 35 units of analysis was for retired employees with a response rate of 69%. A probability sampling method, known as simple random sampling was utilised to select the first sample of respondents. A non-probability sampling method in the form of purposive sampling was utilised for retired personnel. Two well-designed questionnaires were utilised to collect data from both serving as well as retired employees. The data presented statistically, transforming it into figures, percentages, tables, graphs and charts. All respondents signed a consent form prior to the commencement of data collection. The findings of the study proved beyond reasonable doubt that the lack of a pre-retirement programme in the South African Police Service leads to the exit of personnel from the organisation even though they are not prepared for retirement. Therefore, based on these findings, it can be concluded that there is a need for a pre-retirement programme for the South African Police Service. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Chapter one is discussing the introduction and summary as well as the research methodology of this study. The introduction describes the identified problem statement of this study. Like the title indicates this study is looking at the necessity of the permanent chaplaincy in the South African Police Service (SAPS). From time to time certain questions are raised about the right of existence of the chaplaincy in the police. These questions are: • Why is there a permanent chaplaincy in the SAPS? • Why must the government pay permanent chaplains to minister to SAPS employees? • Why can’t the local pastor/assembly take care of the spiritual needs of SAPS employees? The constant questioning whether or not it is necessary to have chaplains on a permanent basis in the SAPS and what role they play in the police, forms the basis of the problem statement and thus the focus point of the discussion of the research of this study. Chapter two describes the heart and the soul of the chaplaincy in the SAPS. This will be done by looking into the history of the chaplaincy and from the very first temporary chaplain until it later became a permanent position in the police with continual growth upto today. This chapter is also looking at the status of the chaplain in the SAPS as well as the chaplaincy as a international phenomenon. The research is also focusing on the role of the permanent chaplain in the SAPS. This chapter is also discussing the criticism against the chaplaincy as a full time job in the SAPS as well as the answers on these questions from the SAPS national chaplaincy. Chapter two is also looking at the appointment of the chaplain in the SAPS and his heavy load of spiritual programmes in the police. Chapter three is a theological discussion of the role of the chaplain as a spiritual counselor with spiritual counseling as the main subject of this chapter. Further is the researcher also discussing the chaplain as counselor in the following counseling areas:  Marriage counseling  Trauma debriefing  Crisis counseling  Counselor in conflict situations  Pre marital counseling  Marriage enrichment  Family and child counseling The role of the chaplain as counselor is thoroughly research in this chapter as well as the significant role that he is playing in the lives of the police members. Chapter four is looking at the vision and mission of the SAPS as well as the vision and mission of the chaplaincy. What role does the chaplain play in abovementioned visions and missions? To understand and rate the role of the chaplain the researcher will be looking at both the vision and mission of the SAPS and chaplaincy. The researcher will also be looking at spiritual growth in service delivered unto police members. This can only be measured through the statistics of pro-active spiritual programmes and other spiritual activities of the chaplaincy presented to police members. The role of the chaplain as well as his role with his colleagues in the SAPS (The Employee Assistant Services – social workers, psychologists and chaplains) will be researched in their joined strive to reach and better the goals of the vision and mission of the SAPS. Chapter five is looking at the theological fundamentals of the chaplaincy in the SAPS. This consists of: • Theology of religions • The fact of the multi religious context in the SAPS • The origin of religions • The creation purpose, fall and restoration of mankind • What role are the police and the chaplains playing in the context of Biblical theology. Can the permanent chaplain make a difference in the SAPS today, and other questions are looked at from a theological perspective in this chapter. Chapter six discusses the conclusions that has been made of this research study and present certain recommendations and make some valuable proposals. Then the researcher concludes with a summary and some final remarks. / Dr. Dennis Erasmus Prof. Jan du Rand

The social construction of client service impacts on the everyday lives of all community members. This qualitative study was conducted to establish how frontline employees construct their client service in the police environment. Front-line employees, such as police officers and civilians working for the police, were interviewed in seven focus group discussions, and afterwards during in-depth interviews on a one-on-one basis. Data was also collected by studying unsolicited organisational documents such as policies and internal correspondence. I contributed by writing an essay on my personal experiences while working for the police service. Grounded theory was applied to analyse data through open, axial and selective coding. Twenty-one themes emerged from the data during open coding. Data was put back together again to find alternative links in the data. Eight main themes that could be tied to "dissatisfaction in the organisation" emerged from the data by applying this axial-coding process. Finding the single story line that could drape all themes saw the emergence of the core category. This process of selective coding identified the core category as being "dissatisfaction with internal processes in the organisation". A literature review covered topics such as motivation, commitment, policy, organisational culture, resistance to change and willingness. This process facilitated the development of my version or interpretation of a Process Satisfaction Model (PSM) which has been explicated in terms of the conditional matrix. The "goodness" of the study was evaluated in terms of reflexivity, peer debriefing, audit trail, credibility and dependability, authenticity, transferability and member checking. The main contribution of the study is to the social science in terms of theory and methodology and organisational human resource and management practice. Practical value was added to mainly policy formulation, implementation and accountability and education, training and development (ETD) practice. The study was concluded by reflecting on the researcher’s experience of the study during the course of the research. / Prof. Willem J. Schurink Prof. Karel Stanz

Thesis (MEdPsych)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

M. Tech. Policing / The purpose of this study was to solicit the views of the South African Police Service (SAPS) members, both at local police and the Commercial Crime Branch levels, as well as from the wider representatives from the community, regarding the weaknesses of the SAPS Commercial Crime Branch strategies towards responding to syndicate fraud activities.

This study focussed on the evaluation of the implementation of the South African Police Service sector policing in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. A mixed methods approach was used to gather, collect and analyse data for this study. The data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus groups discussions and a survey. The quantitative approach dominated in data collection, whilst the qualitative approach was used to corroborate the quantitative findings. For the quantitative approach, 265 questionnaires were administered to 121 volunteer participants targeting the station commanders, cluster commanders and sector commanders. A hundred and forty questionnaires were also administered to the Sector Crime Forum chairpersons who were selected using simple random sampling from 32 police stations. The sector commanders were used for in depth interviews. The rationale behind was that the sector commanders are playing a key role in the implementation of sector policing. Simple random sampling was used to select the participants. The study area was in the Eastern Cape, where the research sample and participants were drawn. The findings of the study indicated that although sector policing minimum standards have been achieved by many stations, the study found out that there are some stations that have not yet attained the policy goals in terms of optimal implementation of sector policing in the Eastern Cape Province. The study established that the farm and rural and remote police stations were not complying with the minimum standards laid down in the National Instruction 3/2009. The problem of non-compliance emanates from the shortages of resources. Further findings on this study were based on the experiences and challenges of the implementers of sector policing. The study found that there were challenges confronted by them in the implementation process. Although some of the participants were indicating their enjoying working closely with their communities, there were some major challenges that they experienced in the process of executing their duties. The results of the study indicate that resources were not adequate to ensure that this new policing strategy is properly executed. Another important finding which was identified by the study was the fact that sector policing, as a new policing strategy, was not adequately communicated and marketed for it to be accepted and to for it to achieve the necessary buy in from stakeholders. The study further established that training, development and capacity building were lacking to capacitate the implementers of the new policing strategy. Further, sector to sector collaboration was identified as another challenge by the study. Team work was very much limited. The study further revealed that command and control was not enhanced by the sector commanders in their sectors. The sector patrol reports were not available in the files and AVL reports were also not retrieved and monitored. The factors highlighted above have a negative bearing on the reduction of crime. Poor police visibility and stakeholder participation in crime prevention programmes are not reducing crime.

M.Comm.