The list of illustrative plates includes both photographic and photo-copied plates. All the plates are numbered consecutively within the same numerical sequence. The plates are divided into sections corresponding with the chapters dealing with 1) Westernization and change in African art, 2) Rural black South African art: figurative woodcarving and mural painting, 3) Early twentieth century urban black art in South Africa and 4) Urban black South African art 1960-1980. Sources of photographs of art works are given where the photographs were taken from literature or obtained from museums or galleries. Artworks reproduced from published photographs in literature are cross-referenced to the bibliography. All other photographs were taken by the candidate unless otherwise stated.

Research into species inhabiting Benguela current region has been the southern part biased towards of those the of commercial importance and accessible than others. A those which are either more visible or crude evaluation of material flows and standing stocks, including the lesser studied species, was made. Estimates suggest that the productivity of juvenile hake C3 million metric tonnes per year or more, squid(> 0. 5 million metric tonnes per yearly, and midwater shoaling fish (together > 0. 5 million metric tonnes per year) is substantial compared to the total annual landing of marine fish off South Africa which is in the region of 0. 5 million metric tonnes. The consumption of anchovy and other epi-pelagic shoaling fish is dominated by piscivorous fish, particularly snoek. Snoek may consume as much as 0. 4 million metric tonnes of anchovy per year, out of a total anchovy production of in the region of 2 million metric .tonnes wet mass per year. Anchovies are the main fish consumers of plankton, with an estimated consumption of more than 20 million metric tonnes wet mass per year. Total annual plankton production is in excess of 800 million metric tonnes wet mass. About 32% of this enters higher trophic levels in the epi-pelagic region, mainly through zooplankton grazing. It is suspected that the bulk of production in the zooplankton and hake communities is recycled by omnivorous feeding in the case of zooplankton and cannibalism in the case of hake. The amount of cannibalised hake is about 10 times the amount taken by trawlers. The biomass, production, and consumption rates of apex predators such as seals, whales, dolphins and seabirds (sizes of the order of metres to 10' s of metres) is quantitatively unimportant in comparison with species consisting of smaller individuals (sizes of the order of 10's of centimetres). Due to the complexity of the food web, a conceptual model based on size may be preferable to one involving trophic levels. Overall, however, the complexity of the system, and the sketchiness of knowledge about it mitigates against the use of multispecies models for making useful predictions. A maximum likelihood estimation approach to Virtual Population ·Analysis ( VPAl is adopted, developed, and implemented. It is shown from results obtained using artificial fisheries data that the database conventionally considered adequate for VPA work, viz. the catch mass and age structure, does not lead to reliable estimates of stock abundances for recent years. Use of further data related to stock adundance, such as effort data in situations where catch per unit effort is proportional to abundance, is investigated. Results using simulated effort data show dramatic improvements in abundance estimator precision~ It is therefore argued that VPA should not be attempted in the absence of data complementary to the catch masses and age structures. With this in mind, VPA is applied to three stocks of commercial importance which occur off the South African coast 1 i ne: anchovy, pi 1 chard and hake. Results are presented which show that anchovy biomasses are determined with reasonable precision if catch rates can be assumed to be proportional to stock abundance, and if the selectivity functional form is known. However, it is argued that it is unlikely that catch rates are proportional to anchovy abundances. Furthermore, recent surveys of the anchovy stock size and habitat range suggest that the relationship between age and selectivity is different to that used in the analysis and is essentially unknown. Accordingly further analyses are performed, excluding the _ effort data, and replacing the initial one parameter selectivity function with unique selectivity parameters for each age class seen in the catch. Very imprecise biomass estimates are obtained when the likelihood function is formulated in this way, due to the now enhanced instability of the position of the maximum of the VPA likelihood function. Separate simulations illustrate that the bias in abundance estimates introduced by using the same age length key in all years for converting catch length distributions to catch age distributions may be as much as 50%. This, the aforementioned imprecision of VPA biomass estimates, unassessed but probable errors in the single age length key, which is used, and finally very recent ageing re-evaluation studies suggesting that the catch consists almost entirely of 0-year-olds, effectively rule out the possibility of obtaining management-orientated information from the anchovy VPA. Complementary data for the pilchard VPA is obtained by analysis of records of guano harvests which are made at a number of islands off the South African coastline. Evidence is presented suggesting that the harvest at Bird Island, Lambert• s Bay is approximately linearly related to pilchard recruitment and these guano harvests are thus included in the likelihood function for the pilchard VPA. The resultant biomass estimates are plausible in terms of the likely system carrying capacity for pelagic fish. The biomass trend does not reflect the major peak in biomass in 1960 which earlier work consistently suggested. An appropriate sum of squares _minimisation procedure is adapted from the LudwigWal ters' formulation for fitting the pilchard stock recruit function to the recruitment and spawning biomass data from the VPA. The surplus production curve is estimated by combining the estimated recruitment function parameters with a yield per recruit analysis. The results indicate a mean virgin spawning biomass of 2. 4 million metric tonnes, and an MSY spawning biomass level of 1. 0 million metric tonnes. The maximum sustainable annual catch, for a 20 -year scenario starting with the population at half the unexploited biomass and ensuring a 10% maximum risk of obtaining a stock size of less than 0.2 of the pristine size, is 187 thousand metric tonnes. The surplus production curve for the hake stock off the west coast of South Africa C ICSEAF Div. 1. 6> is estimated using the same methods as applied to pilchard. No substantial difference between the VPA results and those produced using dynamic catch effort models could be demonstrated - both VPA and the Schaefer model predict a maximum sustainable yield of about 140 thousand metric tonnes. Closer analysis shows however that the additional age structure information taken into account by the VPA has not led to better estimates than are provided by the catch mass and effort data alone. The suspected past practice of discarding small hake at sea potentially invalidates all sustainable yield calculations, even those based on the dynamic catch-effort models, by introducing spurious effects into the catch-based statistical records. The future in hake stock assessment may therefore lie with Casis the case for the pelagic species> direct survey techniques.

ABSTRACT The following thesis explored a specific subculture called skhothane, or izikhothane in the plural, which has taken root amongst the male youth in South African townships. Izikhothane are primarily concerned with music, fashion, dance and linguistic prowess in relation to their counterparts. They performed against their counterparts in order to gain status, prestige, fame and renown. These in turn were exchanged in some instances for other desired outcomes such as access to women. This study explored the intersecting factors that have caused the rise and transformation of this subculture. The contextual factors can be understood as historical, economic, and social. Other factors such as masculinity, gender, race, ethnicity and class seem to be playing a role in the meanings that izikhothane make and the lenses through which the view themselves and their urban spaces. In addition to the above the izikhothane were looked at in relation to subcultures that were formed during apartheid, such as comrades, tsotsis, comtsotsis and pantsulas, for example. This has given an idea of the continuity associated with subcultures and the generational factors that lead to their formation. The frame work that was used, for the most part, to critically understand this practice was primarily taken from Foucault’s conception of space, Winnicott’s formulation of transitional spaces, Bourdieu’s ideas of capital, and Erikson’s work on youth identity.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.

This thesis will examine the trope of the outsider figure in Lewis Nkosi's two novels, Mating Birds (1986) and Underground People (2002). Since both novels are set in South Africa and are informed by the political context of this country at particular junctures, the thesis will focus on the. effects of apartheid on the two black protagonists - central characters yet 'outsider figures' - in these novels. This thesis will argue that Lewis Nkosi's own position as an 'outsider figure' in South African letters plays an important function in his writing. In support of this point, I will therefore also refer to his non fictional books, Home and Exile and Other Selections (1965) and Tasks and Masks: themes and styles of African Literature (1981). These books are particularly important because they document Nkosi's comments on South African literature and his position as the 'outsider' acerbic critic. Nkosi can be seen as an outsider figure being a young, black South African living in an apartheid South Africa, and also, later, as a writer in exile. I have chosen Mating Birds and Underground People to illustrate my argument because they are not simply 'protest' novels, (in the sense Nkosi argued in Home and Exile and Tasks and Masks that so much black South African literature of a certain era was), but rather they examine the complex effects of exclusion, with regard to race and politics, on the individual. As the 'outsider' figure found full expression in French existentialist writing, I will also look at constructions of the outsider figure from an existentialist perspective. In his preface to the 2002 edition of Mating Birds, Nkosi reveals that the novel was to a large extent influenced by Albert Camus' The Outsider (1942). In writing The Outsider, Camus explores questions raised by the philosophy of existentialism. Similarly, Nkosi looks at black existence in a hostile apartheid environment, the absurdity of Sibiya's predicament and how he came to be there. He also explores the harshness of the physical environment which is a literal representation of Sibiya's anguish. Postcolonial analysis of 'othering', a logical extension of existentialism's 'outsider' figure will be used to support my argument. Mating Birds (1986), among other accolades, won the prestigious Macmillan International Pen Prize. Set between the 1950's and 1960's, it explores the divisions and prejudices that were experienced between white and black in a country steeped in racism and division. It deals primarily with the obsession an educated, young, black man, Ndi Sibiya, has for a white woman, Veronica Slater. Their illicit sexual relationship results in Sibiya being tried and convicted, by a white court, for rape. Underground People (2002), Nkosi's second novel, set in the late 1980's and early 1990's, takes the reader into the world of politics and underground resistance during the apartheid regime in South Africa. It narrates the adventures of Cornelius Molapo, an awkward member of the "National Liberation Movement", the fictional name of the African National Congress. Chapter One of this mini-dissertation will focus on a definition and exploration of the outsider figure in selected literary and theoretical works. Chapter Two will focus on the life and works of Lewis Nkosi in an effort to link the trope of the outsider figure to Nkosi's own life experience. His books, Tasks and Masks and Home and Exile, both collections of essays, help the reader to develop a picture of Nkosi, not only as a writer but also as a literary critic whose writing developed while in exile. Chapter Three and Four will provide a literary analysis of Mating Birds and Underground People, respectively. The analysis will deal with the outsider figure as a prominent feature of both these novels. Post-colonial analyses such as forwarded by Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and Homi Bhabha will be used to advance the thesis. The conclusion (Chapter Five) will refer briefly to Nkosi's current writing projects and situate them in the post-apartheid South African context. An assessment of the on-going potential for the 'outsider' figure in Nkosi's contemporary work will be made. / Thesis (M.A)-University of Durban Westville, 2005.

No description available.

The challenge of the South African government and economic policy is to achieve sustainable growth. Sufficient jobs are not being created after the political change that occurred in 1994. To address these challenges economic policy of government are analysed relative to theory, to lessons learned from East Asia (international best practice) and to recommendations of international economic organizations. This study is divided into 8 chapters. Chapter 1 comprises a general introduction to economic policy which addresses a particular economic phenomenon and explains the nature of the relationships between different economic variables, the research problem and the objectives of the study. Chapter 2 an overview of the theories of growth is described. The theories of economic policy are also described as well as a chronological outlay of all economic policies that influenced growth since the new political dispensation in 1994. In chapter 3 the first article analyses all the macroeconomic policies and reasons are sought why sufficient jobs are not being created after the 1994 political change that occurred. In chapter 4 the second article focuses on monetary policy. Against price stability as the primary objective of inflation targeting, the role of COSATU is analysed regarding the relation between inflation and growth. In chapter 5 the third article analyses the reasons for volatility and the macro prudential measures available to monetary authorities. The consequence of the 2008 financial crisis was reduced growth in the world and currency volatility. In chapter 6 the fourth article analyses the limitations in applying existing instruments to achieve financial stability. A new perspective is debated to reduce inflation to counter the negative impact of a volatile exchange rate towards economic growth. In chapter 7 the fifth article analyses the causes and challenges of high government debt created by counter cyclical fiscal policy. This high government debt neutralizes the sustainability of a stimulatory stance of fiscal policy which is needed in South Africa. In chapter 8 the conclusions and recommendations are presented about important policy aspects to ensure financial stability and sustained growth. Unemployment has always been a concern in less developed countries and the concern increased after the USA financial crisis of 2008. Probable reasons for unemployment in less developed countries are a lack of resources, a lack of capital and a lack of skills. The peculiar economic scenario of South Africa is analysed. South Africa possesses very high unemployment rates according to international standards. The probable solution is high sustainable growth. Before 1994 South Africa could not attract foreign capital to finance growth because of the prevailing political dispensation. After 1994 South Africa attracted substantial foreign capital (however volatile in nature) which did not create sustainable growth. Regardless of this bigger volatile capital inflow, national saving as a percentage of GDP continued to deteriorate. There exist numerous structural problems in the South African economy. A new and fresh viewpoint regarding the application of policies is debated to address imbalances in the economy and to create sustainable growth. The unacceptable low levels of growth and low levels of employment have to be addressed in a new manner to create long term solutions. The answer to these problems cannot be found in short term economic- and short term political activities of the authorities. The cornerstones for development are anchored in the new strategic plan of the Department of Planning. Elements of various theories, for example the Neoclassical growth model and elements of policy theories are addressed. The developments in East Asia are addressed as well as recommendations of international economic organizations. Answers are sought to create sustainable growth in South Africa. / Thesis (PhD (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

MMus, Wits School of Arts, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / This research report explores the compositional identity South African composers, mostly born after 1976, are constructing. I conduct a critical ethnographic micro study of the Wits Contemporary Performance Ensemble (WCPE), a group of young composers and performers dedicated to workshopping and performing new compositions. South African compositional identity is explored and problematised in Chapter 1, along with the identification of two schools or types of composition within South Africa. The history and formation of the WCPE is discussed in Chapter 2, while the third chapter draws on interview data to present and problematise the field in which young composers work, discussing a series of perceived ‘lacks’ that affect their ability to produce new music. The fourth chapter critiques and evaluates the progress the WCPE made, using Timothy Rice’s model of the Subject-Centered Musical Ethnography (2003), to interpret what the music of these young composers is saying about the time and place in which they live. The conclusion considers the impact the WCPE has had on young South African composers and the necessity of a group like this in the formation of a new South African compositional voice.

MSc(Med), Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2009 / Background: Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication (SC IHDC), a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) set up to promote health through media tackled cervical cancer in 2006. The Soul City cervical cancer educational programme was developed and broadcasted on South African Broadcasting Cooperation (SABC1) television and radio stations across the country. This paper assesses the relationship between exposure to educational programme and knowledge and practise of South African women on cervical cancer. Objective: To investigate if there is an association between exposure to Soul City educational programme on cervical cancer and knowledge and practice of South African women in relation to cervical cancer. Methods: An analytical cross sectional study design was employed. Secondary data from a Soul City study was used and all South African women aged 16 – 65 years who enrolled into the 2006 leg of the study were included. The data was analysed using Stata 9 utilising logistic regression models. Results: There were 1013 women aged between 16 and 65 years in this study and the average age was 35 years. Most women lived in metropolitan areas (53%), were employed (41%), had secondary education (74%) and had knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear (>50%). Lack of knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear was observed amongst rural residents (>60%), illiterate women (>54%), and Black South African women (>54%). Generally, participation in cervical screening was low among these women. The iv majority of women had never been screened for cervical cancer in the past (49%) as well as in the previous 12 months (79%). However, a higher proportion of women aged 30 years and above had been for cervical screening test in the past (59%). Although many women aged 30 years and above had been screened sometime in the past, more than three quarters of them were not screened in the last 12 months. Low uptake of Pap smear in 2006 was observed amongst rural residents (6%), older women (9%), illiterate (4%), Coloured (20%) and Black (20%) South African women. Overall knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear was associated with exposure to Soul City educational programme on cervical cancer through different media more especially television. Women who watched Soul City on television were more likely to have knowledge about cervical cancer (OR = 1.97, and 95% CI = (1.12; 3.47)) and Pap smear (OR = 2.08, and 95% CI = (1.24; 3.47)) than those who did not watch the programme. Participation of women aged 30 years and above in cervical cancer screening in 2006 was not associated with exposure to the Soul City educational programme. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that Soul City educational programme is associated with knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smear. There was no evidence that exposure to Soul City educational programme was associated with participation in cervical cancer screening in 2006.