No description available.

The relationship between tourism and conservation was investigated in the Indonesian national park of Bromo Tengger Semeru, in East Java. Beforehand, the salient features and contradictions of sustainability, tourism and protected areas management were examined. It was found that some development strategies failed to achieve the desired outcomes through incompatibility with the socio-cultural circumstances where they were applied, particularly in the case of biodiversity conservation through protected areas establishment. More recent strategies were seen to take the realities of context into account. Aspects of the Indonesian socio-political context relevant to natural resource management and tourism were researched, and local aspects of resource utilisation at Bromo Tengger Semeru were investigated. The tripartite relationship between the local people (the Tenggerese), the tourists, and the national park was studied. The Tenggerese are farmers who relied on the national park for fuelwood and were heavily involved in providing tourism services in certain places. They maintained a strong position in tourism by retaining ownership of basic elements of the product and by demonstrating a high degree of reflexivity in reacting to available opportunities. The quality of local leadership was significant in whether social and economic initiatives were taken. Tourism-induced prosperity seemed to be reducing reliance on fuelwood by fostering a switch to convenience fuels, but only where tourism levels were substantial. A majority of tourists (70%) were domestic visitors, while the remainder were mainly East Asians and Northerners. There was little awareness amongst park administrators of the needs of different groups, and the regulatory framework designed to protect the park was not enforced. Revenues earned from the park had not resulted in improved park protection. Underlying the weak protection measures was a low level of conservation consciousness amongst the Indonesian population. Although tourism was currently successful in terms of attracting large numbers of people, and it was fostering some social and economic development amongst the Tenggerese, the conservation benefits for the national park were very limited, and it seemed unlikely that tourism here could be judged to be truly sustainable

No / Calls by political leaders, social activists, and international policy and aid actors for accountability reforms to improve governance have never been more widespread. For some analysts, the unprecedented scale of these pressures reflects the functional imperatives and power of liberal and democratic institutions accompanying greater global economic integration. This book offers a different perspective, investigating the crucial role of contrasting ideologies informing accountability movements and mediating reform directions in Southeast Asia. It argues that the most influential ideologies are not those promoting the political authority of democratic sovereign people or of liberalism's freely contracting individuals. Instead, in both post-authoritarian and authoritarian regimes, it is ideologies advancing the political authority of moral guardians interpreting or ordaining correct modes of behaviour for public officials. Elites exploit such ideologies to deflect and contain pressures for democratic and liberal reforms to governance institutions. The book's case studies include human rights, political decentralization, anticorruption, and social accountability reform movements in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. These studies highlight how effective propagation of moral ideologies is boosted by the presence of powerful organizations, notably religious bodies, political parties, and broadcast media. Meanwhile, civil society organizations of comparable clout advancing liberalism or democracy are lacking. The theoretical framework of the book has wide applicability. In other regions, with contrasting histories and political economies, the nature and extent of organizations and social actors shaping accountability politics will differ, but the importance of these factors to which ideologies prevail to shape reform directions will not.

No

The spatial distribution and properties of rainfed orchards in semi-arid environments result from complex interactions between man and the physical and economical environment. This thesis investigates a number of these interactions in the context of the mechanisation of management practices since the 1950's. It is shown how the practice of clean sweeping (i.e. frequent shallow tillage) influences the orchard water balance and how the removal of traditional soil and water conservation structures affects the connectivity of overland flow to the river system. Although clean sweeping prevents transpiration and competition by weeds, it also constrains the root growth in the plough layer, so that the trees cannot access the water from small rain events. In addition, clean sweeping promotes accelerated soil erosion. It appears that the practice of clean sweeping limits the water availability in orchards on loamy soils with an annual rainfall in the order of 300 mm. It is demonstrated that the presence and properties of rainfed orchards are related to spatial patterns of soil characteristics and climate. The observed decline in conservation structures like terraces and check-dams leads to an increase in the connectivity of water and sediment to the river system. An alternative for these traditional techniques to retain the water and the soil is the application of cover crops. The advantage of cover crops is that they do not limit the field size. A drawback in dry areas is the competition for water and nutrients between the cover crop and the trees. Field evidence and water balance simulations suggest that cover crops are feasible in areas with an annual precipitation of 500 mm or more.

No description available.

After more than three decades of country-of-origin (COO) research, product origin has become a more complicated construct. With the trend towards multi-national production and sourcing structures, oftentimes products can be associated with more than just one COO cue -- making them so-called hybrids. This paper presents the first detailed literature review of the related new research stream in the COO arena. In this context, the shaping of new trade regimes within the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) provides an interesting hybrid research setting, given that all major regional car segments are dominated by such hybrids -- both for country-of-brand (COB), country-of-assembly (COA), and country-of-components (COC). Taking cars 'made in and for' the three main markets of ASEAN, namely Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, the research covers perceived quality and image of such hybrids. / thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005.

The aim of this study was to apply a variety of investigative methods to identify the causes of elevated concentrations of nitrate reported in an unconfined aquifer around the township of Coonawarra in the South East region of South Australia. For nearly 30 years elevated nitrate concentrations have been of concern to Government Departments, however the source of these elevated nitrate concentrations remained unknown. Examination of an extensive historical water quality dataset for the study area identified that while nitrate concentrations were elevated during the late 1970s – early 1980s, they have declined since this time. The study demonstrates a variety of inherent biases that can exist within nitrate groundwater datasets, and presents methods that can be used for determining temporal trends in concentration that minimise the impacts of these characteristics. The quantification and spatial variability of diffuse recharge was investigated using groundwater tritium concentrations measured in the aquifer during the late 1970s. The modelling produced estimated recharge rates that were generally below those now adopted for the study area, and the methodology may not be appropriate in areas where high irrigation rates are occurring. The assessment of the variability of recharge illustrates that the high recharge areas corresponded to the previously identified areas of higher nitrate concentrations in groundwater. This correlation was further investigated statistically, and used a dual isotopic technique that applied the natural variability of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes (of nitrate) to source determination. The statistical approach was only able to explain 39% of the variability observed in groundwater nitrate concentrations using field observations. This approach indicated that there was a significant spatial relationship between bores located in close proximity to septic tanks and elevated nitrate concentrations in groundwater. The applications of the dual nitrate isotopic method further demonstrated that nitrate in the groundwater is from multiple sources, with septic tanks being a probable source of nitrate. This isotopic method is shown to be effective in source determination, with the results comparing well to literature and field observations. Modelling of diffuse inputs from the main landuse types supports the conclusion that the elevated nitrate levels are most likely due to localised sources. It is concluded that while high nitrate concentrations have existed within the Coonawarra area, the data interpretation methods previously used to report the ‘plume’ of nitrate contamination have over-estimated the extent of nitrate in groundwater. The elevated nitrate concentrations in the groundwater are primarily the result of anthropogenic sources (e.g. septic tanks) and natural sources (e.g. the mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen).

The spatial distribution and properties of rainfed orchards in semi-arid environments result from complex interactions between man and the physical and economical environment. This thesis investigates a number of these interactions in the context of the mechanisation of management practices since the 1950's. It is shown how the practice of clean sweeping (i.e. frequent shallow tillage) influences the orchard water balance and how the removal of traditional soil and water conservation structures affects the connectivity of overland flow to the river system. Although clean sweeping prevents transpiration and competition by weeds, it also constrains the root growth in the plough layer, so that the trees cannot access the water from small rain events. In addition, clean sweeping promotes accelerated soil erosion. It appears that the practice of clean sweeping limits the water availability in orchards on loamy soils with an annual rainfall in the order of 300 mm. It is demonstrated that the presence and properties of rainfed orchards are related to spatial patterns of soil characteristics and climate. The observed decline in conservation structures like terraces and check-dams leads to an increase in the connectivity of water and sediment to the river system. An alternative for these traditional techniques to retain the water and the soil is the application of cover crops. The advantage of cover crops is that they do not limit the field size. A drawback in dry areas is the competition for water and nutrients between the cover crop and the trees. Field evidence and water balance simulations suggest that cover crops are feasible in areas with an annual precipitation of 500 mm or more.

No description available.