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The objective was to devise a simulation model that could economically compare two group-housing systems for sow operations, a conventional system (CONV) that uses partial-slatted concrete flooring and an alternative system (ALT) that uses straw-covered concrete. Further, the research aimed to determine the optimal parity in which to terminally cull sows. Data were collected on 121 sows between two experimental barns for 7 parities. These data were used to estimate a production function and a culling function. These functions, along with economic data, were used to create an economic simulation model. Production was best predicted by parity and lactation feed intake, and culling was best predicted by parity, weight, and gait score. Optimal terminal culling occurred after parity 6 in ALT and after parity 7 in CONV. Overall, ALT was more profitable than CONV.

The objective was to devise a simulation model that could economically compare two group-housing systems for sow operations, a conventional system (CONV) that uses partial-slatted concrete flooring and an alternative system (ALT) that uses straw-covered concrete. Further, the research aimed to determine the optimal parity in which to terminally cull sows. Data were collected on 121 sows between two experimental barns for 7 parities. These data were used to estimate a production function and a culling function. These functions, along with economic data, were used to create an economic simulation model. Production was best predicted by parity and lactation feed intake, and culling was best predicted by parity, weight, and gait score. Optimal terminal culling occurred after parity 6 in ALT and after parity 7 in CONV. Overall, ALT was more profitable than CONV.

No description available.

No description available.

The objective of this study was to examine the potential effects of supplementing excess crystalline tryptophan (trp) in the lactation diets of sows. Sixty-one sows of varying parity were fed either a control diet (0.26% trp) or a treatment diet with an extra two grams of tryptophan (0.30% trp). Over the 28 day lactation period utilized by the production site, sow and litter performance were recorded. Sow performance was measured by backfat loss, blood urea nitrogen, milk composition, return to estrus, wean to estrus interval, and conception rate. Litter performance was measured as average weaning weight, number weaned, and pre-wean mortality. The control and treatment groups were further subdivided by parity for statistical analysis. Sows of parity one and two were classified as primiparous, while sows of parity three or more were classified as multiparous. There were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between the control and treatment diets even with regards to parity groups. There was one trend (0.05 0.10) in which treatment multiparous sows had higher litter weaning weight (P=0.055) than the control multiparous sows. In summary, these results indicate that increasing the tryptophan level in this lactation diet by two grams did not significantly influence sow or litter performance.

Current recommendations for amino acid intake during pregnancy are for a constant amino acid intake throughout. However, the demand for amino acids changes from maternal tissue growth in early gestation to fetal, conceptus and mammary tissue development in late gestation. The availability of amino acids from feed ingredients are based on growing pig data, although recent evidence suggests that mature animals have a greater capacity to digest and absorb amino acids. Therefore, this thesis investigated the threonine requirement of sows in gestation and the availability of threonine (Thr) in common feed ingredients fed directly to sows using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. The Thr requirement in early gestation was determined to be 5.0 to 6.0 g/d, at least 40% below current recommended Thr requirements, whereas the requirement for Thr in late gestation was determined to be 12.3 to 13.6 g/d, close to 30% above current recommendations. These results suggest that current sow feeding recommendations (i.e. constant level of AA throughout gestation) result in over- and under-feeding AA in early and late gestation, respectively. The metabolic availability of Thr in corn and barley fed to growing pigs was 82.2 and 115.3%, respectively, whereas when fed to pregnant sows, the metabolic availability of Thr in corn and barley was 88.0 and 89.3%, respectively. The > 100% availability of Thr from barley was likely due to the effect of barley on the demand for Thr for production of mucin and mucous proteins. The results indicate that the availability of amino acids from feed ingredients is greater when fed to sows than when fed to growing pigs. In conclusion, current sow amino acid requirement recommendations do not appropriately reflect actual amino acid demand during pregnancy. The deficiency in dietary amino acids during late gestation may result in maternal lean tissue catabolism to support fetal growth. The greater availability of amino acids from feed ingredients in sows may reduce the degree of amino acid deficiency in late gestation under current feeding programs. Application of phase feeding sows during pregnancy will more closely meet the demand for amino acids and may improve sow reproductive longevity. / Nutrition and Metabolism

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-246). Also available on the Internet.

Kiaulių elgsena sąlygojama įgimtų instinktų, pasireiškiančių pastoviais steriotipais budėjimo, poilsio miego, maitinimosi, dauginimosi, gimimo ir kitose būsenose. Atskiros elgsenos reakcijos kaip atsakas į vidinius ir išorinius dirgiklius reiškiamos aktyvumu, agresyvumu, hierarchinių pasiskirstymu grupėse, pirmenybe mitybos ir kitiems veiksmams, į kuriuos reikia atsižvelgti organizuojant gyvulių laikymą ir priežiūrą. Skirtingai nuo laukinių gentainių, didžiausiais kiaulių aktyvumas pasireiškia dieną. Dėl to visas technines gyvulių priežiūros operacijas reikia atlikti šviesiu paros metu ir sudaryti būtinas sąlygas jų poilsiui nakties metu. Tenka paminėti, kad fermų sąlygomis kiaulės guli apie 80% paros laiko, 10% laiko sugaišta maitinimuisi, o likusį 10% laiko – kitoms aktyvumo formoms (judėjimui, peštynėms, žaidimams ir kt.). Tarpusavio bendravimo tikslais kiaulės naudoja garsinius signalus bei uoslę, lytėjimą, klausą. Kiaulių uoslė yra daug kartų stipresnė nei žmogaus. Kiaulės dažnai atpažįsta žmones ar gyvūnus pasikliaudamos vien uosle. Jos taip pat gali užuosti baimės kvapą kurį išskiria žmonės. Taip paaiškinama kodėl kiaulės kriuksi pamatę žmogų. Priklausomai nuo kiaulių amžiaus, fiziologinės būklės kinta ir kiaulių elgsena. Tyrimo tikslas: įvertinti paršavedžių elgesenos ypatumus paršingumo metu, jas laikant vasaros stovykloje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti paršavedžių įvairių elgsenos formų trukmę šviesiu paros metu; 2. Palyginti jaunų ir senų paršavedžių elgseną... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of work was to assess the behavioral features of sows. Objectives of work were: to determine the sows of different forms of behavior during the duration of daylight hours. Relatively calm and temperamental behavior of sows. Assess the flow behavior of the sows, depending on weather conditions.The study was carried out in vilage of Utenėlė, in pig farm. The study was concluded 15 pregnant Duroc breed sows group. The observation period was 15 days, 70–85 time the day. Fixed behavior of sows during the daylight hours, from 8 am. am to 18 pm. evening. Fixed basic behavior of the form: the activity, rest, aggression. Pregnant sows during the observation was considered as the summer camps, with moveable type of light, which was straw. Sows during the observation time was 1 moved into a new, grass grew enclosure. Data biometrics processed using the Windows operating system Excel spreadsheet Juozaitienė, V. Kerzienė. Calculated the arithmetic average of the error, the reliability (p). Observations were recorded for the three main types (Table 1) behavior, rest, the overall activity and aggression. Rest belonged to the behavior of sleeping, lying, sitting, activity - eating, drinking, walking, aggressive – all the conflict situations encountered among sows, at the time of observation. Sows of 68 percent. Total observation time spent lying and sleep compared the behavior of 1 to 7 were the result of a reliable (p <0,05). In most cases, the sow lying opted hangar, which was... [to full text]

No description available.