Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to; (i) investigate the effects of soil mechanical impedance (MI) on individually grown plants of Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens (sown pasture species) and Agrostis capillaris (indigenous species); and (ii) investigate the effects of MI on the growth of L. perenne and A. capillaris grown in swards comprising pure stands and mixtures. The individually grown plants showed a significant (P0.05) reduction in dry matter accumulation in an impeding treatment (2.3 MPa PR) compared to a control (0.25 MPa) for all species. Each species showed significant (P0.01) correlations between root and shoot dry weight indicating that the root to shoot ratio was maintained across the different MI treatments. This suggested that MI caused some form of root to shoot communication which kept root and shoot growth in synchrony. L. perenne also shows significant reductions and delays in shoot development. This effect was less pronounced in the other two species showing that L. perenne was more sensitive to MI. MI also significantly (P0.05) reduced root length and axis numbers for both L. perenne and A. capillaris in both pure and mixed stands. Only in pure swards of L. perenne was there significantly (P0.05) less root dry weight in the impeding treatment (1.8 MPa) compared to the control (0.2 MPa). MI had no significant effect on any aspect of shoot growth of either species grown in pure swards. However, L. perenne grown in mixture with A. capillaris had significantly less shoot dry weight in the 1.8 MPa treatment compared to the control. These results reinforced the findings from the individually grown plants which also showed that L. perenne was more sensitive to MI than A. capillaris. From the evidence of the glasshouse experiments, it was concluded that the PR measured at the field sites, would have affected the growth of the sward species. It is also suggested that the greater MI at one of the sites would have played a role in the more rapid replacement of L. perenne by A. capillaris observed at that site. This is due to the greater sensitivity of L. perenne to MI compared to A. capillaris, reducing its competitive advantage.

No description available.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-04-05T19:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdilsonFranciscoNascimentoDissertacao2016.pdf: 2579838 bytes, checksum: 1e1c03f1aeb7995a8c1924829c70f17d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T19:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdilsonFranciscoNascimentoDissertacao2016.pdf: 2579838 bytes, checksum: 1e1c03f1aeb7995a8c1924829c70f17d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and make a correlation between the use of different assessment protocols most commonly used, compared with DEXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in children and teenagers with Down syndrome (DS) . The sample comprised 41 children and adolescents from both gender, aged between 9 and 19 years old, being 26 with DS from ???Espa??o ConViv??ncias??? Project and 15 volunteers without DS rated as control group (CG). Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, waist circumference and hip, BMI (Body Mass Index) and skinfold thickness were made, and to calculate the the body fat %G it was used four protocols and DEXA. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis also applying if you recall 24 hours food intake and the isometric strength test. It was observed that 40% of the control group showed overweight and obesity while in the DS group was detected the rate of overweight and obesity was 50%. The caloric intake in both groups was according to the daily recommendations, but protein intake was above recommended on both groups. The stature, strength and reason force had a significant difference P <0.05 corroborating previous studies where people with Down syndrome have a lower height and strength when compared to the general population. In biochemical analyzes significant changes were shown (P <0.05) to triiodothyronine (T3) between the GC and SD. It was observed that in the DS group in Jackson and Pollock protocol ICC (0.83), r (0.82) and R?? (0.86) and Slaugter ICC protocol (0.74), r (0.79) R2 (0.62) wherein the linear regression analysis indicated that most explanatory power with equation was followed by Jackson and Pollock et al Slaugter. The group with DS showed lower isometric strength when compared to the CG and predisposition to being overweight and even obesity, a problem that can be worsened by poor eating habits. It was concluded that the equations of Slaughter et al would be the most appropriate to determine the %G in children and teenagers with DS by requiring less knowledge from appraiser to perform it, because of the amount folds to be analyzed, requiring less time for implementation and readiness access to the folds. It was noticed, finally, that because this is the first Brazilian study on this subject, there is a need for further studies related to the prediction of body composition in children and teenagers with DS that could promote the development of a specific equation for this audience. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional e fazer uma correla????o do uso dos diferentes protocolos de avalia????o da composi????o corporal mais utilizados, comparados com a absometria de raio-X de dupla energia ??? DEXA, em crian??as e adolescentes com S??ndrome de Down (SD). A amostra foi constitu??da 41 crian??as e adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 9 e 19 anos, sendo 26 (com SD do Projeto Espa??o Com-Viv??ncias e 15 volunt??rios sem SD classificados como grupo controle (GC). Foram feitas medidas antropom??tricas de estatura, peso, circunfer??ncia de cintura e de quadril, IMC, dobras cut??neas e, para calcular o %G utilizou-se quatro protocolos e o DEXA. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue para an??lises bioqu??micas, aplicando-se ainda o recordat??rio de consumo alimentar de 24 horas e o teste de for??a isom??trica. Foi observado que 40% do GC apresentaram sobrepeso e obesidade enquanto no grupo com SD a taxa de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 50%. A ingesta cal??rica nos dois grupos esteve de acordo com as recomenda????es di??rias, por??m o consumo de prote??nas esteve acima do recomendado para ambos os grupos. A estatura, for??a e raz??o for??a tiveram uma diferen??a significativa P<0,05 corroborando com estudos anteriores onde pessoas com SD apresentam menor estatura e for??a quando comparadas ?? popula????o em geral. Nas an??lises bioqu??micas foram apresentadas altera????es significativas (P<0,05) para triiodotironina (T3) entre o GC e SD. Foi observado que no grupo SD no protocolo de Jackson e Pollock ICC(0,83), r(0,82) e R??(0,86) e no protocolo de Slaugter ICC(0,74), r(0,79), R2(0,62) sendo que a an??lise de regress??o linear indicou que a equa????o com maior poder explicativo foi a Jackson e Pollock seguida de Slaugter et al. O grupo com SD apresentou menor for??a isom??trica quando comparado ao GC e predisposi????o a ter peso excessivo e at?? mesmo obesidade, problema que pode ser agravado pelos h??bitos alimentares inadequados. Concluiu-se que as equa????es de Slaughter et al seria a mais adequada para determinar o %G em crian??as e adolescentes com SD, por exigir uma menor capacita????o do avaliador para executa-la, pela quantidade menor de dobras a serem analisadas, demandando menor tempo para execu????o e facilidade de acesso as dobras. Percebeu-se, por fim, que por este ser o primeiro estudo brasileiro sobre este tema, h?? necessidade de novos estudos relacionados ?? predi????o de composi????o corporal de crian??as e adolescentes com SD que poderiam promover o desenvolvimento de uma equa????o espec??fica para este p??blico.

No description available.

No description available.

O cultivo do milho safrinha tem se expandido consideravelmente nos ultimos anos. Porem devido as condicoes ambientais contrastantes entre safra e safrinha, deve ocorrer pronunciada interacao genotipos x safras, indicando que os genotipos selecionados para a safra podem nao ser adequados para a safrinha. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar a magnitude e natureza da interacao genotipos x safras e a necessidade de conduzir programas de melhoramento de milho distintos para o cultivo de safra e safrinha. Foram utilizadas 100 progenies S1fs derivadas do cruzamento entre as linhagens endogamicas L08- 05F e L38-05D, as quais foram retrocruzadas com ambas as linhagens genitoras e, posteriormente, estas foram cruzadas com a linhagem endogamica L02-03D para obtencao de 200 testecrosses (100 RC1 TC e 100 RC2 TC ). Os testecrosses obtidos foram avaliados nos ambientes de safra e safrinha em dois anos agricolas no municipio de Piracicaba/SP no delineamento ?¿-latice com duas repeticoes por ambiente por ano. Os caracteres analisados foram producao de graos (PG), prolificidade (PROL), acamamento e quebramento de plantas (ACQ), altura de planta (AP) e de espiga (AE), posicao relativa da espiga (PRE), florescimento masculino (FM) e feminino (FF) e intervalo entre florescimentos (IF). Diferencas entre as medias nas duas safras foram significativas para todos os caracteres, reduzindo significativamente a PG na safrinha devido a menor disponibilidade hidrica. A variancia genetica dos testecrosses para PG na safrinha foi inferior a da safra para os testecrosses RC2 TC , enquanto que para os testecrosses RC1 TC a variancia genetica nao diferiu de zero na safrinha. Consequentemente, o coeficiente de herdabilidade na safrinha para os RC1 TC nao diferiu de zero e os RC2 TC apresentaram coeficientes de herdabilidade de magnitudes similares nas duas safras. Para os demais caracteres as magnitudes das variancias geneticas e coeficientes de herdabilidade diferiram entre as safras e os dois grupos de testecrosses. As magnitudes dos componentes da interacao testecrosses x safras mostraram que o tipo complexa explica a maior parte da interacao, sendo causada pelas baixas magnitudes de correlacoes entre os caracteres nas diferentes safras. As respostas diretas e indiretas a selecao mostraram que a selecao direta foi mais eficiente que a indireta em todas as situacoes, com excecao daquelas em que nao foi detectada variancia genetica na safrinha. As respostas a selecao baseadas nas medias das safras resultaram em progressos na safra e na safrinha proximos aos observados pela selecao direta. Porem, a coincidencia de testecrosses selecionados em ambas as safras foi muito baixa para os dois testecrosses. Assim, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os programas de melhoramento de milho devem ser distintos para safra e safrinha. / Maize second crop season, known as gsafrinhah, has increased considerably in the last years in Brazil. However, because of the different environmental conditions between the two crop seasons strong genotype by environment interaction is expected to occur, and then maize genotypes selected in the first crop season (known as gsafrah) could not be those ones that would be selected in the safrinha. Thus, objectives of this research were to investigate the magnitude and the nature of the genotype x crop season interaction and whether separate maize breeding programs for each crop season should be conducted. One hundred S1Ls progenies developed from a population produced from the cross of inbred lines L08-05F (P1) and L38-05D (P2), were backcrossed to both parental inbred lines and, subsequently, these backcrosses were crossed to the inbred line L02-03D giving rise to the 200 testcrosses, thereafter named as TBC1 and TBC2 for the backcrosses to P1 and P2, respectively. The testcrosses were evaluated in two crop seasons in two years at the Piracicaba city, Sao Paulo State, in the ?¿-lattice designs with two replications per crop season and year. The traits analyzed were grain yield (GY), prolificacy (PROL), plant lodging (PL), plant (PH) and ear (EH) heights, ear placement (EP), days to anthesis (DA), days to silking (DS), and anthesissilking interval (ASI). Significant differences for the means of all traits in the two crop seasons were detected, and GY reduced significantly in the safrinha because of the moisture stress. The magnitude of the genetic variance for GY in the safrinha was inferior to that in the safra for the TBC2, and for the TBC1 this parameter did not differ from zero in the safrinha. Consequently, the heritability coefficient in the safrinha for the TBC1 did not differ from zero and the TBC2 presented similar magnitudes of the heritability coefficients in both crop seasons. For the other traits, the magnitudes of the genetic variances and of the heritability coefficients were different between the crop seasons and for the two sets of testcrosses. The magnitudes of the components of the interactions testcrosses x crop seasons showed that the complex type i.e., the cross-over interaction type, accounted for the major part of the interactions, which were due to the low magnitudes of the correlations of the traits in the two crop seasons. Estimates of the direct and indirect responses to selection showed that the direct selections were more efficient than the indirect selections, except to that trait in which the genetic variance did not differ from zero in the safrinha. The responses to selection based on the means of the two crop seasons presented similar magnitudes of the direct responses in both crop seasons. However, the coincidence of testcrosses selected in the two crop seasons was very low for both sets of testcrosses. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that separate maize breeding programs should be conducted for each crop season.

Com a crescente utilização da irrigação em sistemas de produção animal, aumentam a demanda por estudos na área de consumo de água de plantas forrageiras para a obtenção de medidas mais precisas com o propósito de aprimorar o manejo de água em pastagens. Quando esse manejo é realizado a partir de elementos climáticos, uma das estratégias é a utilização de modelos para estimativa da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), e para isso é necessário conhecer os valores do coeficiente de cultura (Kc) ao longo do ciclo fenológico. Entretanto, ainda há poucos estudos de determinação de Kc para as forrageiras tropicais, de modo a preencher a lacuna da falta de informação aos usuários e técnicos que orientam a irrigação na forragicultura. O objetivo deste projeto foi determinar o consumo de água e coeficiente de cultura da Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu em sistema de cultivo exclusivo e consorciado com forrageiras de inverno (Aveia-preta e Azevém). Como objetivos secundários, buscou-se: (i) determinar o consumo de água das forrageiras com sonda capacitiva; (ii) medir parâmetros biométricos e produtivos das forrageiras ao longo dos ciclos; (iii) relacionar a evolução do Kc ao longo do período de crescimento com o índice de área foliar (IAF), altura do dossel forrageiro (ADF) e graus-dias (GD). O experimento foi realizado na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP), em duas parcelas com área individual de 144 m², nas quais foram instalados lisímetros ao centro, com sistemas automáticos de pesagem e drenagem. Esses lisímetros foram utilizados para medir a ETc e estimar o Kc a partir da comparação entre valores medidos e estimativas de evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) com dados provenientes do Posto Meteorológico localizado na ESALQ e a 100 m de distância da área experimental. Analisou-se o período de 10 de fevereiro a 11 de outubro de 2016 com ciclos de cortes de duração variada devido à fenologia da cultura. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que ambos os sistemas de cultivo (capim Marandu solteiro e consorciado) demando volumes considerais de água para máxima produção. Porém durante o período estacional, o capim Marandu não é eficiente na conversão em matéria seca produzida. O uso da sonda capacitiva como estimativa de evapotranspiração apresenta resultados diferentes a dos lisímetros, porém com correlações significativas. O uso de modelo de crescimento para estimativa de Kc explicam uma utilização prática. Demais resultados detalhados são encontrados no desenvolvimento de cada capítulo. / With the increasing use of irrigation in animal production systems, the demand for studies in the area of water consumption of forage plants increases to obtain more precise measures for the purpose of improving water management in pastures. When this management is carried out from climatic elements, one of the strategies is the use of models to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and for this it is necessary to know the values of the crop coefficient (Kc) throughout the phenological cycle. However, there are still few Kc determination studies for tropical forages, in order to fill the gap of the lack of information to the users and technicians that guide the irrigation in forage. The purpose this study, the was to determine the water consumption and culture coefficient of Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu in a system of exclusive cultivation and intercropped with winter forages (Oat-black and Azevém). As secondary objectives, we sought to: (i) determine the water consumption of forages with capacitive probe; (Ii) to measure biometric and productive parameters of forages along the cycles; (Iii) to correlate the evolution of Kc throughout the growth period with the leaf area index (LAI), forage canopy height (ADF) and degree-days (GD). The experiment was carried out at the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), in two plots with an individual area of 144 m², in which lysimeters were installed in the center, with automatic weighing and drainage systems. These lysimeters were used to measure the ETc and estimate the Kc from the comparison between measured values and estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with data from the Meteorological Station located at ESALQ, 100 m away from the experimental area. The period from February 10 to October 11, 2016 was analyzed with crop cycles of varied duration due to crop phenology. The results showed that both cultivation systems (single and intercropped Marandu grass) require considerable volumes of water for maximum production. However during the seasonal period, the Marandu grass is not efficient in the conversion to dry matter produced. The use of the capacitive probe as an estimate of evapotranspiration presents different results from lysimeters, but with significant correlations. The use of growth model to estimate Kc explains a practical use. Further detailed results are found in the development of each chapter.

Com a crescente utilização da irrigação em sistemas de produção animal, aumentam a demanda por estudos na área de consumo de água de plantas forrageiras para a obtenção de medidas mais precisas com o propósito de aprimorar o manejo de água em pastagens. Quando esse manejo é realizado a partir de elementos climáticos, uma das estratégias é a utilização de modelos para estimativa da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), e para isso é necessário conhecer os valores do coeficiente de cultura (Kc) ao longo do ciclo fenológico. Entretanto, ainda há poucos estudos de determinação de Kc para as forrageiras tropicais, de modo a preencher a lacuna da falta de informação aos usuários e técnicos que orientam a irrigação na forragicultura. O objetivo deste projeto foi determinar o consumo de água e coeficiente de cultura da Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu em sistema de cultivo exclusivo e consorciado com forrageiras de inverno (Aveia-preta e Azevém). Como objetivos secundários, buscou-se: (i) determinar o consumo de água das forrageiras com sonda capacitiva; (ii) medir parâmetros biométricos e produtivos das forrageiras ao longo dos ciclos; (iii) relacionar a evolução do Kc ao longo do período de crescimento com o índice de área foliar (IAF), altura do dossel forrageiro (ADF) e graus-dias (GD). O experimento foi realizado na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP), em duas parcelas com área individual de 144 m², nas quais foram instalados lisímetros ao centro, com sistemas automáticos de pesagem e drenagem. Esses lisímetros foram utilizados para medir a ETc e estimar o Kc a partir da comparação entre valores medidos e estimativas de evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) com dados provenientes do Posto Meteorológico localizado na ESALQ e a 100 m de distância da área experimental. Analisou-se o período de 10 de fevereiro a 11 de outubro de 2016 com ciclos de cortes de duração variada devido à fenologia da cultura. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que ambos os sistemas de cultivo (capim Marandu solteiro e consorciado) demando volumes considerais de água para máxima produção. Porém durante o período estacional, o capim Marandu não é eficiente na conversão em matéria seca produzida. O uso da sonda capacitiva como estimativa de evapotranspiração apresenta resultados diferentes a dos lisímetros, porém com correlações significativas. O uso de modelo de crescimento para estimativa de Kc explicam uma utilização prática. Demais resultados detalhados são encontrados no desenvolvimento de cada capítulo. / With the increasing use of irrigation in animal production systems, the demand for studies in the area of water consumption of forage plants increases to obtain more precise measures for the purpose of improving water management in pastures. When this management is carried out from climatic elements, one of the strategies is the use of models to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and for this it is necessary to know the values of the crop coefficient (Kc) throughout the phenological cycle. However, there are still few Kc determination studies for tropical forages, in order to fill the gap of the lack of information to the users and technicians that guide the irrigation in forage. The purpose this study, the was to determine the water consumption and culture coefficient of Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu in a system of exclusive cultivation and intercropped with winter forages (Oat-black and Azevém). As secondary objectives, we sought to: (i) determine the water consumption of forages with capacitive probe; (Ii) to measure biometric and productive parameters of forages along the cycles; (Iii) to correlate the evolution of Kc throughout the growth period with the leaf area index (LAI), forage canopy height (ADF) and degree-days (GD). The experiment was carried out at the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), in two plots with an individual area of 144 m², in which lysimeters were installed in the center, with automatic weighing and drainage systems. These lysimeters were used to measure the ETc and estimate the Kc from the comparison between measured values and estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with data from the Meteorological Station located at ESALQ, 100 m away from the experimental area. The period from February 10 to October 11, 2016 was analyzed with crop cycles of varied duration due to crop phenology. The results showed that both cultivation systems (single and intercropped Marandu grass) require considerable volumes of water for maximum production. However during the seasonal period, the Marandu grass is not efficient in the conversion to dry matter produced. The use of the capacitive probe as an estimate of evapotranspiration presents different results from lysimeters, but with significant correlations. The use of growth model to estimate Kc explains a practical use. Further detailed results are found in the development of each chapter.

O cultivo do milho safrinha tem se expandido consideravelmente nos ultimos anos. Porem devido as condicoes ambientais contrastantes entre safra e safrinha, deve ocorrer pronunciada interacao genotipos x safras, indicando que os genotipos selecionados para a safra podem nao ser adequados para a safrinha. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar a magnitude e natureza da interacao genotipos x safras e a necessidade de conduzir programas de melhoramento de milho distintos para o cultivo de safra e safrinha. Foram utilizadas 100 progenies S1fs derivadas do cruzamento entre as linhagens endogamicas L08- 05F e L38-05D, as quais foram retrocruzadas com ambas as linhagens genitoras e, posteriormente, estas foram cruzadas com a linhagem endogamica L02-03D para obtencao de 200 testecrosses (100 RC1 TC e 100 RC2 TC ). Os testecrosses obtidos foram avaliados nos ambientes de safra e safrinha em dois anos agricolas no municipio de Piracicaba/SP no delineamento ?¿-latice com duas repeticoes por ambiente por ano. Os caracteres analisados foram producao de graos (PG), prolificidade (PROL), acamamento e quebramento de plantas (ACQ), altura de planta (AP) e de espiga (AE), posicao relativa da espiga (PRE), florescimento masculino (FM) e feminino (FF) e intervalo entre florescimentos (IF). Diferencas entre as medias nas duas safras foram significativas para todos os caracteres, reduzindo significativamente a PG na safrinha devido a menor disponibilidade hidrica. A variancia genetica dos testecrosses para PG na safrinha foi inferior a da safra para os testecrosses RC2 TC , enquanto que para os testecrosses RC1 TC a variancia genetica nao diferiu de zero na safrinha. Consequentemente, o coeficiente de herdabilidade na safrinha para os RC1 TC nao diferiu de zero e os RC2 TC apresentaram coeficientes de herdabilidade de magnitudes similares nas duas safras. Para os demais caracteres as magnitudes das variancias geneticas e coeficientes de herdabilidade diferiram entre as safras e os dois grupos de testecrosses. As magnitudes dos componentes da interacao testecrosses x safras mostraram que o tipo complexa explica a maior parte da interacao, sendo causada pelas baixas magnitudes de correlacoes entre os caracteres nas diferentes safras. As respostas diretas e indiretas a selecao mostraram que a selecao direta foi mais eficiente que a indireta em todas as situacoes, com excecao daquelas em que nao foi detectada variancia genetica na safrinha. As respostas a selecao baseadas nas medias das safras resultaram em progressos na safra e na safrinha proximos aos observados pela selecao direta. Porem, a coincidencia de testecrosses selecionados em ambas as safras foi muito baixa para os dois testecrosses. Assim, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os programas de melhoramento de milho devem ser distintos para safra e safrinha. / Maize second crop season, known as gsafrinhah, has increased considerably in the last years in Brazil. However, because of the different environmental conditions between the two crop seasons strong genotype by environment interaction is expected to occur, and then maize genotypes selected in the first crop season (known as gsafrah) could not be those ones that would be selected in the safrinha. Thus, objectives of this research were to investigate the magnitude and the nature of the genotype x crop season interaction and whether separate maize breeding programs for each crop season should be conducted. One hundred S1Ls progenies developed from a population produced from the cross of inbred lines L08-05F (P1) and L38-05D (P2), were backcrossed to both parental inbred lines and, subsequently, these backcrosses were crossed to the inbred line L02-03D giving rise to the 200 testcrosses, thereafter named as TBC1 and TBC2 for the backcrosses to P1 and P2, respectively. The testcrosses were evaluated in two crop seasons in two years at the Piracicaba city, Sao Paulo State, in the ?¿-lattice designs with two replications per crop season and year. The traits analyzed were grain yield (GY), prolificacy (PROL), plant lodging (PL), plant (PH) and ear (EH) heights, ear placement (EP), days to anthesis (DA), days to silking (DS), and anthesissilking interval (ASI). Significant differences for the means of all traits in the two crop seasons were detected, and GY reduced significantly in the safrinha because of the moisture stress. The magnitude of the genetic variance for GY in the safrinha was inferior to that in the safra for the TBC2, and for the TBC1 this parameter did not differ from zero in the safrinha. Consequently, the heritability coefficient in the safrinha for the TBC1 did not differ from zero and the TBC2 presented similar magnitudes of the heritability coefficients in both crop seasons. For the other traits, the magnitudes of the genetic variances and of the heritability coefficients were different between the crop seasons and for the two sets of testcrosses. The magnitudes of the components of the interactions testcrosses x crop seasons showed that the complex type i.e., the cross-over interaction type, accounted for the major part of the interactions, which were due to the low magnitudes of the correlations of the traits in the two crop seasons. Estimates of the direct and indirect responses to selection showed that the direct selections were more efficient than the indirect selections, except to that trait in which the genetic variance did not differ from zero in the safrinha. The responses to selection based on the means of the two crop seasons presented similar magnitudes of the direct responses in both crop seasons. However, the coincidence of testcrosses selected in the two crop seasons was very low for both sets of testcrosses. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that separate maize breeding programs should be conducted for each crop season.

Euripides’ Phoenissae is a challenging work that is often overlooked by scholars of Greek drama. This study analyzes how the concept of autochthony occupies a central thematic concern of the play. On the one hand, autochthony unites humans to soil, political claims to myths, and present to past. On the other hand, autochthony was often invoked to exclude foreigners, women and exiles from political life at Athens. We observe a similar dichotomy in the Phoenissae. Autochthony unites the episode action–the story of the fraternal conflict—with the very different subject matter of the choral odes, which treat the founding myths of Thebes. By focalizing the lyric material through the perspective of marginalized female voices (Antigone and the chorus), Euripides is able to problematize the myths and rhetoric associated with autochthony. At the same time, Antigone’s departure with her father at the play’s close offers a transformation of autochthonous power into a positive religious entity. I suggest that a careful examination of the many facets of autochthony can inform our understanding of the Phoenissae with respect to dramatic structure, apparent Euripidean innovations, character motivation, stage direction and audience reception. / text