Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 H664 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 M57 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-121). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-121). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 1. The effect of heat-treatment and dehulling of full-fat soya (Glycine max) on AMEn' amino acid availability and broiler performance. Heat treatment and dehulling of full-fat soya were evaluated in terms of their effect on AMEn, apparent amino acid availability and broiler performance. Four products were tested: raw whole soya (RWS), raw dehulled soya (RDS), extruded whole soya (EWS) and extruded dehulled soya (EDS). Trials were conducted to determine AMEn values and apparent amino acid availability of the products. A 42-day broiler trial was conducted to measure the effect of extrusion and dehulling on broiler performance. Test products were added to the diets at levels up to 263.2 g/kg in the starter diet and 260.0 g/kg in the finisher diet. Results indicated that extrusion cooking improved AMEn and apparent amino acid availability. This was reflected in the improved performance of broilers fed extruded soya as compared to raw soya. Increasing amounts of RWS and RDS led to decreases in mass and intake and poor feed conversion ratio (FeR) due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. Broilers fed EWS were heavier, consumed more feed and had better FeR than those fed RWS or RDS. Dehulling improved AMEn (EWS: 13.75 MJ/kg vs EDS: 15.09 MJ/kg) and rendered a product with slightly higher levels of total amino acids. Broiler performance did not reflect this as there was no difference in mass, intake or FeR between broilers fed increasing levels of EWS or EDS. Lysine and arginine were less available in EDS than EWS indicating the possible over-cooking of EDS. Levels of EWS and EDS of 263.2 g/kg in the starter and 260.0 g/kg in the finisher supported maximum broiler performance. 2. The effect of heat-treatment and dehulling of full-fat sunflower (Helianthus annuus) on AMEm amino acid availability and broiler performance. Heat treatment and dehulling of full-fat sunflower were evaluated in terms of their effect on AMEn, apparent amino acid availability and broiler performance. Four products were tested: raw whole sunflower (RWSF), raw dehulled sunflower (RDSF), extruded whole sunflower (EWSF) and extruded dehulled sunflower (ED SF). Trials were conducted to determine AMEn values and apparent amino acid availability of the products. A 42-day broiler trial was conducted to measure the effect of expansion and dehulling on broiler performance. Test products were added to the diets at levels up to 115.0 glkg in the starter diet and 181.5 glkg in the finisher diet. Dehulling rendered a product with higher crude protein, ether extract, amino acid and AMEn values. AMEn was only slightly improved by expansion. The AMEn values obtained were: RWSF: 16.03 MJ/kg, RDSF: 18.87 MJ/kg, EWSF: 16.22 MJ/kg, EDSF: 19.49 MJ/kg. Dehulling had no effect on apparent amino acid availability. Expansion did not affect apparent amino acid availability of dehulled full-fat sunflower but had a negative influence on apparent amino acid availability of whole sunflower seeds. This highlights the possible dangers of reduced protein quality as a result of overprocessing. No differences were observed in terms of mass, intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers fed any of the products during the 42-day broiler growth trial. All products supported optimum broiler performance at levels up to 115.0 glkg in the starter diet. For the finisher diets, optimum performance was maintained at levels of 181.5 glkg, for RDSF and EDSF, while performance of broilers fed RWSF and EWSF was optimal up to 145.2 glkg. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 1. Die invloed van hitte-behandeling en ontdopping van volvetsojabone (Glycine max) op SMEm skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid en braaikuikenprestasie. Hitte-behandeling en ontdopping van volvetsojabone is ge-evalueer in terme van hul invloed op stikstof gekorrekteerde skynbare metaboliseerbare energie (SMEn) waardes, skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid en braaikuikenprestasie. Vier produkte is getoets: rou heel sojabone (RWS), rou ontdopte sojabone (RDS), geekstrueerde heel sojabone (EWS) en geekstrueerde ontdopte sojabone (EDS). Proewe is uitgevoer om die SMEn waardes en skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid van die vier produkte te bepaal. Gedurende 'n braaikuikengroeitoets van 42 dae is die invloed van hittebehandeling (ekstrusie) en ontdopping op braaikuikenprestasie gemeet. Die vier toetsprodukte is ingesluit in die aanvangsdieet teen peile van tot 263.2 g/kg en teen peile van tot 260.0 g/kg in die afrondingsdieet. Resultate het getoon dat ekstrusie die SMEn waardes en skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid verbeter het. Braaikuikens wat geekstrueerde soja ontvang het, het beter gepresteer as braaikuikens wat rou soja ontvang het. Verhoogte insluitings van RWS en RDS het gelei tot verlagings in massa toename en voerinname en swak voeromsetverhoudings (VOV), as gevolg van die teenwoordigheid van anti-voedings faktore. Braaikuikens wat EWS ontvang het, was swaarder, het meer ingeneem en het beter vav gehad as die wat RWS of RDS ontvang het. Ontdopping het SMEn verhoog (EWS: 13.75 MJ/kg vs EDS: 15.09 MJ/kg) en ontdopte produkte het klein hoeveelhede meer aminosure bevat. Dit het egter nie in braaikuikenprestasie gewys nie. Daar was geen verskille in massa, voerinname en vav tussen braaikuikens wat EWS of EDS ontvang het. Lisien en arginien was minder beskikbaar in EDS as EWS wat op die moontlike oorprosessering van EDS dui. Vlakke van EWS en EDS van 263.2 g/kg in die aanvangsdieet en 260.0 g/kg In die afrondingsdieet het maksimale braaikuikenprestasie ondersteun. 2. Die invloed volvetsonneblosaad van hitte-behandeling (Helianthus annuus) en ontdopping van op SMEo, skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid en braaikuikenprestasie. Hitte-behandeling en ontdopping van volvetsonneblomsaad is geevalueer in terme van hul invloed op stikstof gekorrekteerde skynbare metaboliseerbare energie (SMEn) waardes, skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid en braaikuikenprestasie. Vier produkte is getoets: rou heel sonneblomsaad (RWS), rou ontdopte sonneblomsaad (RDS), geekspandeerde heel sonneblomsaad (EWS) en geekspandeerde ontdopte sonneblomsaad (EDS). Proewe is uitgevoer om die SMEn waardes en skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid van die vier produkte te bepaal. Gedurende 'n braaikuikengroeitoets van 42 dae is die invloed van hitte-behandeling (ekspansie) en ontdopping op braaikuikenprestasie gemeet. Die vier toetsprodukte is ingesluit in die aanvangsdieet teen peile van tot 115.0 g/kg en teen peile van tot 181.5 g/kg in die afrondingsdieet. Ontdopte sonneblomsaad het hoer peile van ruproteien, eter-ekstrak en aminosure as heel sonneblomsaad. SMEn waardes is ook hoer vir ontdopte sonneblomsaad. Hitte-behandeling het SMEn waardes effens verhoog. Die bepaalde SMEn waardes is as volg: RWSF: 16.03 MJ/kg, RDSF: 18.87 MJ/kg, EWSF: 16.22 MJ/kg, EDSF: 19.49 MJ/kg. Ontdopping het geen invloed op skynbare aminosuur bekikbaarheid gehad nie. Skynbare aminosuur beskikbaarheid van ontdopte sonneblomsaad IS me deur hitte-behandeling beinvloed nie, terwyl die van heel sonneblomsaad negatief beinvloed is. Dit beklemtoon die gevare van verswakte proteien kwaliteit as gevolg van oor-prosessering. Geen verskille is opgemerk in terme van massa, voerinname en voeromset verhouding (VOV) tussen die vier produkte gedurende die braaikuikengroeitoets van 42 dae. Alle produkte het maksimale braaikuiken prestasie ondersteun in die aanvangsdieet teen vlakke van 115.0 g/kg. In die afrondingsdieet het RDSF en EDSF optimale braaikuikenprestasie onderhou teen vlakke van 181.5 g/kg, terwyl RWSF en EWSF net t

A soja é uma leguminosa muito consumida no Brasil e no mundo, sua principal utilização é como fonte de matéria-prima na alimentação animal, devido ao fato de possuir alto teor de proteína e energia em sua composição. Na sua forma integral, a soja apresenta fatores antinutricionais, que podem causar doenças digestivas, além de interferir na absorção e aproveitamento nutricional dos animais que a consomem. Por isso, a soja necessita passar por um tratamento térmico que seja suficiente para inativar estes fatores antinutricionais que nela se fazem presentes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a aplicação da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) na análise de soja inativada por tratamentos térmicos de tostagem e micro-ondas. Para isto, diferentes tratamentos térmicos de tostagem (T1 a T9: 110 a 120 oC/20 a 40’) e micro-ondas (M1 a M9: 20 a 40W/15 a 25’) foram aplicados em grãos de soja integral, em escala laboratorial, tomando como referência amostras de soja inativadas industrialmente (110 ºC a 0,85 kg.cm-²/ 50’). As amostras foram analisadas quanto ao teor de umidade, lipídios, proteínas e ainda, inibidores de tripsina, atividade ureática e solubilidade proteica. A espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo (NIR) integrada a calibração de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) foi desenvolvida para analisar o teor de umidade, lipídios, proteínas e solubilidade proteica destas amostras de soja. Um total de 219 espectros foram coletados a partir de 73 amostras de soja, sendo 37 amostras utilizadas para calibração (inativadas industrialmente) e as 36 demais utilizadas no conjunto de validação (inativadas por tostagem e micro-ondas, laboratorialmente). Em relação aos parâmetros de inativação da soja por tostagem e micro-ondas, os resultados mais satisfatórios e próximos à escala industrial foram para o tratamento térmico de tostagem o T8 (30' / 130º C) e para o micro-ondas o M5 (20'/ 30W). A análise de umidade, lipídios, proteínas e solubilidade proteica por NIR revelou coeficiente de correlação (R²) de 0,767, 0,845, 0,915 e 0,910, respectivamente. Embora não tenha apresentado uniformidade para amostras submetidas a condições extremas (superaquecida ou subprocessada), a avaliação do método indicou que este pode ser efetivamente aplicado para avaliação da composição bromatológica e solubilidade proteica em amostras processadas industrialmente. / Soybeans are very consumed in Brazil and in the world, its main use is as a source of raw material in animal feed, due to the high content of protein and energy. Raw soybean presents antinutritional factors, that can cause digestive diseases, besides interfering in the absorption and nutritional in animals. Therefore, the soybean needs to be thermally inactivated to reduce these antinutritional factors. The objective of this research was to evaluate the application of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in the analysis of soybean inactivated by thermal treatments of roasting and microwave. For this, different thermal treatments of toast (T1 to T9: 110 to 120 oC / 20 to 40') and microwaves (M1 to M9: 20 to 40W / 15 to 25') were applied to raw soybean grains in laboratory scale, and industrially scale, inactivated at 110 ºC, 0,85 kg.cm-² / 50'). The samples were analysed for moisture content, lipids, proteins and trypsin inhibitors, urea activity and protein solubility. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) integrated the partial least square regression (PLS) calibration was developed to analyse the moisture content, lipids, proteins and protein solubility of these soybean samples. A total of 219 spectra were collected from 73 soybean samples, 37 of which were used for calibration (inactivated industrially) and the remaining 36 were used in the validation set (inactivated by toast and microwave, laboratory). In relation to the inactivation parameters of the soybean by toasting and microwave, the most satisfactory and near industrial scale results were for the T8 (30 '/ 130 ° C) toasting heat treatment and for the microwave the M5 (20 '/ 30W). The analysis of moisture, lipids, proteins and protein solubility by NIR revealed a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.767, 0.845, 0.915 and 0.910, respectively. Although it did not show uniformity for samples subjected to extreme conditions (superheated or subprocessed), the method indicated that it can be effectively applied for evaluation of the bromatological composition and protein solubility in industrially processed samples.