Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Syd and P. Syd, the causal organism of soybean rust (SBR) was first reported in Japan in 1902. In 1934 the pathogen was found in several other Asian countries and as far south as Australia. In India, SBR was first reported on soybeans in 1951. There have been several early reports of SBR in equatorial Africa but the first confirmed report of P. pachyrhizi on the African continent was in 1996 from Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Since then, the pathogen has spread south with reports from Zambia and Zimbabwe in 1998 and in Mozambique in 2000. In February 2001, P. pachyrhizi was first detected on soybeans near Vryheid, in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (SA). As the season progressed, the disease was observed in other parts of the province, and epidemic levels were found in the Cedara, Greytown, Howick and Karkloof production regions. Soybean rust subsequently spread to Amsterdam and Ermelo in the Highveld region of SA. The disease reappeared in SA in March 2002. It is now established that the pathogen is a threat to soybean production in the country with yield losses in the region of 10-80%. A literature review on SBR investigating the taxonomy of the pathogen, its morphology, symptoms, host range, infection process, epidemiology, control options and the economic importance of P. pachyrhizi was complied to provide the necessary background information to conduct research under local conditions and to assist in interpretation of results of experiments. Epidemiological trials were conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal under controlled environmental conditions in a dew chamber and conviron. Development of P. pachyrhizi on the susceptible cultivar (LS5995) was quantified in combinations of seven temperatures (15,19,21,24,26,28 and 30°C) and five leaf wetness durations (LWD) (6,9,12,14 and 16hrs) at three relative humidities (RH) (75%, 85% and 95%). Studies indicate that optimum temperature for uredospore infection is 21-24°C with a LWD greater than 12hrs and RH 85-95%. The number of pustules as well as lesion size on the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface increased with increasing LWD at all the RH values tested. Infection did not occur on plants incubated at 15°C and 30°C at 85% or 95%RH whereas at 75%RH infection did not occur on plants incubated at 15°C, 19°C and 30°C regardless of LWD. Number of pustules per lesion produced at 75%, 85% and 95%RH was highest at 24°C and showed a gradual increase with increasing LWD. Lesion size on both leaf surfaces increased after 12hrs LWD at 24°C at 75% and 85%RH whereas at 95%RH lesion size increased after 14hrs LWD at 24°C. Exposure of uredospores to ultraviolet light which is equivalent to ultraviolet C (sunlight) which is < 280nm, shows a decrease in germination (7%). Under continuous darkness, the germination percentage was found to range from 58% after 48 hrs. Germination was found to peak at 16hrs in darkness with a gradual decrease as time increased whereas germination under ultraviolet light was highest after 6hrs with a gradual decrease with increased exposure to light. Germ tube lengths were found to be shorter when exposed to ultraviolet light (107µm) compared to controls kept in the dark (181µm). Results obtained clearly show a negative effect of ultraviolet light on the germination and germ tube length of uredospores. A 0.1 ml suspension of uredospores on 1.25% water agar Petri dishes was exposed to cycles of 14h ultraviolet light and 10h darkness for 48h. Results indicate an increase in germination percentage of uredospores when exposed to 10h of darkness following a 14h period under ultraviolet light. Controlled environmental studies were conducted to determine alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi in SA. The control used in this experiment was Prima 2000, a susceptible cultivar to soybean rust. Seven legume plants [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, Glycine max (L.) Merr, Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Lupinus angustifolius (L.) Finnish, Phaseolus vulgaris (L.), Pueraria lobata (M&S) Wild and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and three dry bean lines (Bonus; OPS-RS2 and PAN 159) showed typical SBR symptoms when rated after 21 days post inoculation with uredospores for percentage disease severity. Disease severity was significantly different within the alternative hosts, but G. max, P. vulgaris and P. lobata were not significantly different from Prima 2000 (control). A uredospore suspension of 2.5 x 10(5) uredospores ml(-1) from plants that showed typical SBR symptoms was made and inoculated on to Prima 2000, a susceptible soybean cultivar. Uredospores from pustules on G. max, L. purpureus, L. angustifolius, P. vulgaris, P. lobata, V. unguiculata, Bonus and PAN 159 produced viable uredospores on PRIMA 2000. These plants are considered alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi. Effect of leaf age on susceptibility of soybean to SBR was tested under controlled environmental conditions. Mean number of lesions as well as lesion size were greater on younger leaves than on older leaves of plants at the same physiological age. Plants at the early vegetative and reproductive stages had a significantly lower number of lesions as well as a smaller lesion size. Plants at the V6 and R1 growth stages were significantly more susceptible to P. pachyrhizi than plants at other developmental stages. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Eco-77® a commercial biological control product, was evaluated for its efficacy as a biological control agent of P. pachyrhizi. Trichoderma harzianum sprayed at the standard concentration on infected soybean plants was significantly more effective in controlling P. pachyrhizi than plants sprayed at 1/2X and 2x the standard concentration. This was noted in both Trial 1 and 2. Data indicate that spraying the filtrate two days after inoculation produces less disease. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Karen A. Garrett / Caterina M. Scoglio / With rapid global movement of epidemics, research efforts to characterize dynamics of epidemics have gained much focus. Traditional epidemiological models have focused on only temporal components of epidemics. Development of spatio-temporal models proved to be a notable achievement in epidemiology. Network-based epidemiological models enable better handling of spatial and temporal components of an epidemic. Early network models considered a binary level of contact between infected entities, which is an idealistic approach. A realistic approach would use weighted edges which signify the level of interaction between the nodes where the edge-weights change over time as a function of environmental factors. Estimation of edge weights from observed time series is a relatively less explored area for network modeling. Dynamic networks make the problem more complicated as edge weights change over time. Estimation of parameters for models describing the edge weights as a function of variables that change in time has the potential to provide better general models. Soybean rust (caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi) is an important disease globally and its occurrence in the US has been studied extensively since its introduction in 2004. Rust is a fungal disease which propagates as a result of the fungal spores being carried by the wind. In this thesis, a network network based model is proposed to predict the intensity of spread of the disease in space and time. This model uses the host abundance and wind data and the observed rust incidence time series to compute the edge-weights. Also, the edge-weights in the model change over time thus following a dynamic approach. In order to cut costs involved with the establishment and maintenance of infection monitoring sites, the effect of removal of monitoring nodes using various strategies has also been analyzed in this thesis. The model has been tested with observed soybean rust data from sentinel plot network from across the United States.

Atualmente a ferrugem-asiática da soja é a doença mais importante da cultura e desde o seu surgimento vem causando diversos prejuízos. Devido a sua importância, faz-se necessário buscar alternativas que possam contribuir com o manejo tradicional com fungicidas. Neste sentido, surge a indução de resistência como uma alternativa para o seu controle. Dentre os indutores de resistência, as fitotoxinas apresentam potencial como ativadoras de plantas e neste caso, mais especificamente a taxtomina, produzida por Streptomyces scabies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial da fitotoxina taxtomina parcialmente purificada (TPP) e preparações de Streptomyces scabies como potenciais indutores de resistência em soja à Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Foram realizados ensaios para avaliar o efeito direto dos potenciais indutores deresistência a base de suspensão de células de Streptomyces scabies, filtrado de meio de cultivo de Streptomyces scabies, TPP e acibenzolar-S-metílico sobre a germinação de urediniósporos através do teste de microgotas em placas de Petri de poliestireno. Também foram realizados ensaios em folha destacada, onde fez-se a aplicação dos potenciais indutores e depois de determinado tempo fez-se a inoculação com P. pachyrhizi, sendo posteriormente avaliado o potencial dos compostos na redução da severidade. Ensaios em casa de vegetação foram conduzidos com plantas de soja que receberam a aplicação dos indutores e, posteriormente, foram inoculadas, onde avaliou-se a redução da severidade. Em casa de vegetação também foram conduzidos experimentos para a coleta de amostras para a realização de análises bioquímicas como peroxidase e fenóis, visando monitorar a atividade e o acúmulo de compostos relacionados a defesa de plantas a patógenos. Ensaio de campo foi realizado para verificar o potencial em reduzir a severidade da ferrugem da soja, onde foi avaliada a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas. A expressão de genes relacionados as vias defesa como resposta a aplicação de taxtomina também foi monitorada. Como resultados, observou-se que a TPP tem efeito direto sobre urediniósporos de P. pachyrhizi, inibindo a germinação em 61%. A TPP reduziu a severidade da doença em folha destacada, mas não em plantas em condições de casa de vegetação. A TPP também aumentou a atividade de peroxidase e alterou o acúmulo de fenóis ligados. Em condições de campo, apenas o tratamento com fungicidas reduziu a severidade da doença. Nenhum dos tratamentos utilizados afetou a germinação e o vigor das sementes produzidas. A TPP foi capaz de alterar a expressão gênica e regular positivamente o gene ACC, envolvido na síntese do etileno. Conclui-se que a TPP apresenta, além de efeito direto sobre o patógeno, potencial para alterar compostos e a expressão de genes relacionados as vias de defesa das plantas. / Asian soybean rust is the most important disease of the crop today and since its inception has caused several damages. Due to its importance, it is necessary to look for alternatives that can contribute to the traditional management with fungicides. In this sense, induction of resistance appears as a promising alternative for the control of diseases. Among the resistance inducers, phytotoxins have the potential as plant activators and in this case, more specifically thaxtomin, produced by Streptomyces scabies. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of the partially purified phytotoxin thaxtomin (TPP) and preparation of Streptomyces scabies as potential inducers of resistance in soybean to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. For this, tests were carried out to evaluate the direct effect of potential resistance inducers on the germination of urediniospores through the test of microdrops on polystyrene Petri dishes. Detached leaf assay also carried out, where the potential inducers were applied and after a certain time the inoculation with P. pachyrhizi was done, being evaluated the potential of the compounds in reducing the severity. Greenhouse tests were also carried out with soybean plants that received the application of the inducers and later inoculated, where the reduction of severity was evaluated. Greenhouse experiments were also carried out for the collection of samples for biochemical analyzes such as peroxidase and phenolic compounds, aiming to monitor the activity and the accumulation of compounds related to plant defense to pathogens. In addition, preliminary field trials were carried out to verify the potential of the inducers in reducing the severity of soybean rust, where the productivity and physiological quality of the seeds were also evaluated. Expression of genes related to the defense pathways as a response to thaxtomin application was also monitored. As results, it was observed that the partially purified thaxtomin had a direct effect on P. pachyrhizi uredinospores, inhibiting germination by 61%. In addition, it was also able to reduce the severity in detached leaves but not in seedlings under greenhouse conditions. Partially purified thaxtomin was also able to increase peroxidase activity and alter the accumulation of bound phenols. At field conditions, only the treatment that used fungicides was able to reduce the severity of the disease. However, although only one of the treatments reduced the disease, none of the treatments used was able to affect the germination and vigor of the seeds produced. Finally, the partially purified thaxtomin was able to alter gene expression and positively regulate the ACC gene, that is involved in ethylene metabolism. In general, it is concluded that TPP has, in addition to a direct effect on the pathogen, potential to alter plant defense related compounds and the expression of genes related to defense pathways.

A utilização de modelos matemáticos na agricultura é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento do setor agrícola. O fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi configura-se como um importante patógeno que parasita a cultura da soja, causando prejuízos bilionários ao agronegócio brasileiro. Na última década, observou-se a rápida perda de eficácia dos principais fungicidas utilizados para seu controle, caracterizando um processo de resistência para os fungicidas DMIs e Q0I. Recentemente, novas moléculas foram introduzidas no mercado para a cultura da soja - fungicidas inibidores da Succinato Desidrogenase (SDHI) - com o objetivo de aumentar os níveis de controle sobre o patógeno. Nesse contexto, o trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de um modelo determinístico com análise de incerteza que possibilitasse a previsão do tempo de resistência (longevidade) do patógeno para os novos fungicidas, contribuindo, dessa forma, para a elaboração de novas estratégias de manejo a fim de proporcionar maior vida útil a tais moléculas. / The use of mathematical models in agriculture have fundamental importance for the development of the agricultural sector. The fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an important pathogen which parasitizes the soybean crop, causing billions of losses to Brazilian agribusiness. In the last decade, it was observed the rapid loss of effectiveness of the main fungicides used for its control, characterizing a resistance process for the fungicides DMIs and Q0I. Recently, new molecules were introduced to the soybean crop - Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDHI) inhibitor fungicides whose the objective is increase the efficiency over the pathogen. In this context, the objective of this work was the elaboration of a deterministic model with uncertainty analysis that would allow the prediction of the resistance time (longevity) of the pathogen to the new fungicides, thus contributing to the elaboration of new management strategies to provide longer life to such molecules.

Field experiments were conducted in Kentucky and Louisiana in 2008 and 2009 (split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications) to investigate it is possible to simulate with manual defoliation the effect of soybean rust (SBR) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. and P. Syd) injury on a healthy soybean [Glycine max, (L.) Merr.] canopy, understand how defoliation affects the growth dynamics and canopy light interception, and if defoliation affectsleaf senescence and nitrogen remobilization during the seed-filling period. Two manual defoliation treatments based on changes in effective leaf area index (ELAI) (calculated as the reduction in leaf area equivalent to SBR-induced premature leaf abscission, loss in green leaf area, and reduction in photosynthetic capacity of diseased leaves) in infected canopies in Brazil were used to simulate SBR infection at growth stage R2 (full flowering) and R5 (beginning of seed-fill). Both defoliation treatments reduced yield in all experiments and the reduction was larger for the treatments at growth stage R2. The yield losses were equivalent to that observed in infected soybean canopies in Brazil. This suggests that a system of manual defoliation to simulate changes in effective leaf area duration shows promise as a tool to simulate the impact of SBR on soybean yield. The radiation use efficiency and crop growth rate from growth stage R2 to R5 were not influenced by defoliation. Defoliation started at growth stage R2 reduced seed number per unit area, while defoliation started at growth stage R5 reduced seed size due to shortening the seed-fill duration and a lower seed growth rate. There is no evidence that manual defoliation affected leaf senescence or nitrogen redistribution to the seed. This study found that the reduction of light interception by SBR was the main reason for the reductions in soybean growth and yield.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 aguiarjunior_ho_me_botfca.pdf: 487083 bytes, checksum: cf6b43776665fed2b2912c525547c0ba (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência da cobertura foliar e diminuir as perdas na produtividade da cultura da soja, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: avaliar a deposição da pulverização, perdas por deriva, produção (peso de 1000 sementes), produtividade da cultura (kg/ha), tensão superficial estática e retenção foliar da calda de pulverização. Três experimentos, dois a campo e um em laboratório foram conduzidos nesse estudo; os experimentos 1 e 2 foram conduzidos na safra 2008/09, em área experimental da fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção (FEPP) da FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu, Gleba Cascalheira na cultura da soja, cultivar Conquista e o experimento 3 foi realizado no Laboratório de Tecnologia de Aplicação de Defensivos do Departamento de Produção Vegetal – Defesa Fitossanitária da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas FCA/UNESP, campus de Botucatu. O experimento 1 foi conduzido no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com três dosagens de surfatantes associados ao marcador oxicloreto de cobre combinadas a dois níveis de assistência de ar na barra de pulverização (0 e 29 km h-1), totalizando 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. O pulverizador foi equipado com barra de pulverização de 18,5 m de comprimento e 37 pontas de pulverização de jato plano XR 8002, à pressão de 400 kPa e volume de 150 L ha-1. Para a quantificação dos depósitos da pulverização foram colocados em cada parcela alvos artificiais (papel filtro com dimensões de 3 x 3 cm) distribuídos em 10 plantas tomadas ao acaso. Em cada uma das 10 plantas amostradas foram fixados quatro coletores (papel filtro), um na superfície adaxial e outro na superfície abaxial do mesmo folíolo nas partes superior e inferior da mesma planta. Para avaliação do potencial de deriva, nas diferentes tecnologias de aplicação, foram colocados externamente às parcelas duas hastes de madeira... / With the intention to improve the leaf coverage efficiency and reduce in losses productivity of soybean crop, the present study aimed to evaluate the spray deposition and drift losses, production (weight of 1000 seeds), soybean crop productivity (kg / ha), static surface tension and spray leaf retention. Three experiments, two in the field and another one the laboratory, were conducted in this study. The experiments 1 and 2 were carried out during 2008/2009 crop season in experimental area of Experimental Farm, FCA / UNESP – campus of Botucatu, soybean crop, Conquista variety, and the third experiment was set at the of Laboratory Technology Application of Pesticides, in Plant Production Department, College of Agricultural Sciences of the São Paulo State University FCA/UNESP, campus of Botucatu. The Experiment 1 was conducted in randomized block design with three doses of surfactants associated with one oxychloride cooper tracer, combined at two levels of air assistance on spray boom (0 and 29 km h-1), 6 treatments in 4 repetitions. The sprayer was equipped with spray boom 18.5 m of length and 37 flat fan spray nozzle XR 8002 type at working, pressure of 400 kPa, resulting in the volume of 150 L ha-1. For the quantification of spray deposits were placed in each plot artificial targets (filter paper with dimensions of 3 x 3 cm) distributed in 10 plants randomly selected. In each one of the 10 plants were fixed four collectors (filter paper), one on adaxial surface and other on abaxial surface in the same leaflet at the top and bottom of the same plant. To evaluate the spray drift potential in different application technologies, were placed outside the plots two stems of wood at 1.0 m and 3.0 m away at the end of crop. In the stems positioned at 1.0 m of the crop were fixed artificial targets, pipe cleaners, positioned at 0.5 and 1.0 m above ground and stems distanciated at 3 m of the crop... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_ep_me_botfca.pdf: 1292692 bytes, checksum: dbf83a5af75afb9c9d97bbadfe81fa2b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência de controle da ferrugem asiática Phakopsora pachyrhizi e insetos-pragas na cultura da soja, o presente trabalho avaliou diferentes técnicas de pulverização sobre o depósito da calda. Cinco experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental da FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu, na cultura da soja (var. Conquista), dois na safra 2006/07 e três na safra 2007/08. Os experimentos 1 e 2 foram conduzidos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial 2x2+1 (dois níveis de ar, 0 e 100%; duas pontas de pulverização, JA-2 e AXI 11002, mais testemunha). Realizou-se uma única aplicação com os inseticidas tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (exp. 1) e endosulfan (exp. 2), com volume de calda de 200 L ha-1. As avaliações antes (prévia) e com 1, 3, 6, 10 e 14 dias após a aplicação foram realizadas pelo método de batidas-no-pano. O experimento 3 foi conduzido no mesmo local, no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (quatro velocidades de ar: 0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1 e testemunha) totalizando 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foi realizada uma pulverização do inseticida deltametrina para o controle de lagartas desfolhadoras e do inseticida tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina visando o controle de percevejos. Foram avaliados: a eficiência dos produtos nos diferentes tratamentos, danos às sementes, poder germinativo e produtividade. O experimento 4 foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições, comparando quatro velocidades da assistência de ar junto à barra de pulverização (0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1) sobre o depósito da pulverização. De cada parcela foram selecionadas, ao acaso, dez plantas para a amostragem do depósito da pulverização. À cada planta foram fixados alvos artificiais (papel filtro na dimensão 3 x 3 cm), dois na parte superior e dois na parte inferior das plantas e, em cada parte da planta... / In order to improve control efficiency of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and pests in soybean crop, the present research evaluated different spraying techniques on spray deposits, Asian rust control and the pests control: stink bungs and velvetbean caterpillars. Five experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, on soybean crop (Conquista variety). Two of these experiments on the 2006/07 crop season and two in the 2007/08 crop season were carried out. The experimental desing of experiments 1 and 2 were randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 + 1(two levels of air speed, 0 and 100%, two nozzles: flat fan nozzles AXI 11002 and hollow cone nozzle JA-2, more nontreated plots). The insecticides thiamethoxam + lambda-cialothrin (exp. 1) and endosulfan (exp. 2) were applied using a volume rates at 200 L ha-1 for both treatments and experiments. The evaluations before (0) and 1, 3, 6, 10 and 14 days after applications were made by the method of hits on the cloth. The third experiment was carried out in same place and the experimental design was randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions (four air speed: 0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1) more non-treated plots. The insecticide used in the spraying to control of velvetbean caterpillar was the deltamethrin and to control of stink bugs was thiamethoxam + lambda-cialothrin. The evaluations before and after application were made by the method of hits on the cloth. The actual damages by stink bugs was evaluated considering the percentage of seeds damages, the power germination and production. In experiment 4 the treatments were carried out experimental design randomized blocks with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions (four air speed produced by fan: 0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1) to evaluations of spray deposit levels. In each parcel were selected at random, ten plants to sampling of spray deposits... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-08-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dorighello_dv_me_botfca.pdf: 371371 bytes, checksum: fcef50ce447aae0f647c67810c05075b (MD5) / A ferrugem asiática da soja, causada por Phakopsora packyrhizi, se transformou na principal doença da cultura após a sua introdução no Brasil, em 2001. O controle é realizado, principalmente, com fungicidas químicos. Com relatos de populações do patógeno resistentes a estas moléculas, bem como de impactos negativos ao ambiente e a saúde pública, é necessário que novos métodos de controle sejam desenvolvidos. Entre esses, a utilização de agentes de biocontrole e produtos de origem vegetal surgem como potenciais ferramentas para o manejo da doença. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de Bacillus subtilis – QST 713 (Serenade®), Bacillus pumilus – QST 2808 (Sonata®); Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis (Nemix®), bem como cada isolado desse produto individualmente; isolados AP-3 e AP-51de Bacillus subtilis; óleo de café obtidos de grãos torrados (CT) e crus (CC), nas concentrações de 1% e 2% e nas concentrações de 0,5% e 1% em mistura com metade da concentração do fungicida à base de pyraclostrobin e epoxiconazol (Ópera®); além da testemunha (água) e do fungicida, na concentração recomendada e metade dessa concentração, sobre a germinação de uredósporos do patógeno e no controle da ferrugem asiática em folhas destacadas e plantas cultivadas em condições de casa-de-vegetação e campo. Todos os ensaios foram conduzidos duas vezes, exceto nas condições de campo, com a cultivar BRS316RR. Os isolados de B. subtilis QST 713 e AP-3 e B. pumilus reduziram significativamente a germinação dos uredósporos, assim como os óleos de café torrado e cru. Nos ensaios com folhas destacadas e em casa de vegetação a inoculação do patógeno foi feita de forma artificial. Os isolados de B. subtilis... / The Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora packyrhizi, became the main disease of the crop after its introduction in Brazil, in 2001. The control is performed mainly with chemical fungicides. However, reports of the pathogen population resistant to these molecules, as well as the negative impacts on the environment and public health require the development of new control methods. The use of biocontrol agents and natural products emerge as potential tools for the management of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis – QST 713 (Serenede®), Bacillus pumilus – QST 2808 (Sonata®), Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (Nemix®), as well as each isolated individual; Bacillus subtilis isolates AP-3 and AP-51; coffee oils obtained from roasted (TC) and raw coffee beans (CC) at concentrations of 1% and 2%, and also at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% in mixture with half of the fungicide pyraclostrobin e epoxiconazol (Opera®) commercial dose; the control (water); and the fungicide, on commercial dose and half of the dose, on the pathogen uredospores germination and Asian soybean rust control in detached leaves, and plants grown under greenhouse and field conditions. All tests were carried out twice with cultivar BRS316RR, excepted at field conditions. The strains of B. subtilis QST 713 and AP-3, B. pumilus, and the coffee oil significantly reduced the uredospore germination. The pathogen inoculation was artificial in tests with detached leaves and greenhouse. The strains of B. subtilis (QST 713, AP-3 and AP-51) and of B. pumilus (QST 2808), and coffee oils reduced the disease severity in detached leaf tests. The results of greenhouse tests showed the same tendency of detached leaves... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Banca: Evandro Pereira Prado / Banca: Marcelo Rocha Corrêa / Resumo: Para o controle da ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS) é necessário a otimização da tecnologia de aplicação de modo a promover incrementos na cobertura da pulverização na região do baixeiro da cultura e melhorar a distribuição das gotas no dossel. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de pontas de jato plano com diferentes inclinações e volumes de calda na otimização da pulverização de fungicidas na cultura da soja, no controle da FAS e sobre a produtividade da cultura. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos durante as safras 2016/17 e 2017/18 em Botucatu, SP envolvendo três pontas de pulverização: jato plano (AXI), jato plano duplo (JGT) e jato plano inclinado (Defy3D) em dois volumes de calda (125 e 250 L ha-1). No experimento 1 foi avaliado em mesa de distribuição volumétrica a uniformidade da distribuição volumétrica dos tratamentos e o espectro das gotas da pulverização pelo medidor de tamanho de partículas em tempo real. No experimento 2 foi realizado a análise quali-quantitativa da pulverização, por meio da deposição da calda na cultura com o marcador Azul Brilhante, e a cobertura da pulverização dos tratamentos em alvos artificiais e natural. Por fim, no experimento 3 foi avaliado a severidade e incidência da FAS, de modo a se determinar a eficácia de controle dos tratamentos, assim como seu efeito sobre a produtividade da cultura da soja. Em ambos os volumes de calda, a ponta JGT obteve menor coeficiente de variação e melhor distribuição da pulveri... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : For the control of Asian soybean rust (SBR), an optimization of the application technology is necessary in order to improve spray coverage in the lower part of the crop as well as the spray drops distribution uniformity. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flat fan nozzles with different inclinations and spray volumes on the optimization of fungicide spraying in the soybean crop, as well as on the ASR control and its effect on the crop yield. For this purpose, three experiments were conducted during 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop seasons in Botucatu, SP. Three spray nozzles were evaluated: flat fan (AXI), double flat fan (JGT) and inclined flat fan (Defy 3D) with two spray volumes (125 e 250 L ha-1). In Experiment 1, the spray distribution uniformity of the treatments was evaluated in a patternator table and the spray droplet spectrum was assessed by a real-time particle size analyzer. In Experiment 2, a quali-quantitative analysis of the spraying was evaluated, assessing spray deposits on the crop with Brilliant Blue tracer, and the spray coverage of the treatments on artificial and natural targets. Lastly, in Experiment 3, ASR incidence and severity were evaluated, in order to determine the treatment control efficacy and its effect on the soybean yield. In both spray volumes, the JGT nozzle provided lowest variation coefficient and better spray distribution. All the spray nozzles and volumes kept CV values below 7%, considered acceptable by international standards. The VMD (µm), SPAN and percentage of droplets smaller than 100 µm were influenced by the addition of fungicide associated with adjuvant to the spray mixture. Irrespective of the spray nozzle and volume, the penetration of the spray droplets into the crop canopy was impaired at R2, with low deposition and coverage in the lower part of the plant. All the spray nozzles and volumes promoted effective control of the ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 623187 bytes, checksum: 351372d8fb2a6df46264f48e3ae8f0e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The soybean is attacked by many pathogens, spite of all the diseases the Asiatic rust caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi has been considered one of the most important pathogens. The symptoms are characterized for small points darker than the healthy tissue, where it is observed a bulge, which it opens in small pore expelling some uredionospores. Hardly infected plants show premature fallen leave, compromising then the formation and filling of some string beans and also the final weight of some grains. The most effective controlling method is the use of some resistant varieties, however the pathogenic large variability has bothered the research of these resistant varieties. This research has aimed search the special and temporal distribution of the genetic diversity of the Phakopsora pachyrhizi, and infer about the developed relations between some Brazilian, African and Asiatic isolates. Uredionospores were collected in 20 Brazilian places and also in South African. The genomic DNA was extracted from and amplified with the PCR using specifics primers for the ITS region of the nuclear genome in the Phakopsora pachyrhizi. The ITS1 and ITS2 regions were cloned and sequenced of independent forms. Four clones of each ITS regions in samples were sequenced, aimed to verify whether it might have variability of the pathogens in same location. The sequences were lined up and compared each others and also with isolates sequences of the Phakopsora pachyrhizi from different countries in GenBank. Later, the TCS program was used to obtain haplotypes net, one for the ITS1 sequences and other for the ITS2 region. The program ARLEQUIN was used to conduct the analysis of molecular variables, calculating the diversities between and in located samples, and also to calculate the genetic and nucleotide diversity. The net based on the ITS1 sequences, was able to distinguish 21 haplotypes between 96 sequences, while the net based on ITS2 distinguished 17 haplotypes between 86 sequences, showing that spite of Phakopsora pachyrhizi was recently inserted in Brazil, the Brazilian isolates show a great genetic variability. This net shows that distributed haplotypes in Brazil were also found in Africa and Asia, showing an ancestors relation. Comparing the sequences, it was observed the presence of at least three haplotypes for each location, showing a large genetic diversity among the locations, and it was proved by variability molecular analysis. The results support the hypothesis that the origin of this fungus in Brazil has been brought through spores, probably by area transportation through the Atlantic Ocean from Africa and this migration happen more than once. / A soja é atacada por muitos patógenos, porém dentre todas as doenças a ferrugem asiática causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi tem sido considerada como uma das mais importantes. Os sintomas são caracterizados por minúsculos pontos mais escuros do que o tecido sadio, onde se observa uma protuberância, essa se abre em minúsculo poro, expelindo daí, os uredósporo. Plantas severamente infectadas apresentam desfolha precoce, comprometendo a formação e o enchimento de vagens e o peso final dos grãos. O método mais eficiente de controle é o emprego de variedades resistente, entretanto, a grande variabilidade patogênica tem dificultado a pesquisa de tais variedades resistentes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar a distribuição espacial e temporal da atual diversidade genética de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, e inferir sobre as relações evolutivas entre os isolados de origem brasileira e de origem africana e asiática. Uredósporos foram coletados de 20 localidades brasileiras e de localidades na África do Sul. O DNA genômico foi extraído e amplificado por meio de PCR utilizando-se iniciadores específicos para a região de ITS do genoma nuclear de Phakopsora pachyrhizi. As regiões ITS1 e ITS2 foram clonadas e sequenciadas de forma independente. Foram sequenciados quatro clones de cada região ITS por amostra, com o objetivo de verificar se haveria variabilidade do patógeno dentro de uma mesma localidade. As sequências foram alinhadas e comparadas entre si e com sequências de isolados de Phakopsora pachyrhizi de diferentes países obtidas no GenBank. A seguir, o programa TCS foi utilizado para obter redes de haplótipos, uma para as sequências de ITS1, e outra para a região de ITS2. O programa ARLEQUIN foi utilizado para conduzir a análise de variância molecular, calculando a diversidade entre e dentro das localidades amostradas, como também para calcular a diversidade gênica e a diversidade nucleotídica. A rede, com base em sequências provenientes de ITS1, foi capaz de distinguir 21 haplótipos entre as 96 sequências, enquanto que a rede baseada em ITS2 distinguiu 17 haplótipos entre as 86 sequências, indicando que embora P. pachyrhizi tenha sido recentemente introduzida no Brasil, os isolados brasileiros apresentam uma grande variabilidade genética. Essa rede também mostrou que haplótipos amplamente distribuídos no Brasil também foram encontrados na África e Ásia, indicando uma relação de ancestralidade. Pela comparação das sequências, foi observada a presença de cerca de três haplótipos para cada localidade, indicando uma alta diversidade genética dentro da localidade, sendo esse indício comprovado pela análise de variância molecular. Os resultados dão suporte à hipótese de que, a origem desse fungo no Brasil tenha sido por meio de esporos trazidos, provavelmente, por correntes aéreas transoceânicas que tenham atravessado o Oceano Atlântico, vindos da África. E que essa migração ocorreu mais de uma vez.