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Widening of The Nockeby Bridge : Methods for strengthening the torsional resistanceAndersson, Jenny January 2016 (has links)
i Abstract The Nockeby Bridge, in the western part of Stockholm, is a prestressed concrete bridge with an openable swing span of steel. The bridge was built during 1970 and should now be widened with 0.5 meters on each side. The concrete bridge deck is supported by two main-beams and cross-beams are located at the position of all supports. Previous studies of the bridge show that the torsional resistance is too low and the bridge needs strengthening while widened. The aim of this master thesis was to study and compare different strengthening methods for The Nockeby Bridge. Eight different bridges in Sweden and China were reviewed to find possible strengthening methods for The Nockeby Bridge. External prestressing tendons and additional cross-beams between the two main-beams were seen to have good influence on the resistance. The effect from strengthening with carbon-fiber reinforced polymer was questioned during small loads and was not seen as a suitable strengthening method for The Nockeby Bridge. Four different FE-models were generated to be able to compare two strengthening methods. The compared strengthening methods were a method with additional cross-beams between the main-beams and a method with external prestressing tendons. All FE-models were built up by solid- and truss elements where the concrete was modelled with solid elements and the prestressed reinforcement was modelled with truss elements. Only a few load-cases were included to limit the scope of the study. The included load-cases were deadweight, prestressing forces and vehicle load from standard vehicle F, G, H and I. Two influence lines were created to be able to place the vehicle loads in an unfavorable way. From the FE-models, shear stresses were extracted along two lines, one on each side of the main-beam. The torsional part of the shear stresses was calculated from these two results and compared with the torsional resistance of the bridge. While calculating the torsional resistance, the normal force in the cross-section from prestress was extracted with the function “free body cut”. The results showed that none of the tested strengthening methods were enough to strengthen The Nockeby Bridge. However, the method with additional cross-beams was seen as a better method than external prestressing tendons. A combination of the two methods might be suitable but was not tested. Adding four cross-beams in each span might also increase the resistance enough, but this was neither tested. It was also seen that a reduction of the torsional stiffness had a large influence on the result. Such a reduction is allowed in some cases and should be utilized if possible. Furthermore, it was seen that solid-models were extremely time consuming and there is not a good alternative to design a bridge with only a solid model. / Nockebybron i västra Stockholm är en förspänd betongbro med ett öppningsbart svängspann av stål. Bron byggdes 1970 och ska nu breddas med 0.5 meter på varje sida. Betongplattan stöds upp av två huvudbalkar och tvärbalkar är placerade vid samtliga stöd. Tidigare studier av bron visar att brons vridstyvhet är låg och bron behöver förstärkas i samband med breddningen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka och jämföra olika förstärkningsmetoder för Nockebybron. Åtta olika broar i Sverige och Kina undersöktes för att hitta möjliga förstärkningsåtgärder för Nockebybron. Extern spännarmering och extra tvärbalkar mellan de två huvudbalkarna hade en bra inverkan på kapaciteten. Kapacitetsökningen fån förstärkning med kolfiberförstärkt plast är ifrågasatt vid låga laster och uppfattas inte som en bra metod för att förstärka Nockebybron. Fyra olika FE-modeller skapades för att jämföra två förstärkningsmetoder. Förstärkningsmetoderna som jämfördes var metoden med extra tvärbalkar mellan huvudbalkarna samt en metod extern spännarmering. Alla FE-modeller byggdes upp med solid- och stångelement där betongen modellerades med solidelement och den förspända armeringen modellerades med stångelement. Enbart ett fåtal lastfall inkluderades i studien för att minska studiens omfattning. De inkluderade lastfallen var egenvikt, förspänningskrafter samt trafiklast från typfordon F, G, H och I. Två influenslinjer skapades för att placera trafiklasten på ett ogynnsamt sätt. Från FE-modellerna extraherades skjuvspänningar från bägge sidor av en av huduvbalkarna. Från dessa skjuvspänningar beräknades vrid-delen av skjuvspänningarna som jämfördes med brons vridkapacitet. När vridkapaciteten beräknades togs tryckkraften från tvärsnittet fram genom funktionen ”free body cut”. Resultatet visade att ingen av de testade förstärkningsmetoderna var tillräckliga för att förstärka Nockebybron. Hur som helst, metoden med extra tvärbalkar ansågs som en bättre metod än extern spännarmering. En kombination av de bägge förstärkningsmetoderna kan vara lämplig men detta testades inte. Att lägga in fyra tvärbalkar i varje spann kan också leda till en tillräcklig ökning av kapaciteten, men detta fall testades inte heller. En reduktion av vridstyvheten sågs ha en stor påverkan på resultatet. En sådan reduktion är tillåten i vissa fall och borde utnyttjas om möjligt. Vidare upptäcktes att en solidmodell är väldigt tidskrävande varför det inte är lämpligt att dimensionera en bro enbart med hjälp av en solidmodell.
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Analys av en spännarmerad balkbro : Inverkan på spännvidd och armeringsåtgångWennerkull, Hampus, Svensson, Robin January 2020 (has links)
Concrete girder bridges are a commonly used type of bridge which can be reinforced withboth regular and post-tensioned reinforcement. At a certain span length, the use of tensionreinforcement becomes a must because regular reinforcement won’t be enough. To get anidea of where this boundary lies, we studied a bridge in this research which is a half-throughbridge intended for railway traffic with the use of post-tensioned reinforcements. Thisbridge has a span of 22,15 metres and it is compared to bridges at the same span andshorter span using regular reinforcements. The analysis in this thesis is made using the finiteelementsprogram Brigade Standard.Two previously executed projects are used as references. A literature study will be carriedout initially, where Eurocodes, old examination projects and other literature on tensionreinforcement are examined.The acquired result is that the tension-reinforced bridge relates to a bridge with about 3/4span with regards to torque over the middle support. The torque over the support is thelimiting factor which causes an exponential increase in the amount of reinforcement atlonger spans. At about 20 metres the amount of necessary reinforcement starts to increaseexponentially and above this span post-tensioning is the preferred method.Torsion at the end support is also a crucial parameter since a regular-reinforced bridge with20-metre span cannot be reinforced to handle this with the current geometry. At a 20-metrespan, actions are therefore required to improve the torsion capacity, for example, increasingthe girder width. This increased girder width could be considered a saving in materials dueto the avoided increment of concrete in the case of tension-reinforced design, where thisincreased width is unnecessary.The total amount of reinforcement, independent of the reinforcement type, is greater in themiddle support of the regular reinforced bridge than the tension reinforced with the samespan. However, the total amount of reinforcement over the entire bridge is higher in thetension reinforced alternative.The result also shows that the tension reinforcement increases the compression force in thebridge and eliminates tension cracks which were expected according to our literature study.
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