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Revisiter les paramètres physiques de la naine brune LHS 6343 C grâce à des observations d’éclipses secondaires HST/WFC3Frost, William 03 1900 (has links)
Les naines brunes sont définies comme des objets généralement plus massifs que les planètes géantes, mais qui demeurent moins massifs que les plus petites étoiles. Étant incapables de fusionner de l’hydrogène en hélium comme les étoiles de la séquence principale en raison de leur faible masse, les naines brunes rayonnent seulement leur chaleur initiale de formation et se refroidissent continuellement au fil du temps. Cette perpétuelle diminution en luminosité introduit une dégénérescence entre leurs propriétés physiques, car il devient impossible de distinguer par sa seule luminosité une jeune naine brune massive de celle d’une vielle naine brune moins massive. Une modélisation atmosphérique et évolutive devient donc nécessaire pour contraindre les propriétés physiques (masse, rayon, âge, température effective, métallicité) des naines brunes sans compagnons, où seulement la luminosité peut être mesurée directement. Le flux émergeant de ces modèles semble bien reproduire ceux des naines brunes observées jusqu’à présent. Cependant, les paramètres physiques qu’ils prédisent demeurent sans calibration empirique, car il n’existe pas suffisamment de mesures indépendantes de ces paramètres venant de naines brunes observées qui permettrait de vérifier les prédictions des modèles. L’étude de naines brunes binaires éclipsant une étoile ouvre la possibilité de prendre des mesures directes de ses caractéristiques physiques via des analyses de vitesses radiales, de transits et d’éclipses secondaires, le tout de manière indépendante des modèles.
Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude d’une naine brune binaire éclipsante découverte en 2011 via photométrie de transit par le télescope Kepler: LHS 6343 C. Des observations de transit (Kepler) en plus d’observations de vitesses radiales (Keck/HIRES) et d’éclipses secondaires (Kepler, HST, Spitzer) permettent la mesure directe de tous ses paramètres physiques importants sauf l’âge. Ce mémoire apporte une première analyse des données d’éclipse secondaire HST pour obtenir un spectre d’émission de la naine brune dans la bande passante WFC3-G141 (1.1 à 1.7 µm), permettant d’identifier un type spectrale de T1.5. De plus, ce mémoire met à jour la masse et le rayon de LHS 6343 C en utilisant une distance Gaia DR3 et des relations stellaires empiriques. Ce nouvel ensemble de paramètres est ensuite comparé à ceux prédits par des modèles atmosphériques, où l’on trouve que ceux en déséquilibre chimique reproduisent mieux les données comparés à ceux en équilibre chimique. Finalement, des modèles d’évolution sont utilisés pour déterminer l’âge de la naine brune. / Brown dwarfs are defined as substellar objects that are generally more massive than giant planets, but which remain less massive than the smallest stars. Being unable to fuse hydrogen into helium like main-sequence stars due to their low mass, brown dwarfs do not have access to a long-term energy source. They therefore radiate only their initial heat of formation and cool continuously over time. This perpetual decrease in luminosity introduces a degeneracy between their physical properties, making it impossible to distinguish a young massive brown dwarf from an older less massive one based on their luminosity and spectra alone. Therefore, atmospheric and evolutionary modelling becomes necessary to obtain other properties (e.g. mass, radius, age, effective temperature) of field brown dwarfs, since only their luminosity can be measured directly.
Fortunately, the luminosities and spectra of the best models reproduce observations well. However, the physical parameters they predict (i.e. mass, radius, effective temperature, metallicity) lack an empirical calibration; i.e. there are not enough independent measurements of these parameters to meaningfully confirm the predictive power of models. One of the scenarios allowing the direct measurement of several physical characteristics is provided by brown dwarf eclipsing binaries (BDEB), i.e. a brown dwarf orbiting a star. With radial velocity, transit, and secondary eclipse analyses, all but the age of a BDEB can be determined independently of models.
This thesis pertains to the study of a minimally irradiated BDEB, LHS 6343 C, discovered in 2011 via transit photometry by the Kepler telescope. Since its discovery, a greater amount of transit (Kepler) observations in addition to radial velocity (Keck/HIRES) and secondary eclipse (Kepler, HST, Spitzer) observations allow for everything but an age measurement to be obtained. This thesis provides a first analysis of the HST secondary eclipse data to obtain a brown dwarf emission spectrum in the WFC3-G141 filter (1.1 to 1.7 µm), identifying it as a T1.5 dwarf. In addition, this thesis updates the physical parameters of previous studies using a Gaia DR3 distance and empirical stellar relations. This new set of parameters is then compared to those predicted by atmospheric models, where those in chemical nonequilibrium reproduce the observed flux better than chemical equilibrium or cloud models. Finally, evolutionary models are used to determine the age of the brown dwarf.
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Assembly, Integration, and Test of the Instrument for Space Astronomy Used On-board the Bright Target Explorer Constellation of NanosatellitesCheng, Chun-Ting 25 July 2012 (has links)
The BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE) constellation is revolutionary in the sense that the same scientific objectives can be achieved smaller (cm3 versus m3 ) and lighter (< 10kg versus 1, 000kg). It is a space astronomy mission, observing the variations in the apparent brightness of stars. The work presented herein focuses on the assembly, integration and test of the instrument used on-board six nanosatellites
that form the constellation. The instrument is composed of an optical telescope equipped with a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager and a dedicated computer. This thesis provides a particular in-depth look into the inner workings of CCD. Methods used to characterize the instrument CCD in terms of its bias level stability, gain factor determination, saturation, dark current and readout noise level evaluation are provided. These methodologies are not limited to CCDs and they provide the basis for anyone who
wishes to characterize any type of imager for scientic applications.
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Assembly, Integration, and Test of the Instrument for Space Astronomy Used On-board the Bright Target Explorer Constellation of NanosatellitesCheng, Chun-Ting 25 July 2012 (has links)
The BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE) constellation is revolutionary in the sense that the same scientific objectives can be achieved smaller (cm3 versus m3 ) and lighter (< 10kg versus 1, 000kg). It is a space astronomy mission, observing the variations in the apparent brightness of stars. The work presented herein focuses on the assembly, integration and test of the instrument used on-board six nanosatellites
that form the constellation. The instrument is composed of an optical telescope equipped with a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) imager and a dedicated computer. This thesis provides a particular in-depth look into the inner workings of CCD. Methods used to characterize the instrument CCD in terms of its bias level stability, gain factor determination, saturation, dark current and readout noise level evaluation are provided. These methodologies are not limited to CCDs and they provide the basis for anyone who
wishes to characterize any type of imager for scientic applications.
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The prompt emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts : analysis and interpretation of Fermi observations / L'émission prompte des sursauts gamma : analyse et interprétation des observations de FermiYassine, Manal 11 September 2017 (has links)
Les sursauts gamma (GRBs pour "Gamma-Ray Bursts" en anglais) sont de brèves bouffées très énergétiques de rayonnement de haute énergie qui sont émises sur de courtes échelles de temps (fraction de seconde à plusieurs minutes). L'émission intense des sursauts gamma à haute énergie est supposée provenir d'un trou noir de masse stellaire nouvellement formé, accompagné d'un vent collimaté (i.e. un jet) se propageant à vitesse relativiste. L'émission est observée suivant deux phases successives, la phase prompte très erratique, et la phase de rémanence, moins lumineuse. Les deux instruments embarqués sur le satellite Fermi, le "Gamma-ray Burst Monitor" (GBM) et le "Large Area Telescope" (LAT), permettent d'étudier l'émission prompte des sursauts gamma sur une grande plage d'énergie (de ~10 keV à ~100 GeV). L'objectif principal de ma thèse est l'analyse et l'interprétation des propriétés spectrales et temporelles de l'émission prompte des GRBs observés par Fermi, en particulier avec les nouvelles données du LAT (Pass 8) qui ont été rendues publiques en juin 2015.La première partie de mon travail est une analyse spectrale résolue en temps de la phase prompte du sursaut GRB 090926A avec les données du GBM et du LAT. Mes résultats confirment avec un meilleur niveau de confiance la présence d'une cassure spectrale à ~400 MeV, qui est observée en coincidence avec un pic d'émission très court. Ils révèlent que cette atténuation spectrale est présente durant toute l'émission prompte du sursaut, et que l'énergie de cassure augmente jusqu'au GeV. L'interprétation de la cassure spectrale en termes d'absorption gamma ou de courbure naturelle du spectre d'émission Compton inverse (CI) dans le régime Klein-Nishina fournit des contraintes fortes sur le facteur de Lorentz du jet. Mes résultats conduisent en outre à des rayons d'émission R ∼10^14 cm qui sont compatibles avec une origine interne de l'émission du keV au GeV au-dessus de la photosphère du jet.La seconde partie de mon travail est une exploration du modèle de chocs internes développé par des collaborateurs à l'Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP). Ce modèle simule la dynamique du jet et les processus d'émission (synchrotron et CI) d'une population d'électrons accélérés aux chocs. J'ai simulé la réponse instrumentale de Fermi à un sursaut synthétique fourni par ce code numérique, et j'ai construit une fonction paramétrique qui peut être utilisée pour ajuster le modèle aux spectres de sursauts du keV au MeV. J'ai appliqué cette fonction avec succès à un échantillon de 64 sursauts brillants détectés par le GBM. J'ai aussi confronté le modèle de l'IAP au spectre d'émission prompte de GRB 090926A. Mes résultats montrent un bon accord, et j'ai identifié quelques pistes pour les améliorer. Les spectres synthétiques sont plus larges que tous les spectres dans l'échantillon du GBM. En conséquence, je discute brièvement quelques pistes de développements théoriques qui pourraient améliorer l'accord du modèle avec les observations, ainsi que des avancées observationnelles attendues dans le futur. / Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are very energetic and brief flashes of high-energy radiations which are emitted in a short time scale (fraction of a second to several minutes). The GRB bright emission is thought to be powered by a newly formed stellar-mass black hole that is accompanied by a collimated outflow (i.e. a jet) moving at a relativistic speed. The emission is observed as two successive phases: the highly variable “prompt” phase and the late and less luminous “afterglow” phase. The two instruments on board the Fermi space telescope, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and the Large Area Telescope (LAT), allow the study of GRB prompt emission over a broad energy range (from ~10 keV to ~100 GeV). In June 2015, a new set of LAT data (Pass 8) was publicly released, which were generated using improved algorithms of reconstruction and classification of gamma-ray events. The main goal of my thesis is the analysis and interpretation of the spectral and temporal properties of the prompt emission phase of the GRBs observed by Fermi, especially using LAT Pass8 data.In the first part of my work, I performed a detailed time-resolved spectral analysis of the prompt phase of GRB 090926A with GBM and LAT data. My results confirm with a greater significance the spectral break at ∼400 MeV that is observed during a fast variability pulse, and they also reveal the presence of a spectral attenuation throughout the GRB prompt emission, as well as an increase of the break energy up to the GeV domain. I interpreted the spectral break in terms of gamma-ray absorption or as a natural curvature of the inverse Compton (IC) emission in the Klein-Nishina regime. Strong constraints on the jet Lorentz factor were obtained in both scenarios. My results lead also to emission radii R ∼10^14 cm, which are consistent with an internal origin of both the keV-MeV and GeV prompt emissions above the jet photosphere.The second part of my work is an exploration of the internal shock model that has been developed by collaborators at the "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris" (IAP). This model simulates the GRB jet dynamics and the radiations (synchrotron and IC processes) from a population of shock-accelerated electrons. I simulated the response of the Fermi instruments to the synthetic GRB spectra provided by this numerical code. From these simulations, I built a new parametric function that can be used to fit the keV-MeV spectra of GRBs with the model. I applied successfully this function to a sample of 64 GBM bright GRBs. I confronted also the IAP model to the prompt emission spectrum of GRB 090926A. I obtained a relatively good agreement and I identified a couple of solutions that may improve it. The synthetic spectra are wider than any GRB spectra in the GBM sample. I present some theoretical developments that could improve the data-model agreement in the future, and I discuss possible advances from future GRB missions as well.
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Bayesian methods and machine learning in astrophysicsHigson, Edward John January 2019 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with methods for Bayesian inference and their applications in astrophysics. We principally discuss two related themes: advances in nested sampling (Chapters 3 to 5), and Bayesian sparse reconstruction of signals from noisy data (Chapters 6 and 7). Nested sampling is a popular method for Bayesian computation which is widely used in astrophysics. Following the introduction and background material in Chapters 1 and 2, Chapter 3 analyses the sampling errors in nested sampling parameter estimation and presents a method for estimating them numerically for a single nested sampling calculation. Chapter 4 introduces diagnostic tests for detecting when software has not performed the nested sampling algorithm accurately, for example due to missing a mode in a multimodal posterior. The uncertainty estimates and diagnostics in Chapters 3 and 4 are implemented in the $\texttt{nestcheck}$ software package, and both chapters describe an astronomical application of the techniques introduced. Chapter 5 describes dynamic nested sampling: a generalisation of the nested sampling algorithm which can produce large improvements in computational efficiency compared to standard nested sampling. We have implemented dynamic nested sampling in the $\texttt{dyPolyChord}$ and $\texttt{perfectns}$ software packages. Chapter 6 presents a principled Bayesian framework for signal reconstruction, in which the signal is modelled by basis functions whose number (and form, if required) is determined by the data themselves. This approach is based on a Bayesian interpretation of conventional sparse reconstruction and regularisation techniques, in which sparsity is imposed through priors via Bayesian model selection. We demonstrate our method for noisy 1- and 2-dimensional signals, including examples of processing astronomical images. The numerical implementation uses dynamic nested sampling, and uncertainties are calculated using the methods introduced in Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 7 applies our Bayesian sparse reconstruction framework to artificial neural networks, where it allows the optimum network architecture to be determined by treating the number of nodes and hidden layers as parameters. We conclude by suggesting possible areas of future research in Chapter 8.
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