This project aims to design a safe and healthy space for orphan girls in Iraq, considering their needs and culture. Moreover, to set a foundation for girls to grow and become confident young individuals. My approach to this project was working both in plan and perspective. From the first days of the project, I started drawing the qualities that I was looking for in the design in perspective. Moreover, this is an extensive project, on a 1400 square meter site, so one of the important aspects of the project was to have a language through the design that makes the project coherent. In this book final renders are presented along with the initial ideas and sketches. Iraq is chosen because "there are 11,000 children addicted to drugs in Baghdad, that many girls aged 12 to 16 years old have been victims of abuse, and that many girls aged 12 years and above have endured harassment." This project shows that a well-thought design can improve the lives of orphaned girls, and hopefully, the outcome will raise awareness for the education and well-being of orphaned girls in Iraq. / Master of Architecture / Life is not easy, even when you live in a healthy family. Now, imagine what it looks like when you are traumatized as a kid. Kids who lost their parents in the war or are traumatized by their own family have a blurry glass on their eyes; they are confused about their feelings and experiences and often have difficulties trusting others and making meaningful connections. Moreover, orphan kids who had observed severe scenes may have panic attacks. Traumatized kids have very specific needs that the architectural design of their environment should address.

No / Finite quantum systems in which the position and momentum take values in the Galois field GF(p), are studied. Ideas from the subject of field extension are transferred in the context of quantum mechanics. The Frobenius automorphisms in Galois fields lead naturally to the "Frobenius formalism" in a quantum context. The Hilbert space splits into "Frobenius subspaces" which are labeled with the irreducible polynomials associated with the yp¿y. The Frobenius maps transform unitarily the states of a Galois quantum system and leave fixed all states in some of its Galois subsystems (where the position and momentum take values in subfields of GF(p)). An analytic representation of these systems in the -sheeted complex plane shows deeper links between Galois theory and Riemann surfaces. ©2006 American Institute of Physics

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This thesis is concerned with an Airline Gate Assignment problem that seeks to allocate gates to aircraft at an airport, using the objective of minimizing passenger walking distances. The problem is modeled as a variant of the quadratic assignment problem with set packing constraints. The quadratic objective function is then transformed into an equivalent linearized form by applying the first-order linearization technique of Sherali and Adams [1989, 1990]. In addition to linearizing the problem, the application of this technique generates additional constraints that provide a tighter linear programming representation. A suitable solution process that exploits the structure of the linearized problem is developed. Test results are presented using realistic data obtained from USAIR. / Master of Science

This thesis is an investigation of the concept of paracompactness. It presents the history of paracompactness, analyzes this concept from several diverse points of view and tries to establish the relationship between these different views. The starting point is the work of Tukey [40]. The important problem of the metrization of topological spaces is presented as an application of the concept of paracompactness. / Master of Science

The aim of this research project is to investigate how Muslim-American undergraduate women experience racialization in public and private spaces, examine whether those experiences give rise to a racialized identity, and highlight how they resist and cope with their racialization. The recent application of the term racialization to discuss the Muslim experience in the west has encouraged scholars such as Leon Moosavi, Saher Selod, Mythili Rajiva, Ming H. Chen and others, to engage in critical discourse within the scholarship of race and ethnicity regarding this often-neglected population. It is due to the unique, and gendered relationship that the female Muslim-American population has with the United States, particularly as a result of 9/11 and the label of 'oppressed' being imposed upon them, that it is important to comprehend how specifically Muslim-American women experience racialization. While these studies have broadened the understanding of how Muslims are, and continue to be othered, few studies have focused on the specific areas within public and private spaces where this marginalized group is racialized. This study attempts to fill this gap in existing research by examining how peers, mass media, educational institutions, law enforcement, family, and religious communities racialize Muslim-American women, and how these gendered experiences shape their racialized sense of self. In doing so, it also examines the impact of religious, racial, ethnic and cultural signifiers on the female Muslim-American experience of racialization, and demonstrates how these women employ certain strategies of resistance and coping mechanisms to deal with their racialization. / Master of Science / The aim of this research project is to investigate how Muslim-American undergraduate women specifically experience racialization in public and private spaces, examine whether those experiences give rise to their sense of self as the other, and highlight how they resist and cope with their experiences of racialization. The term racialization, understood by Barot and Bird (2010) as a process that ascribes physical and cultural differences to an individual or group(s) in order to define the other, has only recently been applied to understand and discuss the Muslim experience in the west. Due to the unique relationship that the Muslim female population has with the United States, particularly as a result of 9/11, and the label of ‘oppressed’ being imposed upon them, it is important to understand how specifically Muslim-American women experience racialization. While previous studies on racialization have broadened the understanding of how Muslims are, and continue to be othered, few studies have focused on the specific areas within public and private spaces where this marginalized group experiences racialization. This study attempts to fill this gap in existing research by examining how peers, mass media, educational institutions, law enforcement, family, and religious communities racialize Muslim-American women, and how these gendered experiences shape their sense of self as the other. In doing so, it also examines the impact of religious, racial, ethnic and cultural signifiers on the female Muslim-American experience of racialization, and demonstrates how these women employ certain strategies of resistance and coping mechanisms to deal with their racialization. This study finds that participants do in fact, experience othering in both public and private spaces. Within public spaces, participants reported experiencing the most othering in the media and in educational institutions, with the least in their neighborhoods. In private spaces, participants reported experiencing the most othering at the hands of the family and their religious communities, with the least othering by their peers. This study also finds that as a result of their racialized experiences, participants do possess a sense of self as the Other, albeit this changes according to the different spaces they occupy.

The rapid pace of industrial growth in South Korea over the last few decades has radically altered the way people live. As the population began to shift from the countryside to the city to pursue a better life by working in manufacturing and services in lieu of agriculture, the dense urban condition began to arise as a result of this endless influx. There had been neither the time nor the technology available to take account of the occupants' comfort. Moreover, after the Korean war in 1950, many families were split apart and this caused the longing to accommodate a family together to become stronger than ever. Since the 1970's, mass production has greatly increased the availability of housing in terms of the quantity, not quality. Most new housing for the lower middle class was built as small spaces without much opportunity to enjoy interacting with neighbors or the outdoors. This study was initiated to explore the potentials of habitable spaces and to understand the importance of bringing neighborhood life back and the chance to experience nature within the constraints imposed by a limited space. As a response to the analysis of the relationship between existing housing and the city, a design element is proposed; a wall that transforms itself from a feature in an individual living space to the neighborhood and to a facet of a city. Also this study includes the investigation of different ideas and examples of using small space efficiently. / Master of Architecture

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No / The UK has recently recognized the importance of tranquil spaces in the National Planning Policy Framework. This policy framework places considerable emphasis on sustainable development with the aim of making planning more streamlined, localized and less restrictive. Specifically it states that planning policies and decisions should aim to "identify and protect areas of tranquillity which have remained relatively undisturbed by noise and are prized for their recreational and amenity value for this reason". This is considered by some (e.g. National Park Authorities) to go beyond merely identifying quiet areas based on relatively low levels of mainly transportation noise, as the concept of tranquillity implies additionally a consideration of visual intrusion of man-made structures and buildings into an Otherwise perceived natural landscape. In the first instance this paper reports on applying a method for predicting the perceived tranquillity of a place and using this approach to classify the level of tranquillity in existing areas. It then seeks to determine the impact of a new build, by taking the example of the construction of wind turbines in the countryside. For this purpose; noise level measurements, photographs and jury assessments of tranquillity at a medium sized land based wind turbine were made. It was then possible to calculate the decrement of noise levels and visual prominence with distance in order to determine the improvement of tranquillity rating with increasing range. The point at which tranquillity was restored in the environment allowed the calculation of the position of the footprint boundary. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. / yes

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mathematics / Virginia Naibo / Investigations of pseudodifferential operators are useful in a variety of applications. These include finding solutions or estimates of solutions to certain partial differential equations, studying boundedness properties of commutators and paraproducts, and obtaining fractional Leibniz rules. A pseudodifferential operator is given through integration involving the Fourier transform of the arguments and a function called a symbol. Pseudodifferential operators were first studied in the linear case and results were obtained to advance both the theory and applicability of these operators. More recently, significant progress has been made in the study of bilinear, and more generally multilinear, pseudodifferential operators. Of special interest are boundedness properties of bilinear pseudodifferential operators which have been examined in a variety of function spaces. Since determining factors in the boundedness of these operators are connected to properties of the corresponding symbols, significant effort has been directed at categorizing the symbols according to size and decay conditions as well as at establishing the associated symbolic calculus. One such category, the bilinear Hörmander classes, plays a vital role in results concerning the boundedness of bilinear pseudodifferential operators in the setting of Lebesgue spaces in particular. The new results in this work focus on the study of bilinear pseudodifferential operators with symbols in weighted Besov spaces of product type. Unlike the Hörmander classes, symbols in these Besov spaces are not required to possess in finitely many derivatives satisfying size or decay conditions. Even without this much smoothness, boundedness properties on Lebesgue spaces are obtained for bilinear operators with symbols in certain Besov spaces. Important tools in the proofs of these new results include the demonstration of appropriate estimates and the development of a symbolic calculus for some of the Besov spaces along with duality arguments. In addition to the new boundedness results and as a byproduct of studying operators with symbols in Besov spaces, it is possible to quantify the smoothness of the symbols, in terms of the conditions that define the Hörmander classes, that is sufficient for boundedness of the operators in the context of Lebesgue spaces.