Esta dissertação de mestrado pretende apresentar a contrafactualidade como um complexo de efeitos de sentido, a partir da análise da expressão da contrafactualidade nas condicionais com si/se em espanhol e em português. Nosso ponto de partida foram os seguintes questionamentos, embora o percurso da investigação tenha nos levado a relativizar a causatividade que encerram: Por que convivem diferentes estruturas para a expressão da contrafactualidade em espanhol e também em português? Há equivalência entre elas? Por que as línguas em estudo, apesar de possuírem recursos linguísticos análogos, apresentam configurações diferenciadas ou que, quando equiparáveis, nem sempre são equivalentes? Para tanto, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa qualitativa, composta de três momentos reflexivos: a) a caracterização teórica das condicionais contrafactuais, particularmente as de passado, em cada uma das línguas em estudo; b) duas análises complementares do poema Erro de português, de Oswald de Andrade: uma a partir da tradução do poema e da retomada de uma análise de entrevistas feitas em 2003, articulando logicidade e sentido; outra a partir da versão original do poema, sob o viés teórico da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação; c) a análise de uma amostra com exemplos de construções condicionais contrafactuais de passado, em espanhol e em português, à maneira de estudos de caso, visando evidenciar a interação de construções condicionais com outros elementos discursivos para a expressão de efeitos de sentido contrafactuais de passado. / This masters thesis aims to present counterfactuality as a complex of effects of meaning by analyzing the expression of counterfactuality in conditionals with si/se in Spanish and Portuguese. The following questions were used as a starting point, although the course of investigation led us to relativize the causativity they contain: Why do different structures for the expression of couterfactuality coexist in Spanish and also in Portuguese? Is there any equivalence between them? Why do the languages under study, despite having analogous linguistic features, exhibit configurations that are different or that, even when commensurate, are not always equivalent? Therefore we carried out a qualitative investigation consisting of three points of reflection: a) theoretical characterization of counterfactual conditionals, particularly past conditionals, in each of the languages under study; b) two complementary analyses of the poem Erro de Português by Oswald de Andrade: one based on a translation of the poem and on a continued analysis of interviews conducted in 2003, connecting logicality and meaning, and the other based on the original version of the poem from the theoretical viewpoint of the Historical Semantics of Enunciation; c) case study-type analysis of a sample containing examples of past counterfactual conditional constructions in Spanish and Portuguese with a view to evidencing the interaction between conditional constructions and other discursive elements for the expression of past counterfactual effects of meaning.

Esta dissertação de mestrado pretende apresentar a contrafactualidade como um complexo de efeitos de sentido, a partir da análise da expressão da contrafactualidade nas condicionais com si/se em espanhol e em português. Nosso ponto de partida foram os seguintes questionamentos, embora o percurso da investigação tenha nos levado a relativizar a causatividade que encerram: Por que convivem diferentes estruturas para a expressão da contrafactualidade em espanhol e também em português? Há equivalência entre elas? Por que as línguas em estudo, apesar de possuírem recursos linguísticos análogos, apresentam configurações diferenciadas ou que, quando equiparáveis, nem sempre são equivalentes? Para tanto, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa qualitativa, composta de três momentos reflexivos: a) a caracterização teórica das condicionais contrafactuais, particularmente as de passado, em cada uma das línguas em estudo; b) duas análises complementares do poema Erro de português, de Oswald de Andrade: uma a partir da tradução do poema e da retomada de uma análise de entrevistas feitas em 2003, articulando logicidade e sentido; outra a partir da versão original do poema, sob o viés teórico da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação; c) a análise de uma amostra com exemplos de construções condicionais contrafactuais de passado, em espanhol e em português, à maneira de estudos de caso, visando evidenciar a interação de construções condicionais com outros elementos discursivos para a expressão de efeitos de sentido contrafactuais de passado. / This masters thesis aims to present counterfactuality as a complex of effects of meaning by analyzing the expression of counterfactuality in conditionals with si/se in Spanish and Portuguese. The following questions were used as a starting point, although the course of investigation led us to relativize the causativity they contain: Why do different structures for the expression of couterfactuality coexist in Spanish and also in Portuguese? Is there any equivalence between them? Why do the languages under study, despite having analogous linguistic features, exhibit configurations that are different or that, even when commensurate, are not always equivalent? Therefore we carried out a qualitative investigation consisting of three points of reflection: a) theoretical characterization of counterfactual conditionals, particularly past conditionals, in each of the languages under study; b) two complementary analyses of the poem Erro de Português by Oswald de Andrade: one based on a translation of the poem and on a continued analysis of interviews conducted in 2003, connecting logicality and meaning, and the other based on the original version of the poem from the theoretical viewpoint of the Historical Semantics of Enunciation; c) case study-type analysis of a sample containing examples of past counterfactual conditional constructions in Spanish and Portuguese with a view to evidencing the interaction between conditional constructions and other discursive elements for the expression of past counterfactual effects of meaning.

The present work, through a broad historical survey and an analysis of laws on mission administration during the period of domination by the Society of Jesus (1620-1767) and the post-Jesuit period (1768-1801) in the territory occupied by the Guaraní, analyzes the characteristics of two models of organization and administration for the Guaraní population: Jesuit communalism and Bourbon assimilation. Specifically, we reconstruct the ideological bases, the contextual factors and the political objectives inscribed in each model, as well as contrasting them via specific oppositional frames: purity and mestizaje, community and individual, spatial subjection and mobility, and segregation and assimilation. / En el presente trabajo, por medio de un recorrido histórico amplio y del análisis de ordenanzas sobre la administración misional emitidas en el periodo de dominio de la Compañía de Jesús (1620-1767) y en el posjesuita (1768-1801) en el territorio ocupado por los guaraníes, se analizan las características de dos modelos de organización y administración de dicha población: el de comunalización jesuita y el de asimilación borbónica. Específicamente, se reconstruyen las bases ideológicas, los factores contextuales y los objetivos políticos inscritos en ambos modelos, como también se contrasta a estos últimos a partir de ciertos cuadros de oposiciones: pureza y mestizaje, comunidad e individuo, sujeción espacial y movilidad, y segregación y asimilación.

(in English) The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the current state of passive bilingualism on the Iberian Peninsula, from the point of view of native monolingual Spanish speakers in contact with Galician, Catalan, Basque, and Portuguese langauges. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, it tries to describe bilingualism, its perception throughout history and other concepts that are directly related to it in a comprehensive way. The key topic which is analysed is, however, receptive/passive bilingualism. For better context, it also focuses on the sociolinguistic development of the (co)official languages of the Iberian Peninsula from a diachronic perspective and, concurrently, language policy involved. In the practical part, it establishes the hypothesis which is later being demonstrated on the results of the original internet survey. Later on, proceeds to comment and evaluate them.

This is an investigation of the epic poetry produced in and about the Ibero-American world during the early modern period (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries) in trilingual perspective: in addition to the more familiar Spanish- and Portuguese-language texts, consideration is also––and, for the purposes of the thesis, above all––given to material in Latin. Latin was the third of the international literary languages of the Iberian imperial world; it is also by far the most neglected, having fallen between the cracks of modern disciplinary boundaries in their current configurations. The thesis seeks to rehabilitate the Latin-language component as a fully-fledged member of the Ibero-American epic tradition, arguing that it demands to be analysed with reference not only to the classical and classicising traditions but to those same themes and concerns––in this case, the centre|periphery binary––as are investigated for counterparts when in Spanish or Portuguese. The crucial difference is that––while the ends may be the same––the means of thematising these issues derive in form and signifying power from interactions with the conceptual vocabularies and frameworks of the Greco-Roman epic tradition. How is America represented and New World space figured––even produced––in a poetic idiom first developed by ancient Mediterranean cultures with no conception whatsoever of the continent of the western hemisphere? At the core is one such long neglected Ibero-American Latin-language epic by a figure who lived across the Iberian imperial world: the 'De Invento Novo Orbe Inductoque Illuc Christi Sacrificio' (Faenza, 1777) by Catalan-born Jesuit José Manuel Peramás. Peramás’s epic––which has never been the subject of a literary-critical study before––is offered as a test case: an exercise in analysing a Latin-language Hispanic epic qua Hispanic epic and setting it into Ibero-American literary-cultural context. This is to be understood in relation to the field of so-called ‘New World poetics’: an at present emergent zone of inquiry within Iberian colonial studies which until now has been developing almost completely without reference to the Latin-language portion of the corpus.