Orientador: Ana Raquel Marques da Cunha Martins Portugal / Banca: Eduardo Natalino dos Santos / Banca: Alberto Ággio / Resumo: Este trabalho se propõe a analisar porque a intérprete Malinche foi descrita com tanta intensidade nas Crônicas de Índias do século XVI. Considerando que a história nessa época era entendida segundo o preceito de "mestra da vida" -, em que os feitos positivos do passado deveriam servir como exemplos para o homem do presente - a escrita dos fatos centrava-se nos acontecimentos grandiosos e nos personagens masculinos como atores principais. Desse modo, a história da conquista espanhola ganhou destaque pela importância no cenário europeu e o conquistador Hernán Cortés se tornou o grande responsável pela vitória sobre os índios, dada a sua coragem e façanha, virtudes exaltadas nessa época. Atentando para esse padrão masculino da escrita da história, o questionamento que se faz a partir dessa explicação é saber o que levou os cronistas de Índias a inserir Malinche em seus relatos ao lado de Cortés? Levando em conta o lugar secundário que as mulheres, os intérpretes e os escravos ocupavam na conquista e nas crônicas, por que, então, uma figura que representa tudo isso esteve centrada nesses textos como uma das protagonistas desse evento? / Abstract: This work proposes to analyze because the interpreter Malinche was described with so much intensity in Chronicles of Indies in the 16th Century. Whereas the history at the time it was understood according to the precept of "teacher of life" -, in which the made positive of the past should serve as examples for the man of present - the writing of the facts was focused on the events grandiose and characters male as well as major players. In this way, the history of the spanish conquest has gained attention because of the importance in the european arena and the conqueror Hernán Cortés has become the major responsible for victory over the indians, given their courage and achievement, virtues exalted at that time. Looking for this pattern of male writing of history, the questioning that is based on this explanation is what has led the chroniclers of Indies to insert Malinche in their reports on the side of Cortés? Taking into account the place secondary to the women, the interpreters and the slaves occupied in the conquest and the chronicles, why, then, a figure that represents everything that has focused on these texts as one of the protagonists of this event? / Mestre

A collection of poems focused primarily on rural America and the South, the creative writing thesis also includes material concerned with the history of Mexico, particularly Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The introduction combines a personal essay with critical material discussing and defining the idea of the Southern writer.

This is a history of the relationship between prejudices and reality during the first century of the Spanish Conquest and colonization of America. The study deals particularly with the Discovery and Conquest of La Española and La Nueva España. The authors studied are Cristóbal Colón, Ramón Pané, Pedro Mártir de Anglería, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Bartolomé de las Casas, Hernán Cortés, Francisco López de Gómara, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Vasco de Quiroga, Toribio de Benavente "Motolinía", Diego Durán, Bernardino de Sahagún and José de Acosta. There is a change in the perception of reality during the Renaissance. It brings a separation between the realms of the earthly and the divine as well as a glorification of the self, known today as individualism. There is also a great tension between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in Spain. A way of seeing the world that privileges the divine fights ferociously with another one that suddenly has an immense need to understand the real, concrete world. This tension makes the study of the early descriptions and interpretations of America particularly interesting. They document the ways in which the Western imagination learns to apprehend reality in the very beginnings of the Modern Age. The writers of the Western Indies struggle with their words, their ideas, their faith and their own life in their attempt to describe and understand the New World. The process is highly complex and superbly exemplifies Marx's concept of ideology: the awareness that there is always a real and an imaginary way interacting with each other when we try to live and understand reality. Idealizations, prejudices, inventions, fantasies, destructions and abuses coexist in the texts of the "Cronistas de Indias" with a heroic effort to describe, understand, classify and explain a reality that is totally alien to their eyes and their mental schemes. This effort reaches an end with the triumph of the Counterreformation in Spain. All the early history of the New World had to be proof of a divine plan and so, many of the truths, methods and ideas that the early writers of America had gained, with a truly heroic effort to overcome ideological limitations, started to get lost once again. / text

This is the story of Spanish belonging in New Spain and the creation of New Spaniards. Tracing Spanish perceptions of place, the body, belonging, and Indian mortality, as well as constructions of “nativeness” and “Spanishness” from the conquest, this work does three things. First it examines the ideological constructs behind Spanish belonging, and the ideas that Spaniards brought with them about their bodies and their relationship to the environment. Second it follows the progression of these ideas through the first three generations of Spanish colonization, paying particular attention to the way that political rivalries, the exigencies of the crown, and Indian mortality affected discourse on belonging and identity. Finally, it captures a moment at the turn of the seventeenth century, when residents of New Spain began to re-imagine their belonging and their relationship to the land and its original inhabitants. / text

Interlopers and Transplantees: The Mitmaqkuna or Mitimaes of Vilcashuamán in their Transition from the Time of the Inka to the "Lords of the Seas"This article aims to present how the first contact between the spaniards and the people of Vilcashuaman, their subjugation under the hispanic and their rebellion against the colonial system installed by them, came to happen. Also, their andean roots, their past as mitmaqkuna, the persistence of their customs and beliefs, and how the presence of the Inka of Vilcabamba and the Taky Onqoy awoke in them their ancestral conscience, leading them to resist and finally survive, despite the terrible living conditions they suffered. / En este artículo se presenta la forma cómo se produjo el primer contacto entre los españoles y los habitantes de Vilcashuamán, su sometimiento por los hispanos y su rebeldía frente al sistema colonial implantado por ellos. Así también, sus raíces andinas, su pasado de mitmaqkuna, la persistencia de sus costumbres y creencias, y cómo la presencia del Inka de Vilcabamba y el movimiento del Taky Onqoy despertaron en ellos su antigua conciencia, que los llevó a resistir y finalmente a pervivir pese a las terribles condiciones de vida a las que fueron sometidos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jose_meg_me_fran.pdf: 614689 bytes, checksum: 22283f8f2d008ee8d09b8575b8602627 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho se propõe a analisar porque a intérprete Malinche foi descrita com tanta intensidade nas Crônicas de Índias do século XVI. Considerando que a história nessa época era entendida segundo o preceito de “mestra da vida” –, em que os feitos positivos do passado deveriam servir como exemplos para o homem do presente – a escrita dos fatos centrava-se nos acontecimentos grandiosos e nos personagens masculinos como atores principais. Desse modo, a história da conquista espanhola ganhou destaque pela importância no cenário europeu e o conquistador Hernán Cortés se tornou o grande responsável pela vitória sobre os índios, dada a sua coragem e façanha, virtudes exaltadas nessa época. Atentando para esse padrão masculino da escrita da história, o questionamento que se faz a partir dessa explicação é saber o que levou os cronistas de Índias a inserir Malinche em seus relatos ao lado de Cortés? Levando em conta o lugar secundário que as mulheres, os intérpretes e os escravos ocupavam na conquista e nas crônicas, por que, então, uma figura que representa tudo isso esteve centrada nesses textos como uma das protagonistas desse evento? / This work proposes to analyze because the interpreter Malinche was described with so much intensity in Chronicles of Indies in the 16th Century. Whereas the history at the time it was understood according to the precept of teacher of life -, in which the made positive of the past should serve as examples for the man of present - the writing of the facts was focused on the events grandiose and characters male as well as major players. In this way, the history of the spanish conquest has gained attention because of the importance in the european arena and the conqueror Hernán Cortés has become the major responsible for victory over the indians, given their courage and achievement, virtues exalted at that time. Looking for this pattern of male writing of history, the questioning that is based on this explanation is what has led the chroniclers of Indies to insert Malinche in their reports on the side of Cortés? Taking into account the place secondary to the women, the interpreters and the slaves occupied in the conquest and the chronicles, why, then, a figure that represents everything that has focused on these texts as one of the protagonists of this event?

Purum Aucca, "Promaucaes": About Significances, Identities and Ethnocategories. Central Chile, XVI-XVIII CenturiesThe purpose of this project is to analyze, from an ethnohistoric perspective, the meaning of the term “promaucaes”. The intention is to ponder over the significance these old words had for the Spaniards settled in the “Reino de Chile” during the colonial period. The authors are interested in determining if the term “promaucaes” defined a specific indigenous population or a territory; if it was an adjective that depicted a form of living during of the period, or if it identified a certain group of people that inhabited the territory between the Maipo and the Maule rivers, limits that are usually cited when referring to the “promaucaes” geographic area.The author believe the term “promaucaes” was a representative definition, first elaborated by the Incas and re-elaborated by the Spaniards, to portray the rejection of cultural system these indigenous peoples articulated to oppose the domination and settlement that the Incas and Spaniards tried to impose on them. The term “promaucaes” does not reflect the construction of an ethnic denomination given to these indigenous people, but a classificatory ethno-category that created a exo-identity, with the objective to homogenize a group of heterogeneous identities that operated at a local level in the study area. / El propósito de este trabajo es analizar, desde una perspectiva etnohistórica, el significado del término "promaucaes". Se quiere reflexionar sobre el sentido que estas viejas palabras tuvieron para los españoles avecindados en el "reino de Chile" durante el periodo colonial. Interesa establecer si el término "promaucaes" definió a una población indígena específica o a un territorio, si constituyó un adjetivo que calificó una forma de vivir las circunstancias del periodo o bien identificó a cierto grupo, distinto de aquellos que estaban ubicados al norte del río Maipo o al sur del Maule, límites habitualmente citados para referirse al área geográfica de "promaucaes". Se piensa que el denotativo "promaucaes", dado por los españoles a estas poblaciones, es, primero que nada, una definición elaborada por los incas y reelaborada por los hispanos para representar el rechazo a la dominación y asentamiento que ellos intentaron imponer, por las formas de vida que estas poblaciones indígenas articularon para oponerse a ellos. El término "promaucaes" no reflejaría la construcción de un apelativo étnico dado a los indígenas, sino una etnocategoría clasificatoria o un apelativo cultural que elaboró una exoidentidad sobre estos indígenas, con el objetivo de homogeneizar un panorama de identidades diversas y heterogéneas que operaban a nivel local o "microscópico" en la zona de estudio.

A presente dissertação analisa o arranjo e a execução de entradas espanholas na fronteira ori-ental dos Andes centrais, entre os anos de 1538 e 1561. Nosso objetivo consiste em avaliar as origens do interesse, os resultados apresentados e as razões para o arrefecimento dos contatos. A região em questão identifica-se com as terras situadas a leste da cidade de Cuzco, parcial-mente inserida no quadrante que os incas chamavam de antisuyu. Algumas vezes, essas em-presas foram além daquele território, alcançando as terras baixas do vale; configurando desse modo a primeira série de contatos sistemáticos com o que hoje chamamos de Amazônia. No período pesquisado, a expansão da conquista em direção a essa região esteve sempre na agen-da dos castelhanos, ainda que não tenham logrado êxito em consolidar esse projeto / This Dissertation examines the planning and execution of the Spanish expeditions on the east-ern border of the Central Andes, between 1538 and 1561. Our purpose is inquire the origins of interest, the results presented and the reasons for the reduction of the contacts. The region in question is identified with the lands located at the east of Cuzco, partly inserted in the incas antisuyu. Sometimes, these expeditions were beyond that territory, reaching the lowlands; thereby configuring the first series of systematic contacts with the region that we now call Amazon. In the period surveyed, the expansion of conquest to these lands always been on the plans of the Castilians, although it has not been successfully

"Neo-Inca" or Colonial? The Death of Inca Architecture and other ParadigmsMost indigenous architectural traditions are believed to have ended abruptly with the European invasion of the Americas. In the Andes, scholars have argued that Inca architecture ceased soon after the arrival of the Spaniards and was rapidly replaced with European models. In this paper, I argue that the perceived death of Inca architecture is a false paradigm based on a variety of factors, such as a split in scholarly disciplines, a lack of scholarship on indigenous post contact architecture, and —most importantly— naming practices that have carried mistaken assumptions about the past. Focusing on Chinchero, the private estate of Thupa ‘Inka, as a case study, this paper demonstrates that Inca architecture continued well after the Spanish invasion. / Por lo general, se cree que las tradiciones arquitectónicas indígenas finalizaron bruscamente con la invasión europea de las Américas. En los Andes, los especialistas piensan que la arquitectura inca cesó poco después de la llegada de los españoles y fue reemplazada de manera rápida por modelos europeos. En el presente artículo, la autora plantea que la percepción de la "muerte" de la arquitectura inca es un paradigma falso, cuyo origen se debe a varios factores, tal como la separación en disciplinas académicas, la ausencia de estudios calificados sobre arquitectura indígena posterior a la Conquista, y, sobre todo, las denominaciones modernas, que implican erróneas aseveraciones acerca del pasado. Los trabajos de investigación se concentran en Chinchero, la propiedad privada de Thupa ‘Inka, como un caso en el que se demuestra que la arquitectura inca siguió en existencia después de la invasión española.

A presente dissertação analisa o arranjo e a execução de entradas espanholas na fronteira ori-ental dos Andes centrais, entre os anos de 1538 e 1561. Nosso objetivo consiste em avaliar as origens do interesse, os resultados apresentados e as razões para o arrefecimento dos contatos. A região em questão identifica-se com as terras situadas a leste da cidade de Cuzco, parcial-mente inserida no quadrante que os incas chamavam de antisuyu. Algumas vezes, essas em-presas foram além daquele território, alcançando as terras baixas do vale; configurando desse modo a primeira série de contatos sistemáticos com o que hoje chamamos de Amazônia. No período pesquisado, a expansão da conquista em direção a essa região esteve sempre na agen-da dos castelhanos, ainda que não tenham logrado êxito em consolidar esse projeto / This Dissertation examines the planning and execution of the Spanish expeditions on the east-ern border of the Central Andes, between 1538 and 1561. Our purpose is inquire the origins of interest, the results presented and the reasons for the reduction of the contacts. The region in question is identified with the lands located at the east of Cuzco, partly inserted in the incas antisuyu. Sometimes, these expeditions were beyond that territory, reaching the lowlands; thereby configuring the first series of systematic contacts with the region that we now call Amazon. In the period surveyed, the expansion of conquest to these lands always been on the plans of the Castilians, although it has not been successfully