The diploma work deals with formation and development of the key competencies with the pupils in primary schools focusing on communicative competency both in school environment and in extracurricular activities. The theoretical part gives insight into the basic idea of key competencies, a part of its history and its significance from the general point of view. The key competencies are defined and the concept of communicative competence is analyzed in this part. The theoretical part includes outlined methods and strategies leading to the formation of the key competencies in school and in extracurricular activities. 30 interviews of pedagogical workers, including 1 male and 14 female teachers from different schools and 15 spare-time-activity leaders, are assessed in the practical part. The aim of the work is to find out if a systematical formation and the development of the key competencies, in particular the communicative competency, takes place during pedagogical work (in a and outside of school).

L'histoire vivante est une manière de présenter le passé, qui peut se décliner en fonction d'époques variées ; celle qui est prise en compte dans cette recherche concerne la période médiévale. La pratique s'expose à travers deux activités distinctes mais complémentaires : la reconstitution historique et les Arts martiaux historiques européens, couramment nommés AMHE. L'étude menée répond à un travail de terrain interdisciplinaire, mêlant des approches ethnologiques et sociologiques. Les données recueillies proviennent d'observations participantes, mises en place lors de différents événements, d'entretiens (semi-directifs ou directifs) auprès de divers informateurs et, enfin, de deux séries de questionnaires. C'est une méthodologie aussi bien qualitative que quantitative qui a été utilisée, afin de permettre une compréhension globale de l'objet d'étude.La problématique retenue, en fonction d'une dialectique constante entre le terrain et la théorie, questionne les modalités d'expressions d'une pratique culturelle génératrice d'identités. Plusieurs axes ont ainsi pu être dégagés. C'est d'abord sous l'angle de la diffusion des connaissances (actions culturelles, rapport au patrimoine, liens entretenus avec la mémoire et principe de transmission) que l'histoire vivante est abordée. Ensuite, la recherche porte sur les éléments de définition associés à la démarche, entre activité de loisir et professionnalisation. Les thématiques présentées renvoient autant au fait associatif qu'au développement technique, en passant par les enjeux touristiques et les ambivalences relatives au concept de fête. Enfin, le dernier point évoque la pratique sociale, créatrice de liens entre les participants. Du profil sociologique des enquêtés au principe de communauté, les investigations réalisées invitent à appréhender les normes et valeurs spécifiques à ce type d'activités. L'un des principaux enjeux consiste à afficher les mécanismes relatifs à la délimitation identitaire d'un groupe particulier : c'est en fonction du rapport à l'altérité et des normes véhiculées par un ensemble précis que le lien social se maintient ou se délie. La faible reconnaissance dont dispose l'histoire vivante favorise ainsi une approche en termes de jeu identitaire, fécond pour l'analyse globale d'une démarche contemporaine en expansion. / Living history is a way to investigate the past which differs according to the time period under consideration. The one which is considered in this work is the Middle-Ages. Two distinct but complementary activities are introduced : historical reenactment and HEMA (Historical European Martial Arts). The study uses a cross-disciplinary method, with ethnological and sociological elements. The fieldwork presents participant observation, interviews and questionnaires in a qualitative and quantitative approach.My working hypothesis consists in questioning cultural activity as a means to build up identity. Three points can be developed : the first one displays dissemination of knowledges (cultural modalities, heritage, memory and transmission) related to living history. Then, the research focuses on the link between spare time and occupation. Life organization, expansion of professionalism, tourism and the concept of fair are investigated. The last point refers to the social dimension that creates links among participants. This way, the work presents the sociological profile of the actors, the notion of community, that of the representation of activities which leads to specifics norms and rules. The goal is to understand identity demarcations of a particular group. The connection between alterity, norms and rules allows or releases the social link. The limited recognition of living history conduces to approaches concerning games of identity, fruitful for the analysis of a contemporary practice, which is actually growing in France.

The subject of diploma paper was anallysis of perception children and youth related to visual art. In the first chapter of theoretic part diploma paper I explain definitions related to the subject, i.e. that is fine art, aesthetics, culture, kitsch and relation of this species to the human being. In next chapters I acte problems, definition, delimitation of the odd time and I explain possibilities of transmission visual art to children and young people. The theoretic part of diploma paper is dedicated to possibilities of confrontation children and youth people with the visual art through various cultural institutions. This part of diploma paper is ended with basic dividing of spare-time activitity organizations. The practical part of diploma paper is dedicated to visual art project {\clq}qWho knows Piaristic square``, {\clq}qConversation`` and {\clq}qEntities in the nature``. Visual art expression of subjective experience evoked by visual perception of concrete image is the aim of this project. The project is intended for the children and youth in age between 8 and 24 years. I confront by means of projects both various components of visual art (painting, sculpture and architecture) and various movement epoch (gothic style, baroque and modern style). I wanted find the way how to transmit visual art to children and youth enjoyable, educational with aesthetic value. The end of the diploma paper summaries pieces of knowledge and perceptions from the visual art courses and projects.