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Due to the continuous work in the automobile industry to reduce the environmental impact, reduce fuel consumption and increase efficiency, new technologies need to be developed and implemented in vehicles. For spark ignited engines, one technology that has received more attention in recent years is long route Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), which means that exhaust gases after the turbine are transported back to the volume before the compressor in the air intake system of the engine. In this work, the components of the long route EGR system is modeled with mean value engine models in Simulink, and implemented in a existing Simulink engine model. Then different methods for estimating the mass flow over the long route EGR system are compared, and the transport delays for the recirculated exhaust gases in the engines air intake system are modeled. This work is based on measurements done on an engine rig, on which a long route EGR system was installed. Finally, some ideas on how a long route EGR system on a gasoline engine can be controlled are presented based on the results in this thesis work.

<p>This licentiate thesis concerns one dimensional flow simulation of turbocharged spark ignited engines. The objective has been to contribute to the improvement of turbocharged SI engines’ performance as well as 1 D simulation capabilities.</p><p>Turbocharged engines suffer from poor gas exchange due to the high exhaust pressure created by the turbine. This results in power loss as well as high levels of residual gas, which makes the engine more prone to knock.</p><p>This thesis presents an alternative gas exchange concept, with the aim of removing the high exhaust pressure during the critical periods. This is done by splitting the two exhaust ports into two separate exhaust manifolds.</p><p>The alternative gas exchange study was performed by measurements as well as 1-D simulations. The link between measurements and simulations is very strong, and will be discussed in this thesis.</p><p>As mentioned, turbocharged engines are prone to knock. Hence, finding a method to model knock in 1-D engine simulations would improve the simulation capabilities. In this thesis a 0-D knock model, coupled to the 1-D engine model, is presented</p>

This licentiate thesis concerns one dimensional flow simulation of turbocharged spark ignited engines. The objective has been to contribute to the improvement of turbocharged SI engines’ performance as well as 1 D simulation capabilities. Turbocharged engines suffer from poor gas exchange due to the high exhaust pressure created by the turbine. This results in power loss as well as high levels of residual gas, which makes the engine more prone to knock. This thesis presents an alternative gas exchange concept, with the aim of removing the high exhaust pressure during the critical periods. This is done by splitting the two exhaust ports into two separate exhaust manifolds. The alternative gas exchange study was performed by measurements as well as 1-D simulations. The link between measurements and simulations is very strong, and will be discussed in this thesis. As mentioned, turbocharged engines are prone to knock. Hence, finding a method to model knock in 1-D engine simulations would improve the simulation capabilities. In this thesis a 0-D knock model, coupled to the 1-D engine model, is presented / QC 20101112

[ES] Se espera que la nueva generación de motores de encendido provocado represente la mayor parte del mercado en el contexto de la propulsión de vehículos con o sin hibridación. Sin embargo, la tecnología actual todavía tiene desafíos críticos por delante para cumplir con los nuevos estándares de emisiones de CO2 y contaminantes. Consecuentemente están surgiendo nuevas tecnologías para mejorar la eficiencia de los motores y que estos cumplan con las nuevas normativas anti-contaminación. Entre otras, una de las tendencias más seguidas en la actualidad es la reducción de tamaño de los motores, concepto conocido como "downsizing", bajo la técnica de la turbosobrealimentación. Las nuevas tecnologías de turbocompresores, como las turbinas de geometría variable (TGV), se empiezan a considerar para su aplicación en las exigentes condiciones de funcionamiento de los nuevos motores de encendido provocado. En este trabajo, a partir de datos experimentales obtenidos en la sala de ensayos del motor, se propone una metodología de calibración del modelo completo de motor 1-D: se realiza un análisis teórico dirigido a asegurar el control total sobre cualquier aspecto de la simulación. En otras palabras, el modelo de motor 1-D se ajustó completamente con respecto a los datos experimentales del motor. Además, se demuestra la necesidad del postprocesamiento y validación de datos experimentales relacionados con mapas de turbocompresores, ya que se requiere desacoplar fenómenos como la transferencia de calor y las pérdidas por fricción de los denominados mapas experimentales de turbocompresores. De acuerdo con esto, se presenta una metodología para la obtención de mapas de turbocompresores, basada en una campaña experimental dividida en varias tipologias de ensayos y seguida de la etapa de modelado. La etapa de modelado se lleva a cabo utilizando modelos de turbocompresores integrales ya desarrollados o disponibles en la literatura. Adicionalmente se aborda la mejora en la precisión de las simulaciones cuando se comparan mapas de turbocompresores postprocesados con mapas puramente experimentales. Aprovechando el modelo de motor 1-D altamente validado y físicamente representativo así como los mapas validados del turbocompresor, se discute cómo las incertidumbres experimentales o las variables "fuera de control" pueden afectar los resultados experimentales. Se propone una metodología para superar este punto desde la perspectiva del modelado. Lo anterior permite realizar comparativas que en las se analiza exclusivamente el impacto de diferentes tecnologías de turbina o unidades de turbinas. Además, tomando como base el modelo ya desarrollado, es posible explorar diferentes cálculos de optimización, estrategias de control y proporcionar comparaciones de tecnología de turbinas en plenas cargas y cargas parciales de motor en un amplio rango de revoluciones. También se aborda el impacto de la altitud y se evalúan los transitorios de carga para dos tecnologías de turbinas analizadas: VGT y WG. Como conclusión, se demuestra que la tecnología VGT muestra menos limitaciones en condiciones de trabajo extremas, como en la curva de plena carga, donde la tecnología WG representa una limitación en términos de máxima potencia. Las diferencias a plena carga se vuelven aún más evidentes en condiciones de trabajo en altitud. Cuando se trata de cargas parciales, las diferencias en el consumo de combustible son menores, pero potencialmente beneficiosas para los VGT. / [CA] S'espera que la nova generació de motors d'encesa per espurna representi la major part del mercat en el context de la propulsió de vehicles amb o sense hibridació. No obstant això, la tecnologia actual encara té reptes crítics per davant per complir amb els nous estàndards d'emissions de CO2 i contaminants. Conseqüentment estan sorgint noves tecnologies per millorar l'eficiència dels motors i que aquests compleixin amb les noves normatives anti-contaminació. Entre d'altres, una de les tendències més seguides en l'actualitat és la reducció de grandària dels motors, concepte conegut com "downsizing", sota la tècnica de la turbosobrealimentación. Les noves tecnologies de turbocompressors, com les VGT, es comencen a considerar per la seva aplicació en les exigents condicions de funcionament dels nous motors d'encesa per espurna. En aquest treball, a partir de dades experimentals obtingudes a la sala d'assajos de l'motor, es proposa una metodologia de calibratge del model complet de motor 1-D: es realitza una anàlisi teòrica dirigit a assegurar el control total sobre qualsevol aspecte de la simulació. En altres paraules, el model de motor 1-D es va ajustar completament respecte a les dades experimentals del motor. A més, es demostra la necessitat del posprocesamiento i validació de dades experimentals relacionats amb mapes de turbocompressors, ja que es requereix desacoblar fenòmens com la transferència de calor i les pèrdues per fricció dels denominats mapes experimentals de turbocompressors. D'acord amb això, es presenta una metodologia per a l'obtenció de mapes de turbocompressors, basada en una campanya experimental dividida en diverses tipologies d'assajos i seguida de l'etapa de modelatge. L'etapa de modelatge es porta a terme utilitzant models de turbocompressors integrals ja desenvolupats disponibles a la literatura. A més a s'aborda la millora en la precisió de les simulacions quan es comparen mapes de turbocompressors postprocessats amb mapes purament experimentals. Aprofitant el model de motor 1-D validat i físicament representatiu així com els mapes validats del turbocompressor, es discuteix com les incerteses experimentals o les variables "fora de control" poden afectar els resultats experimentals. Es proposa una metodologia per superar aquest punt des de la perspectiva de la modelització. L'anterior permet realitzar exclusivament la comparació de tecnologies / unitats de turbines. A més, prenent com a base el model ja desenvolupat, és possible explorar diferents càlculs d'optimització, estratègies de control i proporcionar comparacions de tecnologia de turbines a càrregues completes i parcials del motor en un ampli rang de revolucions del motor. També s'aborda l'impacte de l'altitud i s'avaluen els transitoris de càrrega per a dues tecnologies de turbines analitzades: VGT i WG. com a conclusió, es demostra que la tecnologia VGT mostra menys limitacions en condicions de treball extremes, com en la corba de plena càrrega, on la tecnologia WG representa una limitació en termes de màxima potència. Les diferències a plena càrrega es tornen encara més evidents en condicions de treball en altitud. Quan es tracta de càrregues parcials, les diferències en el consum de combustible són menors, però potencialment beneficioses per als VGT. / [EN] The new generation of spark ignition (SI) engines is expected to represent most of the future market share in the context of power-train with or without hybridization. Nevertheless, the current technology has still critical challenges in front to meet incoming CO2 and pollutant emissions standards. Consequently, new technologies are emerging to improve engine efficiency and meet new pollutant regulations. Among others, one of the most followed trends is engine size reduction, known as downsizing, based on the turbocharging technique. New turbocharger technologies, such as variable geometry turbines (VGT), are evaluated for their application under the demanding operating conditions of SI engines. In this work, from experimental data obtained in an engine test cell, a 1-D complete engine model calibration methodology was conducted: a theoretical analysis aimed at ensuring full control on any aspect of the simulation. In other words, the 1-D engine model was fully fitted with respect to the experimental engine data. Furthermore, it is evidenced the requirement of post-processing and validating the experimental data dealing with turbocharger maps, since phenomena such as heat transfer and friction losses are required to be decoupled from the so-called experimental turbocharger maps. Accordingly, a methodology for turbocharger maps obtention is presented, based on an experimental campaign divided into several test typologies and followed by the modelling stage. The modelling stage is carried out making usage of already developed integral turbocharger models available in the literature. Additionally, the improvement in the accuracy of the simulations when post-processed turbocharger maps are compared against purely experimental maps is addressed. Taking advantage of the highly validated and physically representative 1-D gas-dynamics engine model and turbocharger validated maps, it is discussed how experimental uncertainties or "out-of-control" variables may impact the experimental results. A methodology is proposed to overcome this point from the modelling perspective. The previous allows performing exclusively turbine technologies/units comparison. In addition, taking as a basis the already developed model, it is possible to explore different optimization calculations, control strategies and provide turbine technology comparisons at engine full and partial loads in a wide range of engine speed. Also, the altitude impact is addressed and load transients are evaluated for two analysed turbine technologies: VGT and WG. In all, it was found that VGT technology shows fewer limitations in extreme working conditions, such as full load curve, where the WG technology represents a limitation in terms of the maximum power output. Full load differences become even more evident in altitude working conditions. When it comes to partial loads, differences in fuel consumption are minor but potentially beneficial for VGTs. / Gómez Vilanova, A. (2022). Modelling and analysis methodology of SI IC engines turbocharged by VGT [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181929 / TESIS

The current work, through experimental and numerical investigations, analyses the process and cycle level deviations in engine response on fuelling multi-cylinder natural gas engines with producer gas. Producer gas is a low calorific value bio-derived alternative with composition of 19 ± 1% CO and H2, 2 ± 0.5 % CH4, 12 ± 1% CO2 and 46 ± 1% N2 and has thermo-physical properties significantly different from natural gas. Experimental investigations primarily address the energy balance (full cycle analysis) and in-cylinder response (process specific analysis) at various operating conditions covering naturally aspirated and turbocharged mode of operation with natural gas and producer gas. Numerical investigations are based on two thermodynamic scope mathematical models, a zero dimensional model (Wiebe function) and a quasi-dimensional model (propagating flame front heat release). A detailed diagnostic analysis on a six cylinder (E6) indicates, turbocharger mismatch, the first explicit impact of fuel thermo-physical property variation. Turbocharger matching and optimization resulted in a peak load of 72.8 kWe (BMEP 9.47) at a maximum brake torque ignition angles of 22 deg before TDC and compressor pressure ratio of 2.25. Engine energy distribution analysis indicates skewed energy balance with higher cooling load (in excess of 30%) as compared to fossil fuel operation. This is attributed to the presence of nearly 20% H2 which enhances the convective cooling through the higher thermal conductivity. Parametric variation of H2 fraction on a two cylinder engine (E2) with four different syngas compositions (mixture H2 varying from 7.1% to 14.2%) depicts enhanced cooling load from 33.5% to 37.7%. Process level comparison indicates significant deviations in the heat release profile compared to fossil fuels. It has been observed that with an increase in mixture hydrogen fraction (from 7.1% to 14.2%), the fast burn phase combustion duration reduces from 59.6% to 42.6% but the terminal stage duration increases from 25.5% to 48.9%. The enhanced cooling of the mixture (due to the presence of hydrogen), particularly in the vicinity of walls is argued to contribute towards the sluggish terminal phase combustion. Immediate implication of thermo-kinematic response variation is on the magnitude and sensitivity of combustion descriptors and the need for dependent control system calibration for producer gas fuelled operation is established. Descriptor analysis is extended to knocking pressure traces and a new simple methodology is proposed towards identifying the occurrence and regime of knock. Analysing the implications through numerical investigation, the influence of the altered thermo-kinematic response for producer gas fuelled operation impacts 0D simulations. Zero dimensional simulations fail with conventional coefficients requiring fuel specific coefficients. Based on fuel specific coefficients, the suitability of 0D model for the simulation of varying operating conditions ranging from naturally aspirated to turbo charged engines, compression ratios and different engine geometries is established. The analysis is extended to quasi-dimensional through the eddy entrainment and laminar burn up model. The choice of laminar flame speed and turbulent parameters is validated based on the assessment of the flame speed ratio (4.5 ± 0.5 for naturally aspirated operation, turbulent Reynolds number of 2500 ± 250 and 9.0 ± 1.0 for turbocharged operation, turbulent Reynolds number of 5250 ± 250). In the estimation of laminar flame speed, the limitation of GRIMech 3.0 mechanism for H2-CO-CH4 systems is explicitly established and GRIMech 2.11 is used to arrive at experimentally comparable results. In-cylinder engine simulation results covering parametric variation of load, ignition angle and mixture quality, for engine natural gas fuelled naturally aspirated operation and producer gas fuelled naturally aspirated and turbocharged after cooled are compared with experimental results. The quasi dimensional analysis is extended to simulate end gas auto-ignition and is validated by using experimental manifold conditions for turbocharged operation for which knock has been observed. Extending the model to a Waukesha cooperative fuels research engine, motor methane number of 110 is reported for standard composition producer gas. The use of quasi dimensional models with end gas reaction kinetics enabled for knock rating of fuels represents first of its kind initiative.

Spark ignited engines are still important for conventional as well as for hybrid power trains and are thus objective to optimization. Today a lot of functionalities arise from software solutions, which have to be calibrated. Modern engine technologies provide an extensive variability considering their valve train, fuel injection and load control. Thus, calibration efforts are really high and shall be reduced by introduction of virtual methods. In this work a physical 0D combustion model is set up, which can cope with a new generation of spark ignition engines. Therefore, at first cylinder thermodynamics are modeled and validated in the whole engine map with the help of a real-time capable approach. Afterwards an up to date turbulence model is introduced, which is based on a quasi-dimensional k-epsilon-approach and can cope with turbulence production from large scale shearing. A simplified model for ignition delay is implemented which emphasizes the transfer from laminar to turbulent flame propagation after ignition. The modeling is completed with the calculation of overall heat release rates in a 0D entrainment approach with the help of turbulent flame velocities. After validation of all sub-models, the 0D combustion prediction is used in combination with a 1D gas exchange analysis to virtually calibrate the modern engine torque structure and the ECU function for exhaust gas temperature with extensive simulations. / Moderne Ottomotoren spielen heute sowohl in konventionellen als auch hybriden Fahrzeugantrieben eine große Rolle. Aktuelle Konzepte sind hochvariabel bezüglich Ventilsteuerung, Kraftstoffeinspritzung und Laststeuerung und ihre Optimierungspotentiale erwachsen zumeist aus neuen Softwarefunktionen. Deren Applikation ist zeit- und kostenintensiv und soll durch virtuelle Methoden unterstützt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein physikalisches 0D Verbrennungsmodell für Ottomotoren aufgebaut und bis zur praktischen Anwendung geführt. Dafür wurde zuerst die Thermodynamik echtzeitfähig modelliert und im gesamten Motorenkennfeld abgeglichen. Der Aufbau eines neuen Turbulenzmodells auf Basis der quasidimensionalen k-epsilon-Gleichung ermöglicht anschließend, die veränderlichen Einflüsse globaler Ladungsbewegung auf die Turbulenz abzubilden. Für den Brennverzug wurde ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches den Übergang von laminarer zu turbulenter Flammenausbreitung nach der Zündung in den Vordergrund stellt. Der restliche Brennverlauf wird durch die physikalische Ermittlung der turbulenten Brenngeschwindigkeit in einem 0D Entrainment-Ansatz dargestellt. Nach Validierung aller Teilmodelle erfolgt die virtuelle Bedatung der Momentenstruktur und der Abgastemperaturfunktion für das Motorsteuergerät.

Spark ignited engines are still important for conventional as well as for hybrid power trains and are thus objective to optimization. Today a lot of functionalities arise from software solutions, which have to be calibrated. Modern engine technologies provide an extensive variability considering their valve train, fuel injection and load control. Thus, calibration efforts are really high and shall be reduced by introduction of virtual methods. In this work a physical 0D combustion model is set up, which can cope with a new generation of spark ignition engines. Therefore, at first cylinder thermodynamics are modeled and validated in the whole engine map with the help of a real-time capable approach. Afterwards an up to date turbulence model is introduced, which is based on a quasi-dimensional k-epsilon-approach and can cope with turbulence production from large scale shearing. A simplified model for ignition delay is implemented which emphasizes the transfer from laminar to turbulent flame propagation after ignition. The modeling is completed with the calculation of overall heat release rates in a 0D entrainment approach with the help of turbulent flame velocities. After validation of all sub-models, the 0D combustion prediction is used in combination with a 1D gas exchange analysis to virtually calibrate the modern engine torque structure and the ECU function for exhaust gas temperature with extensive simulations.:Contents 1 Introduction. 2 Thermodynamic modeling with real-time capability. 3 Quasi-dimensional modeling of turbulence and global charge motion. 4 Physical modeling of ignition delay. 5 Combustion modeling based on a 0D entrainment approach. 6 Virtual engine calibration with a quasi-dimensional combustion model. 7 Summary and outlook. / Moderne Ottomotoren spielen heute sowohl in konventionellen als auch hybriden Fahrzeugantrieben eine große Rolle. Aktuelle Konzepte sind hochvariabel bezüglich Ventilsteuerung, Kraftstoffeinspritzung und Laststeuerung und ihre Optimierungspotentiale erwachsen zumeist aus neuen Softwarefunktionen. Deren Applikation ist zeit- und kostenintensiv und soll durch virtuelle Methoden unterstützt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein physikalisches 0D Verbrennungsmodell für Ottomotoren aufgebaut und bis zur praktischen Anwendung geführt. Dafür wurde zuerst die Thermodynamik echtzeitfähig modelliert und im gesamten Motorenkennfeld abgeglichen. Der Aufbau eines neuen Turbulenzmodells auf Basis der quasidimensionalen k-epsilon-Gleichung ermöglicht anschließend, die veränderlichen Einflüsse globaler Ladungsbewegung auf die Turbulenz abzubilden. Für den Brennverzug wurde ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches den Übergang von laminarer zu turbulenter Flammenausbreitung nach der Zündung in den Vordergrund stellt. Der restliche Brennverlauf wird durch die physikalische Ermittlung der turbulenten Brenngeschwindigkeit in einem 0D Entrainment-Ansatz dargestellt. Nach Validierung aller Teilmodelle erfolgt die virtuelle Bedatung der Momentenstruktur und der Abgastemperaturfunktion für das Motorsteuergerät.:Contents 1 Introduction. 2 Thermodynamic modeling with real-time capability. 3 Quasi-dimensional modeling of turbulence and global charge motion. 4 Physical modeling of ignition delay. 5 Combustion modeling based on a 0D entrainment approach. 6 Virtual engine calibration with a quasi-dimensional combustion model. 7 Summary and outlook.