The hippocampal formation has been implicated in spatial formation for many decades. The hippocampus proper has received the most attention but other regions of the hippocampal formation contribute largely to spatial cognition. This thesis concentrated on one such region, the postsubiculum. The postsubiculum is considered important because it contains head direction cells and because it thought to be a major input to the hippocampus, via the entorhinal cortex. This thesis aims to test the functional role of the rat postsubiculum under two types of situation: one where the rat must rely on idiothetic cues for navigation, and another where the rat has visual cues present and can rely on these for orientation. The thesis also investigates hippocampal place cells and their stability over time after short exposures to novel environments. Chapter 3 of this thesis aimed to test whether the postsubiculum is necessary for path integration during a homing task. Rats were trained on a homing task on a circular platform maze. Once the task was acquired, rats were given lesions of the postsubiculum or sham lesions and then re-tested on the path integration task. The homing performance of rats with lesions of the postsubiculum was as good as that of the sham rats. A series of manipulations suggests that the rats were homing by path integration, confirmed by probe tests. The rats were then tested on a forced-choice delayed alternation T-maze task that revealed a significant impairment in alternation with delays of 5, 30, and 60 seconds. This suggests that the postsubiculum is not necessary for path integration in a homing task but is necessary for avoiding previously visited locations as is necessary in an alternation task. The experiments in Chapters 4 and 5 of this thesis aimed to investigate the effects of postsubiculum pharmacological inactivation on hippocampal CA1 place cells when rats were introduced to a novel environment with visual cues. A necessary first step was to assess place cells without any manipulation of the postsubiculum (Chapter 4) and then use information gained from this in the design of experiments in Chapter 5. Rats chronically implanted with recording electrodes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were exposed to novel cue-rich environments whilst place fields were recorded. Following delays of 3, 6, or 24 hours, the same cells were recorded again in the same environment but with the cues rotated by 90°. Pixel-by-pixel correlations of the place fields show that stability of the place fields was significantly lower at 24 hours than at 3 hours. Stability after 6 hours was not significantly different from 3 hours. In the third set of experiments, rats were implanted with drug infusion cannulae in the postsubiculum and recording electrodes in CA1. Following infusions of either the AMPA receptor antagonist CXQX, the NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 or a control infusion of ACSF, place field stability was assessed as rats were exposed to a cylindrical environment with a single polarising cue card for 3 x 10 minute sessions and then again 6 hours later. There were no differences in place field correlations between the 3 drug conditions, although there was evidence of larger changes in spatial information content between cells in the CNQX and AP5 drug condition, but not the ACSF condition. The results suggest that, under the present testing conditions, place fields stability did not depend upon AMPA receptor-mediated transmission nor did it depend on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity.

The thesis focuses on how different languages influence spatial cognition of their speakers, i. e., whether and how the differences in spatial language (linguistic representation of perspective, location, spatial scenes etc.) affect the non-linguistic spatial reasoning (orientation, spatial memory etc.). This issue has for a long time been a part of the studies of the relation between language and thouhgt under the flag of so called Sapir-Whorf hypothesis/Hypothesis of linguistic relativity. In the first half of the theoretical part of the thesis, I attempt to summarize the history of the concept of linguistic relativity since 1950s and to revise some critical claims about linguistic relativity by re-reading Whorf's works (chapter 2). The second half of the theoretical part (chapter 3) focuses in particular on the research of the interrelations between spatial thought and language. In section 3.1, I make a brief note on the notion of space in terms of cognitive linguistics. Section 3.2 provides an selective overview of the previous research of the crosslinguic spatial-cognitive diversity. Sections 3.3 and 3.4 connect the theoretical and the empirical part of the thesis. The research itself is presented in the chapter 4. It experimentally tests the hypothesis, that the language-specific...

L’adaptation des fonctions motrices permet l’optimisation des interactions avec l’environnement et ses modifications. Une des grandes questions posées à ce sujet concerne la spécificité des modifications implémentées. Dans la littérature traditionnelle sur l’adaptation visuo-manuelle au port de prismes, on retrouve une généralisation de l’adaptation à des positions spatiales non-apprises, mais un très faible transfert de l’adaptation aux autres effecteurs moteurs. Par contraste, les résultats thérapeutiques acquis chez le patient négligent depuis 12 ans suggèrent que l’adaptation visuo-manuelle peut produire des effets à tous les niveaux affectés par cette pathologie. Cette opposition apparente pose la question de la validité du modèle pathologique pour explorer l’adaptation sensori-motrice, et une façon d’y répondre est d’explorer les effets de l’adaptation sur les fonctions perturbées par la négligence chez le sujet normal. Ces trois volets de la littérature apportent des éclairages complémentaires sur la question de la généralisation des adaptations. Par la mise en évidence d’une généralisation des effets consécutifs de l’adaptation prismatique, notamment à un niveau transmodal, non impliqué dans la procédure d’adaptation per se, ce travail de thèse apporte des éléments pertinents en terme de niveau d’action et d’organisation des réseaux impliqués, laissant suggérer un effet de restructuration sur des représentations spatiales de haut niveau, permettant d’élargir l’orientation des stratégies de réhabilitation, par la mise en évidence d’une activation dynamique de fonctions et de réseaux liés à l’intégration multi-sensorielle, nécessaire aux représentations spatiales / Adaptation of motor functions allows optimization of interactions with environment and its alterations. One major question concerns specificity of implemented modifications. Classical data about visuo-manual adaptation to prisms reveal generalization of adaptation to non learned spatial locations, but a very poor transfer to others motor effectors. By contrast, therapeutic results obtained in neglect patients since 12 years suggest that visuo-manual adaptation could produce effects at various levels affected by neglect. This apparent opposition raises the question of validity of pathologic model to explore sensori-motor adaptation, and one way to answer is to explore effects of prism adaptation on disturbed functions by neglect in normal subject. These three sections of review bring out complementary lightings about question of adaptations generalization. By underlying generalization of after-effects of prism adaptation, in particular at a transmodal level, non implicated in adaptative procedure per se, these results bring some relevant arguments in terms of level of action and implicated networks organization, suggesting a restructuring effect on high level spatial representations, allowing to enlarge orientation of rehabilitative strategies. These results bring out a dynamic activation of functions and networks linked to multisensory integration, appropriate to spatial representations

Um zu verstehen, wie das Gehirn von Säugetieren funktioniert, untersuchen wir wie neuronale Aktivität einerseits zu Kognition beträgt und andererseits komplexe Verhaltensweisen ermöglicht. Im Fokus dieser Doktorarbeit stehen dabei zwei Regionen der Großhirnrinde der Ratte: der parahippocampale Cortex und der motorische Cortex. Im ersten Teil haben wir neuronale Schaltkreise im parahippocampalen Cortex und in den oberen Schichten des enthorhinalen Cortex untersucht, während Ratten ihre Umgebung räumlich erkunden. Diese beiden Regionen tragen wesentlich zum Orientierungssinn bei. Dabei haben wir herausgefunden, dass anatomische Identität und Einbindung in den Microschaltkreis einerseits räumliche neuronale Signale, wie zum Beispiel der Aktivität von grid cells, border cells und head-direction cells, bestimmen. Andererseits tragen diese beiden Eigenschaften auch zur temporalen Präzision neuronaler Signale bei, wie zum Beispiel in Form von spike bursts, theta Modulation und phase precession. Im zweiten Teil dieser Doktorarbeit untersuchen wir die Aktivität von Neuronen im Vibrissen Motorcortex während komplexer Bewegungsabläufe der Schnurrhaare, die dem natürlichen Repertoire der Ratte entstammen: eigeninitiierte Bewegungen in freier Luft, Berührung von Artgenossen zur sozialen Interaktion und das Abtasten von Objekten. Dabei haben wir herausgefunden, dass neuronale Aktivität im Motorcortex während der Bewegung der Schnurrhaare unterdrückt ist, dass elektrische Microstimulation zum Rückzug der Schnurrhaare führt und, dass pharmakologische Blockade Bewegung der Schnurrhaare fördert. Um diese überraschende Beobachtung in einen breiteren Kontext zu integrieren, endet dieser Teil mit einer Bewertung der Literatur zu der bewegungsunterdrückenden Wirkung von Motorcortex Aktivität bei Nagetieren, Primaten und Menschen. / In order to understand how the mammalian brain works, we must investigate how neural activity contributes to cognition and generates complex behavioral output. In this thesis I present work, which focuses on two regions of the cerebral cortex of rats: parahippocampal cortex and motor cortex. In the first part of the thesis we investigate neural circuits in the parasubiculum and the superficial medial enthorhinal cortex, two structures that play a key role in spatial cognition. Briefly, we find that the in these regions, anatomical identity and microcircuit embedding is a major determinant of both spatial discharge patterns (such as the discharge patterns of grid cells, border cells and head-direction cells) and temporal coding features (such as spike bursts, theta-modulation and phase precession). In the second part of the thesis we investigate the activity of neurons in vibrissa motor cortex during complex motor behaviors, which play a vital role in rat ecology: self-initiated bouts of exploratory whisking in air, whisking to touch conspecifics during social interactions and whisking to palpate objects. Briefly, we find that neural activity decreases during whisking behaviors, that microstimulation leads to whisker retraction and that pharmacological blockade increases whisker movement. Thus, our observations collectively suggest that a primary role of vibrissa motor cortex activity is to suppress whisking behaviors. The second part of the thesis concludes with a literature review of motor suppressive effects of motor cortical activity across rodents, primates and humans to put this unexpected finding in a broader context.

Les gens produisent des mouvements spontanés pendant des tâches de raisonnement spatial. Ces mouvements aident-ils à la performance de la tâche? Nous avons étudié le rôle des mouvements spontanés dans l'orientation spatiale en utilisant des tâches de prise de perspective spatiale (PPS) dans lesquelles les participants devaient imaginer un point de vue différent de leur point de vue actuel. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur des perspectives exigeant des rotations mentales de soi - particulièrement difficiles, elles sont grandement facilitées par un mouvement actif, même en l'absence de vision. La contribution motrice à la performance de la tâche pourrait résulter d'un mécanisme prédictif, qui anticipe les conséquences d'une action avant son exécution, comme un modèle d'anticipation interne (Wolpert & Flanagan, 2001), inhibant par la suite l’exécution du mouvement si nécessaire. Les mouvements observés peuvent être des traces visibles de ce processus. En utilisant un système de capture de mouvements, nous avons montré que les rotations de la tête sont géométriquement liées à la PPS : leur direction et amplitude étaient liées à la direction et à l'angle entre les perspectives réelles et imaginée (Exp. 1). Chez les contrôleurs aériens, qualifiés ou apprentis, seule la direction de la rotation de la tête était liée à la PPS, reflétant probablement l'expertise spatiale ainsi que le rôle crucial de la direction dans la rotation mentale (Exp. 2). Dans un environnement virtuel, les rotations de tête spontanées étaient liées à une performance accrue. Cependant, les rotations volontaires, qui imitent celles qui sont produites spontanément, ne facilitent pas la performance de navigation (Exp. 3), mais l'empêchent lorsqu’elles sont contraires à la direction de la rotation virtuelle. Nos résultats suggèrent une contribution motrice spécifique à l'orientation spatiale, compatible avec la prédiction motrice. / People produce spontaneous movements during spatial reasoning tasks. Do they relate to task performance? We investigated the role of spontaneous movements in spatial orientation using spatial perspective-taking (SPT) tasks where participants adopted imaginary perspectives. We focused on imaginary perspectives requiring mental rotations of the self as they are particularly difficult and greatly facilitated by active movement in the absence of vision. Motor contribution to task performance could result from a predictive mechanism, which anticipates the consequences of an action before its execution, such as an internal forward model (Wolpert & Flanagan, 2001), further inhibiting full rotations of the head. Observed movements may be visible traces of this process. Using motion capture, we showed that head movements are geometrically related to SPT: both the direction and amplitude of head rotations were related to the direction and angle between the actual and imagined perspectives (Exp. 1). In air traffic controllers and apprentices, only the direction of head rotation was related to SPT, probably reflecting spatial expertise and its crucial role in mental rotation (Exp. 2). In a virtual environment, spontaneous head rotations were related to increased performance. However voluntary rotations, emulating the spontaneously produced ones, did not facilitate navigation performance (Exp. 3), but hindered it when inconsistent with the direction of virtual rotation. Overall, our findings suggest a specific motor contribution to spatial orientation consistent with motor prediction.

The concept of proximity is an important aspect of human reasoning. Despite the diversity of applications that require proximity measures, the most intuitive notion is that of spatial nearness. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the underpinnings of the notion of nearness, propose suitable formalisations and apply them to the processing of GIS data. More particularly, this work offers a framework for spatial proximity that supports the development of more intuitive tools for users of geographic data processing applications. Many of the existing spatial reasoning formalisms do not account for proximity at all while others stipulate it by using natural language expressions as symbolic values. Some approaches suggest the association of spatial relations with fuzzy membership grades to be calculated for locations in a map using Euclidean distance. However, distance is not the only factor that influences nearness perception. Hence, previous work suggests that nearness should be defined from a more basic notion of influence area. I argue that this approach is flawed, and that nearness should rather be defined from a new, richer notion of impact area that takes both the nature of an object and the surrounding environment into account. A suitable notion of nearness considers the impact areas of both objects whose degree of nearness is assessed. This is opposed to the common approach of only taking one of both objects, seen as a reference to assess the nearness of the other to it, into consideration. Cognitive findings are incorporated to make the framework more relevant to the users of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with respect to their own spatial cognition. GIS users bring a wealth of knowledge about physical space, particularly geographic space, into the processing of GIS data. This is taken into account by introducing the notion of context. Context represents either an expert in the context field or information from the context field as collated by an expert. In order to evaluate and to show the practical implications of the framework, experiments are conducted on a GIS dataset incorporating expert knowledge from the Touristic Road Travel domain.

The concept of proximity is an important aspect of human reasoning. Despite the diversity of applications that require proximity measures, the most intuitive notion is that of spatial nearness. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the underpinnings of the notion of nearness, propose suitable formalisations and apply them to the processing of GIS data. More particularly, this work offers a framework for spatial proximity that supports the development of more intuitive tools for users of geographic data processing applications. Many of the existing spatial reasoning formalisms do not account for proximity at all while others stipulate it by using natural language expressions as symbolic values. Some approaches suggest the association of spatial relations with fuzzy membership grades to be calculated for locations in a map using Euclidean distance. However, distance is not the only factor that influences nearness perception. Hence, previous work suggests that nearness should be defined from a more basic notion of influence area. I argue that this approach is flawed, and that nearness should rather be defined from a new, richer notion of impact area that takes both the nature of an object and the surrounding environment into account. A suitable notion of nearness considers the impact areas of both objects whose degree of nearness is assessed. This is opposed to the common approach of only taking one of both objects, seen as a reference to assess the nearness of the other to it, into consideration. Cognitive findings are incorporated to make the framework more relevant to the users of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with respect to their own spatial cognition. GIS users bring a wealth of knowledge about physical space, particularly geographic space, into the processing of GIS data. This is taken into account by introducing the notion of context. Context represents either an expert in the context field or information from the context field as collated by an expert. In order to evaluate and to show the practical implications of the framework, experiments are conducted on a GIS dataset incorporating expert knowledge from the Touristic Road Travel domain.

Le sens de verticalité constitue un référentiel spatial fondamental pour percevoir et agir dans l'espace. Il permet notamment de déterminer la position de notre corps par rapport à la direction de la gravité et participe à l’organisation du contrôle postural chez l’homme. L'évaluation du sens de verticalité pour une meilleure compréhension des troubles posturaux et spatiaux de patients ayant présentés un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) devient pratique courante. Cependant, l’absence de standardisation et de connaissances des qualités psychométriques des mesures de la perception de la verticale limite considérablement l’utilisation clinique de ces outils et l’élaboration d’essais thérapeutiques pour le suivi des troubles posturaux en pathologie neurologique. L’AVC constitue également le modèle lésionnel humain privilégié pour l’étude du sens de verticalité. L'identification des aires cérébrales sous-tendant les processus d’intégration multisensorielle du sens de verticalité reposent majoritairement sur de techniques modernes d’analyse lésionnelle. Cependant, les connaissances des bases cérébrales de la construction et de la mise à jour du sens de verticalité sont encore partielles et appellent à des travaux complémentaires. Nos travaux de recherche visaient à améliorer notre compréhension du sens de verticalité par l’étude de ces altérations en pathologie vasculaire cérébrale, selon une double approche méthodologique et physiopathologique. Nous avons montré que l’évaluation de la perception visuelle de la verticale dans les suites d’un AVC requiert une installation précise des patients (maintien droit du tronc et de la tête chez les patients présentant des troubles posturaux) et doit être basée sur un minimum de 10 essais pour assurer une fidélité inter-essais élevée. Dans ces conditions d’évaluation, l’orientation de la verticale visuelle présente une excellente fidélité inter- et intra-évaluateur, garantissant la fiabilité de cette mesure pour la pratique et la recherche cliniques. Concernant la perception posturale de la verticale, nous proposons une procédure simplifiée et standardisée du test de la roue pour l’évaluation des biais contralésionnels de la verticale posturale après AVC hémisphérique. Enfin, nous identifions au moyen d’une analyse statistique lésionnelle un réseau d’aires corticales et sous-corticales impliqué dans la perception visuelle et posturale de la verticale. Le cœur de ces régions polymodales du sens de verticalité est centré sur le cortex operculo-insulaire et le thalamus postérolatéral, avec une nette prédominance hémisphérique droite et un chevauchement des aires nodales du cortex vestibulaire. Nos résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre les bases cérébrales du sens de verticalité et constituent des guides importants pour l'utilisation clinique de la mesure du sens de verticalité.Mots clés: Sens de verticalité, AVC, méthodologie d’évaluation, bases neurales, cortex vestibulaire / The sense of verticality is a major spatial referential for perception and action in space. It allows determining our body position relatively to the gravity and it contributes to the organization of the postural control in humans. The assessment of the sense of verticality for a better understanding of postural and spatial disorders in stroke patients becomes common practice. However, the lack of standardization and psychometrical studies of the verticality perception assessment limits considerably the clinical integration of these tools and the development of therapeutic clinical trials for the follow-up of postural disorders in neurological diseases. Stroke is also the primary model for studying the sense of verticality. The identification of neural bases underlying the multisensory integration processes of the sense of verticality is based essentially on modern techniques of lesion analysis. However, our knowledge of the neural bases of the construction and updating of the sense of verticality are partial and require further studies. Our research aimed to improve our understanding of the sense of verticality through study of these disorders after stroke, according to a methodological and physiopathological dual approach. We showed that the assessment of the visual vertical perception after stroke requires a specific postural setting (the trunk and the head maintained upright in stroke patients with postural disorders) and should be based on 10 trials to achieve a high inter-trials reliability. Under these conditions, visual vertical orientation has excellent inter- and intrarater reliability, ensuring the reliability of this measure for both clinical practice and research. For the postural perception of the vertical, we proposed a simplified and standardized procedure with the wheel test to assess contralesional postural vertical biases after hemispheric stroke. Finally, by means of a lesional statistical analysis, we identified a cortical and subcortical areas network of the visual and postural vertical perception. The polymodal regions of the sense of verticality are centered on the operculo-insular cortex and the posterolateral thalamus, with a right hemisphere predominance and a partial overlap with the core regions of the vestibular cortex. Our results provide a better understanding of the neural bases of the sense of verticality in humans and constitute guidelines for the clinical use of the verticality perception measures.Keywords: Sense of verticality, stroke, assessment methodology, neural bases, vestibular cortex.

No description available.

La cécité touche 39 millions de personnes dans le monde et génère de nombreuses difficultés dans la vie quotidienne. Plus précisément, les capacités de navigation (incluant orientation et mobilité) sont fortement diminuées, ce qui amène les personnes non-voyantes à limiter, voire à cesser leurs déplacements. Pour restaurer des sensations "visuelles", et par-delà, une certaine autonomie, il est possible de stimuler directement le système visuel résiduel d'une personne non-voyante à l'aide d'un implant administrant des micro-stimulations électriques. Le dispositif complet se compose d'une micro-caméra portée sur des lunettes et reliée à un ordinateur de poche, qui lui-même est connecté à l'implant. Lors des micro-stimulations, les sujets perçoivent des tâches grises, blanches ou jaunâtres appelées phosphènes. Ainsi la qualité de la vision restaurée est directement dépendante de la résolution et de la position de l'implant. Le nombre d'électrodes étant faible pour les implants en développement (moins d'une centaine), il est nécessaire de réduire drastiquement la résolution du flux vidéo pour la faire correspondre à la faible résolution de l'implant. Actuellement, l'Argus II de la société Second Sight est l'implant dont le développement est le plus avancé et sa résolution est de 60 électrodes, ce qui permet aux patients implantés de percevoir 60 phosphènes différents. Cette vision restaurée est donc très pauvre et un travail d'optimisation du signal est nécessaire pour pouvoir utiliser l'implant de manière fonctionnelle. Les sujets implantés sont impliqués dans des protocoles cliniques fermés ne permettant pas de les inclure dans d'autres expériences. Malgré cela, il est possible d'étudier les possibilités offertes par ces implants visuels en simulant la vision prothétique dans un casque de réalité virtuelle porté par des sujets voyants. Il s'agit du domaine de la vision prothétique simulée (VPS). La navigation n'a jamais été étudiée chez les patients implantés et très rarement en VPS. Il s'avère qu'avec des implants de très faible résolution, elle pose de grandes difficultés liées à la mobilité mais également des difficultés liées à l'orientation. Les travaux entrepris dans ce doctorat se concentrent sur l'étude de la navigation en VPS. Différentes théories en psychologie nous ont permis d'identifier les éléments importants pour les sujets afin qu'ils se repèrent et se construisent une représentation mentale fiable de l'environnement lors de la navigation. À partir de ces modèles, différents rendus prothétiques utilisant la vision par ordinateur ont été conçus et testés dans une tâche de navigation réalisée dans un environnement virtuel. Les expérimentations effectuées avaient pour objectif d'optimiser la perception et la compréhension de l'espace parcouru avec un implant de faible résolution. Ces évaluations reposaient sur la performance de temps des sujets pour effectuer la tâche de navigation et sur leur représentation mentale de l'environnement. Après la tâche de navigation, il leur était demandé de dessiner la carte des environnements explorés, afin d'évaluer ces représentations. Cette double évaluation a permis d'identifier les indices importants permettant de faciliter la perception et la mémorisation de la structure des environnements dans une tâche de navigation en VPS. Pour améliorer les performances des personnes non-voyantes implantées, il apparaît notamment nécessaire de limiter la quantité d'information présentée, tout en préservant la structure de l'environnement grâce à des algorithmes de vision par ordinateur. Lorsque l'accès à des patients implantés sera plus ouvert, il deviendra nécessaire de valider ces différents résultats en les faisant naviguer en environnement virtuel puis en environnement réel. / Blindness affects thirty nine millions people in the world and generates numerous difficulties in everyday life. Specifically, navigation abilities (which include wayfinding and mobility) are heavily diminished. This leads blind people to limit and eventually to stop walking outside. Visual neuroprosthesis are developed in order to restore such "visual" perception and help them to get some autonomy back. Those implants generate electrical micro-stimulations which are focused on the retina, the optic nerve or the visual cortex. Those stimulations elicit blurry dots called "phosphenes". Phosphenes can be mainly white, grey or yellow. The whole stimulation device contains a wearable camera, a small computer and the implant which is connected to the computer. The implant resolution and position impact directly the quality of the restored visual perception. Current implants include less than a hundred electrodes so it is mandatory to reduce the resolution of the visual stream to match the implant resolution. For instance, the already commercialized Argus II implant from the company Second Sight (Seymar, California) is the leading visual implant worldwide and uses only sixty electrodes. This means that Argus II blind owners can perceive only sixty phosphenes simultaneously. Therefore this restored vision is quite poor and signal optimization is required to get to a functional implant usage. Blind people with implants are involved in restricted clinical trials and are difficult to reach. Yet, studying those implant possibilities is at our reach by simulating prosthetic vision and displaying it in a head mounted display for sighted subjects. This is the field of simulated prosthetic vision (SPV). Navigation was never studied with people with implant, and only a few studies approached this topic in SPV. In this thesis, we focused on the study of navigation in SPV. Computer vision allowed us to select which of the scene elements to display in order to help subjects to navigate and build a spatial representation of the environment. We used psychological models of navigation to conceive and evaluate SPV renderings. Subjects had to find their way and collect elements in a navigation task in SPV inspired by video games for the blind. To evaluate their performance we used a performance index based on the completion time. To evaluate their mental representation, we asked them to draw the environment layout after the task for each rendering. This double evaluation lead us to spot which elements can and should be displayed in low resolution SPV in order to navigate. Specifically those results show that to be understandable in low vision, a scene must be simple and the structure of the environment should not be hidden. When blind people with implant will become available we will be able to confirm or deny those results by evaluating their navigation in virtual and real environments.