Compreender os mecanismos que causam variações espaço-temporais na diversidade biológica é uma das principais atribuições da ecologia. A teoria clássica de nicho prediz que o gradiente ambiental e sua complexidade mediam processos cruciais na estruturação das assembléias locais, permitindo a coexistência das espécies. A associação entre fatores espaciais e ambientais e diversidade inventário e diversidade diferenciação de mamíferos Neotropicais, tem sido usualmente investigada por estudos de resolução grosseira. Assim, o efeito do gradiente ambiental em resolução fina, ainda é praticamente desconhecido. Neste trabalho, eu investiguei os efeitos de processos ambientais, espaciais e ambientais espacialmente estruturados sobre a diversidade α e β de mamíferos, em uma área de aproximadamente de 1.100,42 km2 no norte do Pantanal, a maior área úmida contínua do planeta. Utilizei um método de análise espacial chamado Análise de Coordenadas Principais de Matrizes Vizinhas e modelos lineares para descrever as contribuições desses processos. Os resultados demostram que fatores ambientais e espaciais, em conjunto, são mais importantes do que os efeitos independentes de cada fator, tanto para a diversidade α quanto para a β. O modelo completo explicou 18% da variação na diversidade α e 41% da variação na diversidade β. A diversidade β estimada foi negativamente relacionada com a diversidade α estimada. A diversidade β observada foi positivamente relacionada com a variação da estrutura de habitas entre sítios, embora o modelo tenha explicado uma porcentagem pequena da variação total. Os dados sugerem que embora os grandes mamíferos neotropicais sejam considerados espécies generalistas, eles não ocorrem de forma homogênea ao longo do gradiente, criado pelo mosaico da paisagem pantaneira, e que o papel da variação de nicho espacial é fundamental para manter a riqueza específica em nível regional. / Comprehending the mechanism that causes spatial-temporal variation in biological diversity is at the core of ecological inquiry. Classical niche theory states that environmental gradient and complexity mediate crucial processes that structure local assemblages, allowing species to co-exist. The association between spatial and environmental factors and mammalian inventory or differentiation diversity in the Neotropics, has been usually investigated by coarse grain studies, thus the effect of fine grain effects on mammalian diversity still largely unappreciated. In this paper, I investigated the effects of environmental, spatial, and spatially structured environmental processes on mammalian α- and β-diversity in an area of approximately 1,100.42 km2 in the northern Pantanal, the largest continuous wetland on Earth. I used a spatial analysis method called Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices analysis and linear models to depict the contributions of these processes. The results show that environmental and spatial factors, jointly, are more important than the independent effects of each factor for both, α- and β-diversity. The full model accounted for 18% of the variation in α- diversity and 41% of the variation in β-diversity. Estimated β-diversity decreased with estimated α-diversity. Observed β-diversity increased with site distinctness, although the model had a poor fit and explained a small amount of the total variance. My data suggests that although most large Neotropical mammals are broadly distributed and considered plastic species, they do not occur homogeneously across the landscape, and that the role of spatial niche is critical to maintain species richness at the landscape level.

Compreender os mecanismos que causam variações espaço-temporais na diversidade biológica é uma das principais atribuições da ecologia. A teoria clássica de nicho prediz que o gradiente ambiental e sua complexidade mediam processos cruciais na estruturação das assembléias locais, permitindo a coexistência das espécies. A associação entre fatores espaciais e ambientais e diversidade inventário e diversidade diferenciação de mamíferos Neotropicais, tem sido usualmente investigada por estudos de resolução grosseira. Assim, o efeito do gradiente ambiental em resolução fina, ainda é praticamente desconhecido. Neste trabalho, eu investiguei os efeitos de processos ambientais, espaciais e ambientais espacialmente estruturados sobre a diversidade α e β de mamíferos, em uma área de aproximadamente de 1.100,42 km2 no norte do Pantanal, a maior área úmida contínua do planeta. Utilizei um método de análise espacial chamado Análise de Coordenadas Principais de Matrizes Vizinhas e modelos lineares para descrever as contribuições desses processos. Os resultados demostram que fatores ambientais e espaciais, em conjunto, são mais importantes do que os efeitos independentes de cada fator, tanto para a diversidade α quanto para a β. O modelo completo explicou 18% da variação na diversidade α e 41% da variação na diversidade β. A diversidade β estimada foi negativamente relacionada com a diversidade α estimada. A diversidade β observada foi positivamente relacionada com a variação da estrutura de habitas entre sítios, embora o modelo tenha explicado uma porcentagem pequena da variação total. Os dados sugerem que embora os grandes mamíferos neotropicais sejam considerados espécies generalistas, eles não ocorrem de forma homogênea ao longo do gradiente, criado pelo mosaico da paisagem pantaneira, e que o papel da variação de nicho espacial é fundamental para manter a riqueza específica em nível regional. / Comprehending the mechanism that causes spatial-temporal variation in biological diversity is at the core of ecological inquiry. Classical niche theory states that environmental gradient and complexity mediate crucial processes that structure local assemblages, allowing species to co-exist. The association between spatial and environmental factors and mammalian inventory or differentiation diversity in the Neotropics, has been usually investigated by coarse grain studies, thus the effect of fine grain effects on mammalian diversity still largely unappreciated. In this paper, I investigated the effects of environmental, spatial, and spatially structured environmental processes on mammalian α- and β-diversity in an area of approximately 1,100.42 km2 in the northern Pantanal, the largest continuous wetland on Earth. I used a spatial analysis method called Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices analysis and linear models to depict the contributions of these processes. The results show that environmental and spatial factors, jointly, are more important than the independent effects of each factor for both, α- and β-diversity. The full model accounted for 18% of the variation in α- diversity and 41% of the variation in β-diversity. Estimated β-diversity decreased with estimated α-diversity. Observed β-diversity increased with site distinctness, although the model had a poor fit and explained a small amount of the total variance. My data suggests that although most large Neotropical mammals are broadly distributed and considered plastic species, they do not occur homogeneously across the landscape, and that the role of spatial niche is critical to maintain species richness at the landscape level.

Compreender os mecanismos que causam variações espaço-temporais na diversidade biológica é uma das principais atribuições da ecologia. A teoria clássica de nicho prediz que o gradiente ambiental e sua complexidade mediam processos cruciais na estruturação das assembléias locais, permitindo a coexistência das espécies. A associação entre fatores espaciais e ambientais e diversidade inventário e diversidade diferenciação de mamíferos Neotropicais, tem sido usualmente investigada por estudos de resolução grosseira. Assim, o efeito do gradiente ambiental em resolução fina, ainda é praticamente desconhecido. Neste trabalho, eu investiguei os efeitos de processos ambientais, espaciais e ambientais espacialmente estruturados sobre a diversidade α e β de mamíferos, em uma área de aproximadamente de 1.100,42 km2 no norte do Pantanal, a maior área úmida contínua do planeta. Utilizei um método de análise espacial chamado Análise de Coordenadas Principais de Matrizes Vizinhas e modelos lineares para descrever as contribuições desses processos. Os resultados demostram que fatores ambientais e espaciais, em conjunto, são mais importantes do que os efeitos independentes de cada fator, tanto para a diversidade α quanto para a β. O modelo completo explicou 18% da variação na diversidade α e 41% da variação na diversidade β. A diversidade β estimada foi negativamente relacionada com a diversidade α estimada. A diversidade β observada foi positivamente relacionada com a variação da estrutura de habitas entre sítios, embora o modelo tenha explicado uma porcentagem pequena da variação total. Os dados sugerem que embora os grandes mamíferos neotropicais sejam considerados espécies generalistas, eles não ocorrem de forma homogênea ao longo do gradiente, criado pelo mosaico da paisagem pantaneira, e que o papel da variação de nicho espacial é fundamental para manter a riqueza específica em nível regional. / Comprehending the mechanism that causes spatial-temporal variation in biological diversity is at the core of ecological inquiry. Classical niche theory states that environmental gradient and complexity mediate crucial processes that structure local assemblages, allowing species to co-exist. The association between spatial and environmental factors and mammalian inventory or differentiation diversity in the Neotropics, has been usually investigated by coarse grain studies, thus the effect of fine grain effects on mammalian diversity still largely unappreciated. In this paper, I investigated the effects of environmental, spatial, and spatially structured environmental processes on mammalian α- and β-diversity in an area of approximately 1,100.42 km2 in the northern Pantanal, the largest continuous wetland on Earth. I used a spatial analysis method called Principal Coordinates of Neighbor Matrices analysis and linear models to depict the contributions of these processes. The results show that environmental and spatial factors, jointly, are more important than the independent effects of each factor for both, α- and β-diversity. The full model accounted for 18% of the variation in α- diversity and 41% of the variation in β-diversity. Estimated β-diversity decreased with estimated α-diversity. Observed β-diversity increased with site distinctness, although the model had a poor fit and explained a small amount of the total variance. My data suggests that although most large Neotropical mammals are broadly distributed and considered plastic species, they do not occur homogeneously across the landscape, and that the role of spatial niche is critical to maintain species richness at the landscape level.

Three separate studies of the effect of plant pathogen on population biology of its host are presented in the thesis. Two are using field data about a widespread system of plant Falcaria vulgaris and its systemic rust fungus Puccinia sii-falcariae. The first study shows, that the disease prevalences in 40 populations of the plant were correlated with the moisture, the soil reaction and the cover of the herb layer at the localities. This was probably a result of the interaction of the life history of the plant and different effect the disease has at various localities. Similar pattern was found in the second study that aimed to determine long-term effect of the disease at the population level at four chosen localities over 4-5 years. Population growth rates were only rarely predicted to be higher for the healthy part of the population when compared with the whole population. Other analyses have however found big differences among years and localities. The locality type (slope vs. field populations) was important factor influencing population stage composition and importance of life cycle transitions for the growth of the population. Finally, the last study explores the possibility that systemic infection in clonal plants might be able to select against clonality. The result of the modelling showed that more...

La fixation symbiotique d'azote par l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) représente une source importante d'azote dans la forêt cultivée de pins maritimes des 'Landes de Gascogne'. Cette thèse a pour objectif la création d'un modèle conceptuel de dynamique de population de l'ajonc dans la région en vue de la prédiction du flux d'azote associé. Pour cela plusieurs étapes du cycle de vie de l'espèce ont été étudiées: la production et la prédation des graines, puis le recrutement de nouveaux individus depuis le stock de graines du sol. Nos résultats suggèrent que le maintien de cette espèce héliophile à l'ombre de la canopée des pins est facilité par la diminution de l'allocation de ressources à la reproduction, lui permettant de maintenir sa croissance, et par la diminution de la prédation des graines. Par ailleurs, le recrutement de nouveaux ajoncs semble influencé par des facteurs écologiques identifiables (e.g. humidité du sol). Mais ces facteurs sont fortement variables dans l'espace et dans le temps, et aucun micro habitat n'apparait comme plus favorable à la régénération de l'espèce. Ces résultats sont intégrés à un modèle conceptuel, représentant les différentes étapes du cycle de vie de l'espèce, et l'impact des opérations sylvicoles sur ces étapes. Les connaissances issues de cette thèse pourraient aussi bénéficier à d'autres problématiques liées à l'espèce (e.g. c'est une espèce invasive dans de nombreuses régions du monde) et à la compréhension de l'écologie de la régénération des espèces ligneuses. En effet, l'allocation des ressources à la reproduction pourrait être plastique et permettre une réponse adaptative à un environnement changeant; et la variabilité spatiotemporelle de la régénération des ligneux pourrait reposer sur l'existence de niches écologiques de régénération définies dans l'espace écologique. / Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by European gorse (Ulex europaeus) is a major source of nitrogen in the 'Landes de Gascogne' cultivated forest of maritime pine. This thesis aims to build a conceptual model of the population dynamic of gorse in the region, with a view to predict the associated flux of nitrogen. To achieve this, several steps of the life cycle of the species were studied: production and predation of seeds, and the recruitment of new plants from the seedbank.The results suggest that the maintenance of this light demanding species in the shade of the canopy of pines is improved by the decrease of reproductive allocation, which enable to maintain its growth, and by the decrease of the predation of seeds. The recruitment of new gorse plants seems controlled by identifiable ecological factors (e.g. soil moisture), however these factors are highly variable in space and time, and no specific micro-habitat appears to be more favourable for the species regeneration.These results are integrated into a conceptual model based on the different steps of the life cycle of the species, and taking into consideration the influence of forestry practices on these steps. Furthermore, the production of knowledge could benefit other subjects related to the species (e.g gorse is a noxious weed in many region in the world) and the understanding of the ecology of woody plants' regeneration. Allocation of resources to reproduction may be plastic and enable an adaptative response to a changing environment; and spatiotemporal variability of the regeneration of woody plants may rely on the existence of ecological regeneration niches defined in the ecological space.

[Truncated abstract] Ecologists are increasingly interested in quantifying local interacting processes and their impacts on spatial vegetation patterns. In arid and semiarid ecosystems, theoretical models (often spatially explicit) of dynamical system behaviour have been used to provide insight into changes in vegetation patterning and productivity triggered by ecological events, such as fire and episodic rainfall. The incorporation of aerial imagery of vegetation patterning into current theoretical model remains a challenge, as few theoretical models may be inferred directly from ecological data, let alone imagery. However, if conclusions drawn from theoretical models were well supported by image data then these models could serve as a basis for improved prediction of complex ecosystem behaviour. The objective of this thesis is therefore to innovate methods for inferring theoretical models of vegetation dynamics from imagery. ... These results demonstrate how an ad hoc inference procedure returns biologically meaningful parameter estimates for a germ-grain model of T. triandra vegetation patterning, with VLSA photography as data. Various aspects of the modelling and inference procedures are discussed in the concluding chapter, including possible future extensions and alternative applications for germ-grain models. I conclude that the state-and-transition model provides an effective exploration of an ecosystem?s dynamics, and complements spatially explicit models designed to test specific ecological mechanisms. Significantly, both types of models may now be inferred from image data through the methodologies I have developed, and can provide an empirical basis to theoretical models of complex vegetation dynamics used in understanding and managing arid (and other) ecological systems.