- Special court proceedings (general issues) The diploma thesis is focused on the topic special court proceedings. Special court proceedings are a subject, representing one kind of the civil proceedings that is characterized by disposing peculiarities from the general regulations of the civil dispute proceedings. Special court proceedings are governed mainly by the Act No. 292/2013 Coll., on special court proceedings. This act contains the exceptions from the general proceedings regulations and enumeration of the specific special proceedings and its regulation. Also Act No. 99/1963 Coll., civil procedure code is subsidiary used. This thesis aims to give a comprehensive explanation of the subject of special court proceedings by consistent definition of the subject itself based on use of the several ways of distinguishing it from the civil dispute proceedings. The next target of the thesis is to evaluate the historical development of the mentioned subject and to compare contemporary legislation with the laws applicable during the era of the first republic. Last but not least the thesis contains the analysis of the current legislative, especially the act on special court proceedings, which content and formal aspect of elaboration is assessed. The description of the special court proceedings itself...

Magister Legum - LLM / The Republic of South Sudan became independent from the Republic of Sudan on 9 July 2011. South Sudan has an area of 644, 329 km2 and a total estimated population of around 12, 6 million.1The original state of Sudan was intensely divided along ethnic, religious and ideological lines. The general population of the Republic of Sudan is mainly Sunni Muslim whereas the South Sudanese are mostly Christian, with small populations that still practice African indigenous religions.2While the Republic of Sudan is predominantly Arabic-speaking, English and over sixty local languages are spoken in South Sudan.3 The new Republic of South Sudan was born after one of the longest and most ruthless wars fought in Africa. The war between the government of Sudan and the Southerners had its roots in 1955 as resistance to “Sudanisation” began in the run-up to Sudanese independence. Provincial administration4favouring the better-educated northerners over southerners and further conflict fuelled by "Islamisation" strategies and the inability to actualise a government framework that would ensure self-governance for the South led to a protracted civil war between the north and south.5 The Addis Ababa Agreement that ended the first civil war in 1972 did not resolve political pressures and when Sharia law was introduced in 1983, it reignited the north-south conflict.6 The Second Sudanese Civil War ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005. The CPA ended a period of constant war between 1955 and 2005 barring an eleven-year truce that isolates two savage stages.7

<p>The recruitment, enlistment and use of children younger than fifteen to participate actively in hostilities is prohibited in customary international law as well as in several international legal instruments. The use of child soldiers is, despite of the prohibition, a widespread phenomenon with 300 000 as the estimated number of child soldiers in national armies as well as in various rebel and insurgent groups in the world today. Although the problem is world-wide; most recent focus have been on Africa where children have served and still serve in ongoing conflicts in various functions including but not limited to front line soldiers, messengers, guards and sex-slaves. Many of the world‟s child soldiers are girls that are facing the risks of sexual abuse and discrimination. In this thesis the 1996-2002 civil war in Sierra Leone will serve as an example of a conflict were children were used as soldiers.Prohibition against the use of child soldiers can be found in international legal instruments in both human rights law and international humanitarian law. It can also be found in instruments in the fields of international labor law and prohibition against slavery. The provisions differ in their definition of a child soldier; concerning age limit as well as the child‟s function during the conflict. There are also differences in the responsibility of states to protect children against being used as soldiers. This particularly affects girl soldiers since they often have their primary tasks behind the front line and thus are not usually included in the more narrow definitions of child soldiers.Two courts; the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) are used as examples of enforcement mechanisms. The SCSL as being the first court to deliver convictions for the use of child soldiers as well as thoroughly discussing the illegality of the use of child soldiers has been of importance in the fight against the use of child soldiers. The ICC will be the enforcement mechanism of the future and it has already prosecuted for the use of child soldiers. The SCSL has raised the awareness and started the struggle against impunity for those responsible for using child soldiers but it is the ICC that will have to continue the fight, although with some obstacles to overcome.</p>

The recruitment, enlistment and use of children younger than fifteen to participate actively in hostilities is prohibited in customary international law as well as in several international legal instruments. The use of child soldiers is, despite of the prohibition, a widespread phenomenon with 300 000 as the estimated number of child soldiers in national armies as well as in various rebel and insurgent groups in the world today. Although the problem is world-wide; most recent focus have been on Africa where children have served and still serve in ongoing conflicts in various functions including but not limited to front line soldiers, messengers, guards and sex-slaves. Many of the world‟s child soldiers are girls that are facing the risks of sexual abuse and discrimination. In this thesis the 1996-2002 civil war in Sierra Leone will serve as an example of a conflict were children were used as soldiers.Prohibition against the use of child soldiers can be found in international legal instruments in both human rights law and international humanitarian law. It can also be found in instruments in the fields of international labor law and prohibition against slavery. The provisions differ in their definition of a child soldier; concerning age limit as well as the child‟s function during the conflict. There are also differences in the responsibility of states to protect children against being used as soldiers. This particularly affects girl soldiers since they often have their primary tasks behind the front line and thus are not usually included in the more narrow definitions of child soldiers.Two courts; the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) are used as examples of enforcement mechanisms. The SCSL as being the first court to deliver convictions for the use of child soldiers as well as thoroughly discussing the illegality of the use of child soldiers has been of importance in the fight against the use of child soldiers. The ICC will be the enforcement mechanism of the future and it has already prosecuted for the use of child soldiers. The SCSL has raised the awareness and started the struggle against impunity for those responsible for using child soldiers but it is the ICC that will have to continue the fight, although with some obstacles to overcome.

Le projet du gouvernement grec en 2006 d’introduire une Cour constitutionnelle pour remplacer le contrôle diffus pose le problème du choix entre le modèle américain et le modèle européen. Il n’y a pas de supériorité inhérente d’un modèle sur le plan axiologique, logique, technique et empirique. Les défauts du système américain sont amplifiés en Grèce par le contexte européen de sorte que le système grec assure la dépolitisation du contrôle mais n’assure pas la sécurité juridique. De même, il est activiste en matière socioéconomique mais il ne l’est pas concernant les droits individuels de premier rang. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes correctifs (Cour suprême spéciale, Cour plénière, Tribunal des Salaires) aggravent le problème d’irrationalité en raison du grand nombre des juges. Ils engendrent aussi des décisions provocatrices dans les domaines électoraux et judiciaires. D’autre part, la Cour constitutionnelle se heurte à l’existence d’un système américain actif, d’un contexte culturel non continental, à l’interprétation historique des principes irrévisables et à un contexte social clientéliste. Plus particulièrement, la Cour constitutionnelle proposée favorise la loi en raison de la désignation des juges uniquement par le parti majoritaire et aussi de la saisine de la Cour dans le cas de deux invalidations successives de la loi. En conclusion, il est opportun d’établir un système mixte selon la nature des lois contrôlées comprenant une Assemblée Plénière restreinte et une Cour constitutionnelle constituée parmi une liste triple. / The project of the Greek government in 2006 to introduce a Constitutional Court in order to replace the diffused control poses the problem of the choice between the American model and the European model. There is non inherent superiority of one model from axiological, logic, technical and empirical point of view. The defaults of the American system are amplified in Greece by the European context, so that the Greek system assures the depoliticization of the control but it does not assure the legal security. In addition, it is activist in the socioeconomic domain but it is self-restrained concerning the fundamental liberties. The remedial mechanisms (Supreme Special Court, Plenary Court, “Tribunal of Wages”) aggravate the problem of irrationality, because of the existence of lot of judges and they engender also provocative decisions in the electoral and judicial domain. On the other hand, the introduction of a Constitutional Court comes up against the existence of an active American system, a non continental cultural context, the historical interpretation or irrevisable principles and a clientelist social context. More particularly, the proposed Constitutional Court favors the law owning to the fact that the judges are appointed only by the majority party and that the Court intervenes after two invalidations of the law. In conclusion, it is convenient to establish a mixed system according to the nature of controlled laws including a restricted Plenary Court and a Constitutional Court constituted among a triple list.

This thesis deals with the legal capacity proceedings, which are the procedural reflection of legislation of restriction on legal capacity included in the Civil code. The legal capacity is the key legal institution for the human possibility to make a juridical acts. In some cases, it is neccessary, for the reason of protection of human, to restrict on the legal capacity, eventually to choose another preferable measure. Procedural regulation of these proceedings is, with effect from 1. 1. 2014, contained in the Code on Special Court Proceedings (Act No. 292/2013 Coll.), as it comprises certain derogations from classic contentious proceedings. The aim of the thesis is to comprehensively summarise and interpret this legislation including her relation on the substantive regulation, point out her faults and propose options, how to remove them. To this purpose, opinions of experts and present case law regarding these matters are in the thesis also confronted. The thesis consists of three main chapters, which are subdivided into some subchapters and sections. The content of this three chapters is the general delimitation of legal capacity, the excursion into the history of legal capacity and the procedural regulation of the legal capacity proceedings. The aim of the first chapter is to introduce the concept of...

Magister Legum - LLM / The aim of this study is to scrutinise, in particular, the legal bases of and decisions taken by various hybrid courts with regards to such consolidating or fragmenting effects on substantive international criminal law. The first section (Chapter 2), it will examine what is to be understood by the notion of a hybrid court. This will be followed by an analysis of the hybrid courts that have been established thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and reasons for which hybrid courts have been established in recent decades will be discussed, especially regarding their potential advantages as a transitional justice instrument. Moreover, disadvantages of hybrid courts and their deficiencies in the past will be addressed. Subsequently, the role of hybrid courts within the international legal system and their utility in the future will be discussed. This will include, on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of hybrid courts in relation to other national and international criminal courts, especially vis-à-vis the ICC. On the other hand, it will be addressed whether hybrid courts will – or should – be established in the future, given the creation of the permanent ICC as well as the shortcomings of hybrid courts in the past. Against this background, the impact of hybrid courts on the further development of international criminal law will be assessed in the third section of the paper (Chapter 4). In this regard, the discussion will focus on a representative selection of hybrid courts, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It will be discussed how their legal bases as well as their jurisprudence relate to the previous state of international criminal law, and whether they constitute adverse diversifications or positive contributions to international criminal law. In a concluding section (Chapter 5), the results of the study will be analysed and possible correlations between the structural elements of hybrid courts and their impact on international criminal law will be discussed. Finally, further questions regarding the use of hybrid courts in the future will be addressed.

No description available.

<p>This thesis assessed the effectiveness of the Special Court in relation to the impact is has made in cultivating the rudiments of a human rights culture, dispensing justice, ending a culture of impunity, effecting unity and national reconciliation in post war Sierra Leone.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erika Regina Spadotto Donato.pdf: 1695296 bytes, checksum: 47b1f3fe77c5fd73ded917ffe316a420 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-17 / Nowadays, there is the microsystem of Special Courts made up of the State Special Court (Law 9.099/95), the Federal Special Court (Law 10.259/2001), and the Special Court of Exchequer (Law 12.153/2009) which aims at assuring the trial of causes of reduced economic value and little probative complexity as it is determined by the respective laws. The Special Courts are not only a new procedure but also a new way of obtaining adjudication with greater celerity and informality, as it is determined by the guidance criteria of such microsystem. The creation of Special Courts is not exclusive to the Brazilian legal system for there is a similar system for the trial of causes of low value in several other countries. This study analyzes the competency of the Civil Federal Special Court. In order to understand the competency of such Court, it was necessary to analyze the competency criteria fixed by the Code of Civil Procedure so as to show the difference among those criteria, mainly regarding the classification of relative and absolute competencies. The Law 10.259/2001, when determining its competency, only mentioned that the Civil Federal Special Court is due to prosecute, conciliate, and judge causes of competency of the Federal Court up to the amount of sixty minimum wages, as well as to execute their sentences , presenting on paragraph 1 article 3 the causes which are excluded from its jurisdiction. Thus, the analysis of the competency of the Civil Federal Special Courts is necessary to provide increased legal safety and the clarification of several controversies arising with Law 10.259/2001, aiming at presenting solutions to the daily challenges due to the questioning on competency or incompetency of such judgments. When studying the competency determined by this special law, it was chosen for didactic purposes to study the criteria for determining competency regarding person, matter, value of the cause, territory, and function. It should be noted that the determination of the competency of the Federal Special Court is not only based on one of the criterion mentioned above, but on the sum of all of them; it also includes the competency regarding reduced evidentiary complexity once lawsuit with extended probationary phase should not follow the legal channels in the Federal Special Court. This way, the analysis of the criteria of the competency of the Federal Special Court is more specific than the criteria determined by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure and that is why the classification of this provision of law cannot be adopted; then, the study of the competency of the Federal Special Courts have to be analyzed under a new premise because it is not a relative competency, but an absolute one which has to be respected considering the simplified achievement of the jurisdictional ward with reduced period and without the procedural prerogatives granted to the Exchequer / Atualmente, existe o microssistema dos Juizados Especiais, composto pelo Juizado Especial Estadual (Lei 9.099/95), Juizado Especial Federal (Lei 10.259/2001) e o Juizado Especial da Fazenda Pública (Lei 12.153/2009), que visam garantir o julgamento das causas de reduzido valor econômico e pequena complexidade probatória, conforme é determinado pelas respectivas legislações. Os Juizados Especiais não são apenas um novo procedimento, mas uma nova forma de obtenção da prestação jurisdicional, com maior celeridade e informalidade, conforme determinam os critérios orientadores deste microssistema. A criação dos Juizados Especiais não é uma exclusividade do sistema jurídico brasileiro, pois existe em diversos países sistema semelhante para o julgamento das causas de valor reduzido. O presente trabalho analisa a competência do Juizado Especial Federal Civil. Para compreender a competência deste Juizado, foi necessária a análise dos critérios determinadores da competência fixados pelo Código de Processo Civil, para demonstrar a diferença existente entre estes critérios, principalmente, no aspecto da classificação da competência relativa e da competência absoluta. A Lei 10.259/2001, ao determinar a sua competência, apenas mencionou que compete ao Juizado Especial Federal Cível processar, conciliar e julgar causas de competência da Justiça Federal até o valor de sessenta salários mínimos, bem como executar as suas sentenças , apresentando no § 1º do artigo 3º as causas que se encontram excluídas da sua competência. Portanto, a análise da competência dos Juizados Especiais Federais Cíveis faz-se necessária para proporcionar maior segurança jurídica e esclarecimento das várias controvérsias surgidas com a Lei 10.259/2001, visando apresentar soluções aos desafios diários, decorrentes do questionamento sobre a competência ou incompetência destes juízos. Ao estudar a competência determinada por esta lei especial, optou-se, para fins didáticos, em estudar separadamente os critérios de determinação da competência em razão da pessoa, da matéria, em do valor da causa, do território e da função. Cabe ressaltar que a determinação da competência do Juizado Especial Federal não é exclusivamente baseada em um dos critérios acima mencionados, mas sim na somatória de todos eles, incluindo ainda a competência em razão da reduzida complexidade probatória, já que ações com fase probatória extensas não devem tramitar no Juizado Especial Federal. Desta forma, a análise dos critérios fixadores da competência do Juizado Especial Federal é mais específica do que os critérios determinados pelo Código de Processo Civil brasileiro, razão pela qual não pode ser adotada a classificação deste dispositivo legal, merecendo o estudo da competência dos Juizados Especiais Federais serem analisados sob nova premissa, pois não se trata de uma competência relativa, mas sim absoluta, que deve ser respeitada, considerando a obtenção simplificada da tutela jurisdicional, com prazo reduzido e sem as prerrogativas processuais concedidas à Fazenda Pública