Dans cette thèse, nous étudions théoriquement plusieurs effets liés à la localisation d'Anderson, dans le contexte des atomes froids. Dans les systèmes d'atomes froids, le désordre est généralement créé à l'aide d'une figure de tavelure optique. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous discutons des spécificités de ces potentiels optiques, et nous nous intéressons en particulier aux propriétés spectrales. Les expériences usant de l'interaction lumière-matière offrent d'intéressantes possibilités. Dans ce cadre, nous considérons dans une deuxième partie de la thèse l'étalement d'un paquet d'ondes atomique, initialement lancé avec une vitesse non nulle dans un potentiel désordonné. Nous trouvons qu'après un mouvement balistique, le centre de masse du paquet subit une rétro-réflection et retourne lentement à sa position initialle, se comportant comme un boomerang. Nous introduisons ensuite les interactions inter-atomiques dans une troisième partie. Nous considèrons des gaz dilués de bosons condensés, et traitons les interactions au niveau champ moyen. Plusieurs situations sont étudiées numériquement, en particulier le boomerang quantique, et l'étalement dynamique -- à la fois en impulsion et en énergie -- d'ondes de matière préparées en ondes planes. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous montrons que des modèles chaotiques offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour l'étude de la localisation d'Anderson. D'une part, nous présentons des éléments probants en faveur d'un kick rotor sans spin dans l'ensemble symplectique. D'autre part, le réexamen de modèles communément étudiés de kick rotors quasi-périodiques révèle des résultats intrigants. / This thesis theoretically investigates several effects related to Anderson localization, focusing on the context of disordered and chaotic cold-atomic systems. In cold-atomic systems, optical speckle patterns are often used to create the disorder. The resulting potentials felt by the atoms differ from Gaussian random potentials, commonly assumed in the description of condensed-matter systems. In the first part of the thesis, we discuss their specificities, with an emphasis on the spectral properties. Atom-optics experiments offer interesting possibilities, such as the possibility to directly probe the atoms inside the disordered potential. In view of these possibilities, we consider in the second part of the thesis the spreading of matter wave packets initially launched with a non-zero velocity. We find that after an initial ballistic motion, the packet center-of-mass experiences a retroreflection and slowly returns to its initial position, mimicking a boomerang. Atom-atom interactions are then introduced in a third part. We consider dilute condensed bosonic gases, and treat the interactions at the mean-field (Gross-Pitaevskii) level. Various situations are studied numerically, in particular the quantum boomerang scenario, and the dynamical spreading both in momentum and energy of matter waves prepared as plane waves. In the last part, we show that chaotic models offer interesting prospects for the study of Anderson localization. On the one hand, we present strong evidences in favor of a spinless kicked rotor in the sympletic ensemble. On the other hand, a second look at a commonly studied quasi-periodically modulated kicked rotor reveals intriguing results.

Initiée par les travaux des lauréats du prix Nobel Krogh et Hill l’étude de l’adaptation du système cardiorespiratoire lors de la transition du repos à l’exercice représente un champ majeur en physiologie de l’exercice. En début d’effort, la consommation d’oxygène (VO2) doit rapidement s’adapter afin de minimiser le déficit en dioxygène (O2), les perturbations intracellulaires et par conséquent optimiser la performance. Pendant cette phase dite « cardiodynamique » le ventricule gauche (VG) doit rapidement augmenter l’apport en O2 aux muscles actifs. Le volume d’éjection systolique (VES) et les nombreux paramètres qui le conditionnent doivent aussi rapidement s’adapter malgré une réduction très importante de la durée de diastole. Comment le VG parvient-il à relever ce défi dans les premières minutes de l’exercice et comment ces différents paramètres interagissent ? L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de répondre à ces questions en combinant l’utilisation des dernières avancées de l’échocardiographie en mode « Speckle Tracking » (STE), permettant d’apprécier finement la fonction myocardique régionale grâce à l’évaluation de la mécanique du VG, avec une approche originale caractérisée par des enregistrements à intervalles réguliers proches au cours de répétitions d’épreuves à charges constantes (épreuves dites « rectangulaires »). Une première partie va consister à décrire finement les cinétiques cardiaques chez le sujet jeune actif, alors qu’une deuxième partie s’attachera à évaluer l’impact de l’entraînement aérobie chez des cyclistes de très bon niveau rapportant de nombreuses années de pratique. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la fonction diastolique et ses mécanismes sous-jacents jouent un rôle clé dans l’adaptation du VES à l’exercice. En permettant l’augmentation de la vitesse de remplissage, la pression de remplissage et la relaxation favorisent l’adaptation du VES dans la première minute. L’adaptation de la vitesse de détorsion jusqu’à 120s prolonge l’adaptation de la vitesse de remplissage et permet le maintien du VES au-delà de la première minute. Par ailleurs, nos résultats indiquent que l’entraînement aérobie induit une adaptation du VES plus importante grâce à une amélioration de la vitesse et du débit de remplissage du VG. Ces améliorations sont le résultat d’une adaptation plus rapide et plus importante de la relaxation à la base et d’une adaptation plus importante de la vitesse de détorsion. Ce travail de thèse basé sur l’étude de la mécanique cardiaque à l’exercice d’intensité modérée a permis de montrer le rôle clé de la diastole, et plus particulièrement de la détorsion du VG, dans l’adaptation rapide du VES ainsi que son amélioration chez le sportif aérobie. En perspective, il serait intéressant d’étudier les cinétiques cardiaques à des intensités d’exercice supérieures ou dans des populations qui présentent des intolérances à l'effort. / Initiated by the pioneering works of Nobel laureates Krogh and Hill, the study of cardiorespiratory system adaptation from rest to dynamic exercise represents a major field in exercise physiology. Oxygen uptake (VO2) has to abruptly increase in order to optimize exercise performance and tolerance by minimizing oxygen deficit and intracellular perturbations. During this “cardiodynamic” phase the LV has to abruptly increase oxygen delivery to mitochondria of active muscles. The stroke volume (SV) and its underlying mechanisms have to rapidly increase despite an important reduction of LV diastolic time. How do LV mechanics address this challenge at the onset of exercise and how do these different factors interact? Therefore, the aim of the present thesis is to answer to these questions by combining the use of latest advances in speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), which allow accurate assessment of regional myocardial function by the evaluation of LV mechanics, with an original approach based on the repetition of five similar constant work-load exercises, each of them being used to record different parameters. The first part give an accurate description of LV kinetics in young healthy active males whereas the second part focus on the evaluation of endurance training effect in well-trained cyclists. Our result highlight the key role of diastolic function and its underlying mechanisms in SV adaptation to exercise. In the first 60s, LV filling pressure and relaxation promote increase of LV filling velocity and hence SV adaptation. Beyond the first 60s, peak untwisting rate continue to increase until 120s allowing for a further increase of LV filling velocity involving SV maintenance. Furthermore, our results indicate that endurance training involve more important adaptation of SV by the improvement of LV filling velocity and filling rate. These improvement are the result of faster and higher adaptation of relaxation at the base and untwisting rate. This thesis based on the assessment of cardiac mechanic at moderate intensity exercise show the key role of diastole and more specifically LV untwist in the fast adaptation of SV and its improvement with endurance training. It would be interesting to study cardiac kinetics in heavy exercise and in pathological population presenting exercise intolerance.

Orientadores: Eduardo Tavares Costa, Ricardo Grossi Dantas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:03:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vivas_GustavodeCastro_M.pdf: 7295002 bytes, checksum: 6c61cdae482950b95224f30787f35db0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O diagnóstico médico por ultra-som vem sendo amplamente difundido, tornando-se referência em muitos exames clínicos, destacando-se as imagens em modo-B, capazes de representar a anatomia de tecidos e órgãos de forma não-invasiva, em tempo real e sem a utilização de radiação ionizante. Entretanto, o speckle, artefato inerente aos sistemas que utilizam fontes coerentes como nos sistemas de ultra-som, degrada a qualidade das imagens, podendo reduzir bastante a capacidade de detecção de lesões pelo médico. A caracterização de tecidos por ultra-som visa extrair informações de relevância clínica sobre as reais características da estrutura biológica sob investigação e que não podem ser facilmente percebidas por inspeção visual. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre os principais modelos de distribuição estatística encontrados na literatura e adotados na caracterização de tecidos por ultra-som. Foram utilizadas funções densidade de probabilidade que melhor representassem o padrão de brilho existente em uma dada região de uma imagem. Os resultados indicaram a versatilidade da distribuição Composta (K-Nakagami) em modelar diferentes condições de espalhamento existentes nos tecidos, mostrando-se uma forte candidata para a caracterização de tecidos por ultra-som. Entretanto, usando o conceito de espalhadores equivalentes, pôde ser mostrado que a abordagem estatística utilizada não fornece parâmetros quantitativos conclusivos sobre a estrutura investigada, mas uma contribuição conjunta de vários fatores, entre eles a densidade e a distribuição de amplitudes dos espalhadores acústicos / Abstract: Ultrasound medical diagnosis has been widely used and has become a reference in many clinical examinations, especially B-mode imaging, capable of representing tissue and organ anatomy without ionizing radiation in a non-invasive way and in real-time. However, speckle, an inherent artifact of systems that use coherent sources like ultrasound systems, degrades image quality, leading to subjective and possibly misleading diagnostics. Ultrasonic tissue characterization aims to extract clinical relevant information of the biological structure characteristics under investigation and that cannot be easily achieved by visual inspection. In this dissertation it was carried out a comparative study of the most popular models of statistics distributions found in literature and commonly adopted in ultrasonic tissue characterization. It has been used probability density functions that better represented the brightness pattern of a given region of an ultrasound image. The results indicated the versatility of the Compound distribution (K-Nakagami) in modeling different scattering conditions of tissues, revealing itself a good model for use in ultrasonic tissue characterization. However, using the concept of equivalent scatterers, it could be shown that the statistics approach does not supply conclusive quantitative parameters of the structure under investigation, being a joint contribution of many factors such as density and amplitude distribution of the acoustic scatterers / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Idag är ekokardiografi den dominerande undersökningsmetoden för att studera hjärtat. Ekokardiografi kan med hjälp av ultraljud avbilda hjärtat utifrån olika projektioner som kan antingen sparas som stillbilder eller rörliga sekvenser. Ultraljud av hjärtat är en icke-invasiv teknik som kan utföras snabbt och orsakar därmed inget obehag för patienten. Global longitudinell strain (GLS) är ett vanligt mått inom ekokardiografi. GLS används allt oftare i kliniskt syfte för att bland annat följa behandlingsresultat och dessutom för tidig upptäckt av förändringar i myokardiet. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda om det fanns någon signifikant skillnad av mätvärden GLS mellan de två olika mjukvaruprogrammen, EchoPac och TomTec. I studien inkluderades 30 patienter, där sinusrytm och en god bildkvalité kunde erhållas. Mann-Whitney U test visade på en signifikant skillnad med P-värde 0,042. Bland-Altmandiagrammet visade på att alla värden, 30 totalt, förutom tre värden förhåller sig inom ett 95% konfidensintervall. Slutsatsen är att det finns en skillnad avseende GLS mellan de två mjukvaruprogrammen, utifrån denna studie. Analys av GLS hos samma patient bör utföras med samma mjukvaruprogram för att minimera variation av mätvärden så mycket som möjligt. / Echocardiography is today the dominant examination method for studying the heart. Echocardiography can with help of ultrasound provide an image of the heart from various projections that can either be saved as still images or moving sequences. Ultrasound of the heart is a non-invasive technique that can be performed quickly and thus causes no discomfort to the patient. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a common measure in echocardiography. GLS is increasingly used in clinical practice to monitor treatment outcome and to detect early changes in the myocardium. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any significant difference in the measurement values of GLS between two different software programs, EchoPac and TomTec. The study included 30 patients with sinus rhythm and good image quality. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference of P 0.042. The Bland-Altman diagram showed that all values, 30 in total, except of three, are within a 95% confidence interval. The conclusion is that there is a difference of GLS between the two software programs, based on this study. Analysis of GLS in the same patient should be performed with the same software program to minimize measurement errors as much as possible.

Practical laser triangulation sessions were performed for each measurement object to obtain ground truth data. Three methods for laser line simulations were implemented: reshaping the built-in light sources of Blender, creating a texture projector and approximating a Gaussian beam as a light emitting volume. The camera simulation was based on the default camera of Blender together with settings from the physical camera. Three approaches for creating wood material were tested: procedural texturing, using microscopic image textures to create 3D-material and UV-mapping high resolution photograph onto the geometry. The blister package was simulated with one material for the pills and another for the semi-transparent plastic packaging. A stand-alone Python script was implemented to simulate anisotropic/directed subsurface scattering of a point laser in wood. This algorithm included an approach for creating vector fields that represented subsurface scattering directions. Three post-processing scripts were produced to simulate sensor noise, blurring/blooming of the laser line and lastly to apply simulated speckle patterns to the laser lines. Sensor images were simulated by rendering a laser line projected onto a measurement object. The sensor images were post-processed with the three mentioned scripts. Thousands of sensor images were simulated, with a small displacement of the measurement object between each image. After post-processing, these images were combined to a single scattering image. SICK IVP AB provided the algorithms needed for laser centre extraction as well as for scattering image creation. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

A cornerstone in the industry's ongoing digital revolution, which is sometimes referred to as Industry 4.0, is the ability to trace products not only within the own production line but also throughout the remaining lifetime of the products. Traditionally, this is done by labeling products with, for instance, bar codes or radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. In recent years, using the structure of the product itself as a unique identifier, a "fingerprint", has become a popular area of research. The purpose of this work was to develop software for an identification system using laser speckles as a unique identifier of steel components. Laser speckles, or simply speckles, are generated by illuminating a rough surface with coherent light, typically laser light. As the light is reflected, the granular pattern known as speckles can be seen by an observer. The complex nature of a speckle pattern together with its sensitivity to changes in the setup makes it robust against false-positive identifications and almost impossible to counterfeit. Because of this, speckles are suitable to be used as unique identifiers. In this work, three different identification algorithms have been tested in both simulations and experiments. The tested algorithms included one correlation-based, one method based on local feature extraction, and one method based on global feature extraction. The results showed that the correlation-based identification is most robust against speckle decorrelation, i.e changes in the speckle pattern, while being quite computationally expensive. The local feature-based method was shown to be unfit for this current application due to its sensitivity to speckle decorrelation and erroneous results. The global feature extraction method achieved high accuracy and fast computational speed when combined with a clustering method based on overlapping speckle patterns and a k-nearest neighbours (k-NN) search. In all the investigated methods, parallel calculations can be utilized to increase the computational speed.

This diploma thesis aims to implement an active contour method for ultrasound image segmentation. Properties of ultrasound images, basic segmentation approaches and a~principle of choosen active contour methods are described within theoretical part. Two different groups of active contour methods exists, methods with use of gradient and without use of gradient as image feature. For comparision, one method of each group is implemented in practical part and subsequently, segmentation efficiency and properties of methods are compared in evaluation part.

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The general purpose of this thesis is to establish the ability of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) in assessing left atrial (LA) response to pressure and volume overload respectively in aortic stenosis (AS) and mitral regurgitation (MR), and to evaluate its accuracy in predicting LA and right ventricular (RV) fibrosis in patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) undergoing heart transplantation (HTx). I demonstrated that assessment of left ventricular (LV) long axis systolic velocity and amplitude of excursion is more sensitive than simple determination of ejection fraction (EF) for revealing the beneficial impact of MR surgery on overall LV systolic performance. Severe symptomatic AS is associated with LA enlargement and compromised mechanical function with a high incidence of peri-operative atrial fibrillation (AF). Valve replacement reverses these abnormalities and regains normal atrial function, a behaviour which is directly related to the severity of pre-operative LV outflow tract obstruction. Early identification of LA size and function disturbances, as shown by myocardial strain measurements might contribute to better patient’s recruitment for a safe valve replacement. In late stage HF patients, the right ventricle is enlarged, with reduced systolic function due to significant myocardial fibrosis. RV free wall myocardial deformation is the most accurate function measure that correlates with the extent of RV myocardial fibrosis and functional capacity. In patients with preserved EF, severe MR masks LV and LA myocardial dysfunction and correlates with symptoms and post-operative cavity function instability. Three months after MVR, the underlying myocardial disturbances are unmasked suggesting that most pre-operative measurements are subject to loading conditions. Finally LA volume and PALS remain the main predictors of post-operative AF, thus should be used for stratifying surgical risk. STE has been shown to accurately determine the severity of impairment of LA myocardial function shown by suppressed PALS which was the strongest predictor of the presence and extent of fibrosis, over and above other structure and function parameters. These findings may assist in better stratifying patients with end stage HF and identifying particularly those requiring HTx.