Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la turbulence homogène stratifiée instable, un écoulement idéalisé décrivant l’évolution de la turbulence au sein d’une zone de mélange de type Rayleigh-Taylor. Cette approche se concentre sur l’évolution des quantités fluctuantes ;l’influence de l’écoulement moyen est prise en compte au travers d’un gradient moyen de densité. Un modèle spectral est utilisé pour étudier cette turbulence, conjointement à des simulations numériques directes. En comparaison avec ces simulations, l’étape de validation du modèle met en lumière le rôle des termes de stratification sur la dynamique du transfert d’énergie. Une première étude montre l’établissement, dans l’état autosemblable, de lois d’échelles ainsi que l’influence de la distribution initiale d’énergie sur l’état asymptotique et sur l’anisotropie de l’écoulement. Dans une seconde étude, la rétroaction de la turbulence sur le gradient moyen est introduite, dans un premier temps, afin de rapprocher la dynamique autosemblable de la turbulence homogène stratifiée instable de celle observée en turbulence Rayleigh-Taylor. Dans un second temps, l’influence d’un renversement de la stratification sur la dynamique du mélange est étudiée au travers d’un profil d’accélération variable. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of unstably stratified homogeneous turbulence.This flow is an idealized framework introduced to investigate the turbulence developing at the centerline of a Rayleigh-Taylor mixing zone. This approach focuses on turbulent quantities, when the mean flow acts on the turbulent field through a mean density gradient.A spectral model and direct numerical simulations are used to study this turbulent flow.The validation step reveals the role of stratification terms on the energy transfer dynamic.Then, a first study shows the emergence of scaling laws in the self-similar state, together with the large scale energy distribution impact on the asymptotic state and on the flow anisotropy. In a second study, the turbulent retroaction on the mean density gradient is introduced in order to bring unstably stratified homogeneous turbulence closer to theRayleigh-Taylor turbulence dynamics. This step leads to investigate the consequences of a stratification inversion on the mixing dynamics through a variable acceleration profile.

La naissance des étoiles massives est aujourd’hui encore mal comprise. En particulier, les conditions initiales de leur formation restent largement inconnues. Pour éclairer cette question, nous avons réalisé un relevé spectral complet non biaisé avec le télescope 30 m de l’IRAM vers la protoétoile massive CygX-N63 (M ~ 58 M◦ et L~ 340 L◦). Nous avons mis en évidence une complexité moléculaire significative avec plus de 40 espèces. L’ion CF+ est observé pour la première fois dans une protoétoile. Une possible première détection de l’espèce prébiotique CH2NH dans une protoétoile est aussi proposée, ainsi qu’une première détection de DOCO+. Cette étude spectroscopique, accompagnée d’observations interférométriques avec le Plateau de Bure, permet de séparer la contribution des différentes régions : enveloppe froide, région tiède, région de type hot core et flot bipolaire. L’enveloppe est constituée d’une grande quantité de gaz froid peu évolué, offrant un potentiel important pour la compréhension des phases précoces de la formation stellaire massive et compatible avec un scénario d’effondrement monolithique. La modélisation chimique montre que la chimie de ce gaz est encore hors équilibre, malgré sa haute densité, et confirme la jeunesse de la protoétoile avec un âge chimique de seulement ~ 1000 ans. N63 est un précurseur de hot core plutôt qu’un hot corino massif. Il serait donc possible de distinguer, grâce à des diagnostics chimiques évolutifs, les précurseurs d’étoiles massives des protoétoiles de masse faible ou ntermédiaire. / High-mass star formation is still poorly understood. In particular the initial conditions of their formation are unknown. To explore this question, a complete unbiased spectral survey was conducted with the IRAM 30 m telescope toward the massive protostar CygX-N63 (M~58 M◦ and L~ 340 L◦). A significant molecular complexity is found, with more than 40 species. The ion CF+ is observed for the first time in a protostar. A possible first detection of the prebiotic species CH2NH in a protostar and a first detection of DOCO+ are proposed. This spectroscopic study, along with Plateau de Bure interferometric observations, allows us to separate the contribution of different regions : cold envelope, lukewarm region, hot corelike region and outflow. The envelope contains large amounts of cold and young gas, which gives us the opportunity to better understand the early phases of massive star formation. The chemical modeling shows that the chemistry is still out of equilibrium, despite its high density, and confirms the youth of the protostar with a chemical age of ~ 1000 years. N63 is a hot core precursor rather than a massive hot corino. The use of chemical diagnostics of the evolution would then allow to distinguish massive star precursors from low-mass or intermediate-mass protostars.

Les acquisitions de télédétection ont des caractéristiques complémentaires en termes de résolution spatiale et temporelle et peuvent mesurer différents aspects de la couverture neigeuse (propriétés physiques de surface, type de neige, etc.). En combinant plusieurs acquisitions, il devrait être possible d'obtenir un suivi précis et continu de la neige. Cependant, cet objectif se heurte à la complexité du traitement des images satellites et à la confusion possible entre les différents matériaux observés. Plus particulièrement, l’accès à l’information fractionnelle, c’est-à-dire à la proportion de neige dans chaque pixel, nécessite de retrouver la proportion de l’ensemble des matériaux qui se trouvent dans celui-ci. Ces proportions sont accessibles via des méthodes d’inversions ou démélange spectral se basant sur la résolution spectrale des images obtenues. Le défi général est alors d’arriver à exploiter correctement les différentes informations de natures différentes qui nous sont apportées par les différentes acquisitions afin de produire des cartes d’enneigement précises. Les objectifs de la thèse sont alors au nombre de trois et peuvent se résumer par trois grandes interrogations qui permettent de traiter les différents points évoqués:- Quelles sont les limitations actuelles de l’état de l'art pour l’observation spatiale optique de la neige ?- Comment exploiter les séries temporelles pour s’adapter à la variabilité spectrale des matériaux ?- Est-il possible de généraliser la fusion de données pour une acquisition multimodale à partir de capteurs optiques ?Une étude complète des différents produits de neige issus du satellite MODIS est ainsi proposée, permettant l’identification des nombreuses limitations dont la principale est le haut taux d’erreurs lors de la reconstitution de la fraction (environ 30%). Parmi ces résultats sont notamment identifiés des problèmes liés aux méthodes de démélange face à la variabilité spectrale des matériaux. Face à ces limitations nous avons exploité les séries temporelles MODIS pour proposer une nouvelle approche d’estimation des endmembers, étape critique du démélange spectral. La faible évolution temporelle du milieu (hors neige) est alors utilisée pour contraindre l’estimation des endmembers non seulement sur l’image d’intérêt, mais également sur les images des jours précédents. L’efficacité de cette approche bien que démontrée ici reste sujette aux limitations de résolution spatiale intrinsèques au capteur. Des expérimentations sur la fusion de donnée, à même de pouvoir améliorer la qualité des images, ont par conséquent été réalisées. Devant les limitations de ces méthodes dans le cas des capteurs multispectraux utilisés, une nouvelle approche de fusion a été proposée. Via la formulation d’un nouveau modèle et sa résolution, la fusion entre des capteurs optiques de tous types peut être réalisée sans considération de recouvrement spectral. Les différentes expérimentations sur l’estimation de cartes de neige montrent un intérêt certain d’une meilleure résolution spatiale pour isoler les zones enneigées. Ce travail montre ainsi les nouvelles possibilités de développement pour l’observation de la neige, mais également les évolutions de l’utilisation combinée des images satellites pour l’observation de la Terre en général. / Remote sensing acquisitions have complementary characteristics in terms of spatial and temporal resolution and can measure different aspects of snow cover (e.g., surface physical properties and snow type). By combining several acquisitions, it should be possible to obtain a precise and continuous monitoring of the snow. However, this task has to face the complexity of processing satellite images and the possible confusion between different materials observed. In particular, the estimation of fractional information, i.e., the amount of snow in each pixel, requires to know the proportion of the materials present in a scene. These proportions can be obtained performing spectral unmixing. The challenge is then to effectively exploit the information of different natures that are provided by the multiple acquisitions in order to produce accurate snow maps.Three main objectives are addressed by this thesis and can be summarized by the three following questions:- What are the current limitations of state-of-the-art techniques for the estimation of snow cover extent from optical observations?- How to exploit a time series for coping with the spectral variability of materials?- How can we take advantage of multimodal acquisitions from optical sensors for estimating snow cover maps?A complete study of the various snow products from the MODIS satellite is proposed. It allows the identification of numerous limitations, the main one being the high rate of errors during the estimation of the snow fraction (approximately 30%).The experimental analysis allowed to highlight the sensitivity of the spectral unmixing methods against the spectral variability of materials.Given these limitations, we have exploited the MODIS time series to propose a new endmembers estimation approach, addressing a critical step in spectral unmixing. The low temporal evolution of the medium (except snow) is then used to constrain the estimation of the endmembers not only on the image of interest, but also on images of the previous days. The effectiveness of this approach, although demonstrated here, remains limited by the spatial resolution of the sensor.Data fusion has been considered aiming at taking advantage of multiple acquisitions with different characteristics in term of resolution available on the same scene. Given the limitations of the actual methods in the case of multispectral sensors, a new fusion approach has been proposed. Through the formulation of a new model and its resolution, the fusion between optical sensors of all types can be achieved without consideration of their characteristics. The various experiments on the estimation of snow maps show a clear interest of a better spatial resolution to isolate the snow covered areas. The improvement in spectral resolution will improve future approaches based on spectral unmixing.This work explores the new possibilities of development for the observation of snow, but also for the combined use of the satellite images for the observation of the Earth in general.

The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate the application of a relatively esoteric and interdisciplinary technique, called spectral analysis, to dyadic social sciences data. Spectral analysis is an analytical and statistical technique, commonly used in engineering, that allows times series data to be analyzed for the presence of significant regular/periodic fluctuations/oscillations. These periodic fluctuations are reflected in the frequency domain as amplitude or energy peaks at certain frequencies. Furthermore, a Magnitude Squared Coherence analysis may be used to interrogate more than one time series concurrently in order to establish the degree of frequency domain correlation between the two series, as well to establish the phase (lead/lag) relationship between the coherent frequency components. In order to demonstrate the application of spectral analysis, the current study utilizes a secondary dyadic dataset comprising 30 daily reports of perceived sexual desire for 65 couples. The secondary goal of this paper is to establish a) whether there is significant periodic fluctuation in perceived levels of sexual desire for men and/or women, and at which specific frequencies, and b) how much correlation or `cross-spectral coherence' there is between partners' sexual desire within the dyads, and c) what the phase lead-lag relationship is between the partners at any of the identified frequency components. Sexual desire was found to have significant periodic components for both men and women, with a fluctuation of once per month being the most common frequency component across the groups of individuals under analysis. Mathematical models are presented in order to describe and illustrate these principal fluctuations. Partners in couples, on average, were found to fluctuate together at a number of identified frequencies, and the phase lead/lag relationships of these frequencies are presented.

This thesis reports a novel system capable of testing both the spectral responsivity and the spatial quantum efficiency uniformity of heterostructure photodiodes using optical fiber coupled radiation. Testing was performed to confirm device specifications. This study undertakes to quantify the spectral bandwidth of an AlGaAs I GaAs double heterostructure photodiode and two InGaAs I InP double heterostructure PIN photodiodes at D.C., through the use of spatial scanning. The spatial scanning was done using lasers at 670 nm, 780 nm, 848 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm, coupled through singlemode optical fiber. The AlGaAs I GaAs material system covers the 600 - 870 nm wavelength region of research interest in the visible spectrum. The InGaAs I InP material system covers the 800 - 1650 nm region which contains the fiberoptic communications spectrum. The spatial measurement system incorporates a nearly diffraction limited spot of light that is scanned across the surf ace of nominally circular photodiodes using a piezoelectric driven stage. The devices tested range in size from 17 to 52 μin diameter. The smallest device scanned has a diameter approximately four times the diffraction limit of the radiation used for spatial scanning. This is the smallest diode yet reported as being spatially mapped. This is the first simultaneously reported spectral and spatial scans of the same heterostructure PIN photodiodes in the InGaAs I InP and AlGaAs I GaAs systems. The testing arrangement allows both spectral and spatial scans to be taken on the same stage. The diodes tested were taken from intermediate runs during their process development. All testing was performed at room temperature. This study describes the mechanical assembly, calibration and testing of a spatial quantum efficiency uniformity measurement system. The spectral quantum efficiency was measured with low power, incoherent broadband radiation coupled through multimode fiber from a tunable wavelength source to the device under test. The magnitude was corrected to the measured peak external quantum efficiency (Q.E.), determined during spatial scanning at a mid-spectral bandwidth wavelength using continuous wave (CW) higher power lasers. A procedure to improve the accuracy of the correction is recommended. This process has been automated through the use of National Instruments LabVIEW II software. The results from this procedure are plotted to show 2.5 D (pseudo 3D) and 2 D contour spatial quantum efficiency maps. These results give a quantified map of the relative homogeneity of the response. The non-homogeneity of the spatial scans on the smallest devices has not previously been reported. The Q.E. measurements made agree well with previously published results for similar device structures. The AlGaAs I GaAs device achieved a peak external Q.E. of 58.7% at 849 nm with -lOV bias. An InGaAs I InP device achieved 63.5% at 1300 nm with the same bias. The Q.E. results obtained are compared to theoretical calculations. The calculations were performed using the best optical constant data available in the literature at this time. The measured peak Q.E. was found to agree with the theoretical calculations to within 16% at longer wavelengths for both devices tested.

Nous proposons deux méthodes pour calculer le spectre des ondes de cisaillement dans les cristaux phononiques (CP) 1D et 2D. Commençant notre étude par les CP 1D, nous développons la méthode des impédances scalaires pour la couche sur le substrat 1D.Le focus principal de ce travail est sur les CP 2D : en particulier, on considère la couche sur le substrat 2D, la plaque à conditions libres 2D et la couche entre les deux substrats 2D. Comme la matrice propagateur M à travers la cellule unitaire obtenue via l’expansion des ondes planes dans une coordonnée peut avoir des composants très grandes, notre approche consiste à la substituer par sa résolvante R= (zI−M)−1qui est numériquement stable (où z est un nombre complexe hors des pecM). Deux autres outils centraux définis par la résolvante, le projecteur spectral P de t propagateur Md pour les ondes évanescentes, entrent en jeu pour le cas des CP avec un substrat. La méthode de la résolvante, fournissant les équations de dispersion et du champ d’ondes en termes de R,P de tMd, a de multiples avantages. Elle est d’une bonne précision grâce à la solution exacte dans une coordonnée, efficace grâce à la réduction du problème à une seule cellule unitaire, même pour un substrat semi-infini, et polyvalente, puisque applicable pour les structures uniformes ou périodiques à 1D ou 2D. De plus, la méthode peut être généralisée aux CP à 3D et aux ondes vectorielles.Dans les exemples numériques, nous calculons les bandes d’arrêt de basse fréquence et les comparons avec les profils de symétrie axiale et les profils perturbées. / We propose two methods for calculating the shear waves spectra in 1D and 2D phononiccrystal (PC) wave guides. Starting this study with 1D PC, we consider the 1D-periodic coated substrate. Here we develop scalar impedance method providing efficient means for analysis and calculation of dispersion spectrum. The main focus of our work in on the 2D PC’s: the 2D PC layer on a substrate, the freePC plate and the PC plate sandwiched between two substrates.Since the propagator Mover a unit cell approximated by Fourier harmonics in one coordinate can have very large components, we introduce its resolvent R= (zI−M)−1(z is a complex number outside of specM) as a numerically stable substitute. Another two key tools given in terms of there solvent, a spectral projector Pd and propagator Md for the decreasing modes, come intoplay in the case of a wave guide with a substrate. The resolvent method providing simple dispersion and wave field equations in termsof R,Pd and Md has several advantages. It is of a good precision due to the exact solution in one direction, computationally cheap due to the reduction of the problem to one unitcell even in a semi-infinite substrate, and versatile since it is applicable to uniform, 1D- or 2D-periodic structures. More over, it is extendible to P/SVwaves and 3D PC.In numerical examples, we model low-frequency band gaps and compare them for the mirror-symmetric and perturbed profiles.

Knowledge of water depth is a crucial for planning military amphibious operations. Bathymetry from remote sensing with multispectral or hyperspectral imagery provides an opportunity to acquire water depth data faster than traditional hydrographic survey methods without the need to deploy a hydrographic survey vessel. It also provides a means of collecting bathymetric data covertly. This research explores two techniques for deriving bathymetry and assesses them for use by those involved in providing support to military operations. To support this aim a fieldwork campaign was undertaken in May, 2000, in northern Queensland. The fieldwork collected various inherent and apparent water optical properties and was concurrent with airborne hyperspectral imagery collection, space-based multispectral imagery collection and a hydrographic survey. The water optical properties were used to characterise the water and to understand how they affect deriving bathymetry from imagery. The hydrographic data was used to assess the performance of the bathymetric techniques. Two methods for deriving bathymetry were trialled. One uses a ratio of subsurface irradiance reflectance at two wavelengths and then tunes the result with known water depths. The other inverts the radiative transfer equation utilising the optical properties of the water to derive water depth. Both techniques derived water depth down to approximately six to seven metres. At that point the Cowley Beach waters became optically deep. Sensitivity analysis of the inversion method found that it was most sensitive to errors in vertical attenuation Kd and to errors in transforming the imagery into subsurface irradiance reflectance, R(0-) units. Both techniques require a priori knowledge to derive depth and a more sophisticated approach would be required to determine water depth without prior knowledge of the area of interest. This research demonstrates that water depth can be accurately mapped with optical techniques in less than ideal optical conditions. It also demonstrates that the collection of inherent and apparent optical properties is important for validating remotely sensed imagery.

There has been in the past and still is controversy over the genesis of the third heart sound (S3). Recent studies, strongly suggest that S3 is a manifestation of a sudden intrinsic limitation in the expansion of the left ventricle. The thesis has aimed to explore that hypothesis further using combined echocardiographic and spectral analysis techniques. Spectral analysis was carried out via conventional fast fourier transform methods and the maximum entropy method. The efficacy of these techniques, in relation to clinical and scientific application, was explored further. Briefly discussed was the application of autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) modelling for spectral analysis of S3, in relation to further work. Following is a brief synopsis of the thesis: CHAPTER 1 This gives an historical and general introduction to heart sound analysis. Discussed briefly is the physiology of the heart and heart sounds and the diagnostic implications of S3 analysis. CHAPTER 2 Here is discussed the instrumentation system used and phonocardiographic and echocardiographic data aquisition. Data preprocessing and storage is also covered. CHAPTER 3 In this chapter the application of a FFT method and correlation of resultant spectral parameters with echocardiographic parameters is reported. CHAPTER 4 The theoretical development of the maximum entropy technique (based on published papers and expanded) is discussed here. Numerical experiments with the method and associated problems are also discussed. CHAPTER 5 The MEM is applied to the spectral analysis of S3 and compared with the FFT method. Correlation analysis of MEM derived spectral parameters with echocardiograhic data is performed. CHAPTER 6 Here ARMA modelling and application to further work is discussed. An ARMA model from the maxixum entropy coefficients is derived. The application of this model to the deconvolution of the chest wall transfer function is discussed as an approach for further work. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--School of Mathematical Sciences, 1989.

The spectral analysis method is an important tool in time series analysis and the spectral density plays a crucial role on the spectral analysis. However, one of limitations of the spectral density is that the spectral density reflects only the covariance structure among several dependence measures in the time series data. To overcome this restriction, we define two spectral densities, the quantile spectral density and the association spectral density. The quantile spectral density can model the pairwise dependence structure and provide identification of nonlinear time series and the association spectral density allows detecting periodicities on different parts of the domain of the time series. We propose the estimators for the quantile spectral density and the association spectral density and derive their sampling properties including asymptotic normality. Furthermore, we use the quantile spectral density to develop a goodness-of-fit tests for time series and explain how this test can be used for comparing the sequential dependence structure of two time series. The asymptotic sampling properties of the test statistic are derived under the null and alternative hypothesis, and a bootstrap procedure is suggested to obtain finite sample approximation. The method is illustrated with simulations and some real data examples. Besides the exploration of the new spectral densities, we consider general quadratic forms of alpha-mixing time series and derive asymptotic normality of these forms under the relatively weak assumptions.

<p>In this work, we proposed a spectral integral method (SIM)-spectral element method (SEM)- finite element method (FEM) domain decomposition method (DDM) for solving inhomogeneous multi-scale problems. The proposed SIM-SEM-FEM domain decomposition algorithm can efficiently handle problems with multi-scale structures, </p><p>by using FEM to model electrically small sub-domains and using SEM to model electrically large and smooth sub-domains. The SIM is utilized as an efficient boundary condition. This combination can reduce the total number of elements used in solving multi-scale problems, thus it is more efficient than conventional FEM or conventional FEM domain decomposition method. Another merit of the proposed method is that it is capable of handling arbitrary non-conforming elements. Both geometry modeling and mesh generation are totally independent for different sub-domains, thus the geometry modeling and mesh generation are highly flexible for the proposed SEM-FEM domain decomposition method. As a result, the proposed SIM-SEM-FEM DDM algorithm is very suitable for solving inhomogeneous multi-scale problems.</p> / Dissertation