A microwave spectroscope is described which operates in the region 23,000 to 27,000 mc./sec. Measurement of the frequencies of rotational absorption lines is achieved by comparison of the frequency of the signal from the source oscillator with the frequency of one of a set of standard microwave signals generated with auxiliary apparatus. The frequency of each of the standard signals is known to be better than 1 part in 10⁶ and the frequency of a rotational absorption line can be measured to .05 mc./sec. The spectroscope has been used to study the pure rotational spectra of the asymmetric top molecules CHF₂Cl and CHFCl₂. Thirty-two absorption lines have been observed for CHFCI₂ and the frequencies measured. Twenty absorption lines have been observed and the frequencies measured for CHF₂CI. All the lines in CHF₂Cl are doublets, the separation of the two lines in each doublet varying from .59 mc./sec. to 6.18 mc./sec. A graphical method of analyzing the spectrum of CHF₂CI is developed and applied. The relative intensities of different types of transitions are calculated. It is shown that the strongest absorption lines observed should be due to transitions where ∆ J = 0,∆Շ= +1 and that the values of J for the energy states between which these transitions occur should be greater than 12. The hyperfine structure due to the quadrupole moment of the chlorine nucleus is calculated and it is shown that, for J greater than 12, the hyperfine structure cannot be completely resolved. In this case, each line should appear as a doublet. A method of using the hyperfine structure to help analyze the spectrum is given. By this means, the four lines centered around 26,441 mc./sec. are identified as being the completely resolved hyperfine structure of the transition 10₃₇ - 10₄₇. The frequency of the absorption lines due- to the two transitions 11₅₈ - 11₄₈ and 9₃₆ - 9₄₆ are predicted to be approximately 20,500 mc./sec. and 31,50.0 mc./sec, and it is shown that if these lines are observed the moments of inertia of the molecule can be calculated. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

A microwave spectroscope was designed and built which used the crystal generated harmonics of the fundamental of a 723 A/B klystron as the source of power. Sufficient output was obtained for absorption measurements using both the second and third harmonics. The instrument was tested on NH₃ and a photograph of an inversion line at 25700 megacycles was made using the third harmonic. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The object of this research was the construction of a microwave spectroscope at 1.25 cm. wavelength. The double modulation method, which was used here, is discussed. The system was tested with ammonia, and the inversion spectrum identified. The effect of using various harmonies of detection is shown. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

This dissertation presents the structure, operational principle and mathematical model of a novel high speed fiber optic spectrometer (HSFOS). In addition, the performance analysis is conducted and preliminary experimental results are listed and discussed. Such a spectrometer is highly desired by the ever-increasing applications of fiber optic sensors. In the recent decades, a variety of fiber optic sensors have been proposed, built and tested. Compared to their electronic counterparts, fiber optic sensors although still under development, are preferred more by certain industrial and medical applications which benefit from their unique properties such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, ability to withstand harsh environments and composition of purely dielectric materials. In recent years, new fiber optic sensors have been designed for applications where high response frequency up to a few hundred KHz is required while advantages of high accuracy and large dynamic range must be maintained. The bottle neck then emerged in the signal demodulation part of the sensor system. The quadrature phase detection could achieve high demodulation speed but with small dynamic range, medium accuracy and measurement ambiguity. The white light interferometry could provide a solution for high accuracy and large dynamic range measurement without ambiguity because of its absolute measurement nature. However the signal demodulation speed is limited due to the low spectrum acquisition rate of the existing spectrometers. The new HSFOS utilizes time domain dispersion of the sampled incoming light by dispersive fiber rather than the spatial dispersion employed by traditional spectrometers. In addition the signal that represents the spectrum of the light is naturally a serial signal which can be detected by a single detector and recorded by a high speed data acquisition device. Theoretical study of the operation principle is made and a mathematical model for the spectrometer is developed based on Marcuse's previous work. One major difference of the new derivation is that the propagation constant is expanded about the center circular frequency of each monochromatic light pulse instead of the center frequency of the chromatic light pulse which makes the physical picture of the chromatic light pulse evolution in a dispersive fiber clearer and facilitates both the analytical and numerical analysis. The profile of the dispersed chromatic light pulse could be treated as the superposition of all the dispersed monochromatic light pulses. Another major difference is the Taylor's series of the propagation constant is not truncated as it is in those previous work, which improves the accuracy of the model. Moreover, an approximate model is made which could further reduce the computation tasks in numerical simulations. Performance analysis for accuracy, resolution, speed and noise are conducted through numerical simulations based on the model and the experimental results. The sources of two different errors and their effects on accuracy are discussed respectively. The effects on spectral resolution by the properties of the modulation pulse and the fiber dispersion are studied. The results indicate that by using a rectangle modulation pulse under certain conditions, the resolution can be improved. The speed analysis gives that the spectrum acquisition rate can reach 1 million frames per second when the spectral width is less than 100 nm. In the noise analysis, the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is determined to be the dominant noise source. But by using two EDFAs, the overall signal to noise ratio is improved by 9.2 dB. The preliminary experimental results for FP sensor and FBG sensor signal demodulation are presented. The HSFOS for FP sensor signal demodulation achieves 15 nm resolution. By using the oversampling method, the HSFOS for FBG sensor signal demodulation achieves 0.05 nm spectral positioning resolution. / Ph. D.

Les plasma générés dans l`azote pure ou les mélanges azotes a des pressions modérées (100-1000 Ps) sont des milieux très réactifs et particulièrement attractifs pour les applications industrielles. Ce travail st consacre a la caractérisation des espèces a longue durée de vie formées par une décharge micro onde 433 Mhz ou 2.45 GHz dans l`azote a la pression 440 Pa et ensuite transférées dans la post décharge par l`écoulement du gaz. Les techniques de spectroscopiques d'émission et d`absorption a haute sensibilité, sont misses en œuvre pour mesurer la densité absolue des électrons, des ions N2+, des molécules metastables N2(A33u+) et N2(a'13u-) et des atomes dans les états metastables N(2P0), mais également les répartitions vibrationnelles et rotationnelles dans les états moléculaires. Ces mesures permettent de bien caractériser le rôle respectif de ces espèces dans les différents mécanismes proposes dans la littérature pour la formation de la zone d'ionisation secondaires. En particulier, les données sur les densités de metastables N2(A33u+) et N2(a'13u-) et des particules charges, nous permettent de réfuter le mécanisme d'ionisation associative des molécules metastable comme étant la principale source d'ionisation dans la post décharge.

L’étude présentée dans ce manuscrit s’inscrit dans le domaine du magnétisme de surface, qui a connu de grands développements ces dernières années grâce au microscope à effet tunnel (STM). Elle a pour but de montrer qu’une molécule simple, le nickelocène [Ni(C5H5)2], peut être attachée au sommet d’une pointe STM afin de produire une pointe-sonde magnétique, qui, dans le cadre de l’imagerie magnétique, présente des avantages indéniables comparés à des pointes conventionnelles. À la différence d’autres systèmes moléculaires étudiés avec le STM, nous montrons que les propriétés magnétiques du nickelocène en phase gazeuse sont préservées en présence d’un métal, même lorsque la molécule est attachée au sommet d’une pointe STM. Nous présentons trois résultats marquants avec cette pointe-sonde moléculaire: 1) Nous montrons que l’on peut contrôler le spin du nickelocène, activant à souhait un effet Kondo ; 2) Nous produisons à l’aide du courant tunnel des excitations entre les états de spin du nickelocène, que nous pouvons aisément identifier au travers de la conductance moléculaire. Ces états sont sensibles à toute perturbation magnétique extérieure au nickelocène; 3) Au travers de ces excitations, nous sondons alors le magnétisme de surface. Nous montrons qu’en couplant magnétiquement la pointe-sonde moléculaire avec des atomes, soit isolés soit dans une surface ferromagnétique, nous pouvons mesurer leur polarisation de spin, ainsi que le couplage d’échange nickelocène-atome. Ce dernier permet d’obtenir un contraste magnétique en imagerie STM à l’échelle atomique. / The study presented in this manuscript is part of the field of surface magnetism, which has undergone major developments in recent years thanks to the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). It aims to show that a single molecule, nickelocene [Ni(C5H5)2], can be attached to the tip of a STM to produce a magnetic probe-tip, which, in the context of magnetic imaging, has undeniable advantages compared to conventional tips. Unlike other molecular systems studied with STM, we show that the magnetic properties of nickelocene in the gas phase are preserved in the presence of a metal, even when the molecule is attached to the tip of a STM. We present three remarkable results with this molecular probe-tip: 1) We show that we can control the spin of nickelocene, activating at will a Kondo effect; 2) We monitor the spin states of nickelocene by producing electrically-driven excitations, which we can easily identify through the molecular conductance. These states are sensitive to the magnetic environment surrounding nickelocene; 3) We use these states to probe surface magnetism. We show that by magnetically coupling the molecular probe tip with single atoms, either isolated or in a ferromagnetic surface, we can measure their spin polarization, as well as the nickelocene-atom exchange coupling. By monitoring this coupling it is possible to obtain a magnetic contrast in the STM images with atomic-scale resolution.

Measurement of absorption spectra of plasma during reactive ion etching enables characterization of etched species and control over the etching process. Aim of this diploma thesis is to design spectroscope with Czerny-Turner configuration for reactive ion etching system. Developed spectroscope achieves 1 nm resolution in 350-800 nm range. Device was tested during reactive ion etching of silicon.

Plugged and abandoned well pads throughout the Uintah Basin face reclamation challenges due to factors including a harsh climate, invasive species, and high salt loads. Finding ways to alleviate soil sodicity could improve soil reclamation success. Gypsum, sulfur, activated carbon, and Biochar are being applied to improve soil parameters negatively impacted by sodicity, but the direct impact of these amendments on Uintah Basin soils is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was two-fold. (1) Evaluate the effectiveness of gypsum, sulfuric acid, Biochar, activated carbon, and combinations of these amendments in reducing the impact of soil sodicity of the Desilt and Conglomerate soils by measuring amendment impact on percent dispersion, saturated hydraulic conductivity, crust bulk density, infiltration, and crust formation. (2) Compare a crust bulk density method using ImageJ to the clod wax density method and a modified linear extensibility percent equation to the linear extensibility percent equation to assess whether the novel methods can be used to accurately measure and calculate soil crust bulk density and shrink swell potential while reducing human error and analysis time.