L'oxyde d'aluminium anodique poreux (AAO) est formé par anodisationde l'aluminium dans une solution électrolytique acide, sous une tensionconstante et de la température de l'électrolyte. Des techniques spectroscopiquespareilles que la spectroscopie infrarouge FT (ATR-FTIR), diffraction des rayonsX (XRD), spectroscopie Raman, la microscopie à force atomique (AFM) etmicroscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) utilisés pour caractériser la matrice.L'oxydation anodique d'acides L-aminés et des mélanges de monomèrescomprenant 0,1 M aniline et des acides L-aminés dans le milieu aqueux acide deplatine et électrode lisses électrodes Pt modifié (Pt / AAO) est étudié.L'oxydation des acides L-aminés et les électropolymérisation de l'aniline 0,1 Mavec des acides L-aminés tels que la L-alanine, la L-sérine, la L-méthionine,acide L-aspartique, la L-lysine, et phénylalanine en acide le milieu a étéeffectuée par voltammetric cyclique électrochimique couplée à microbalance àcristal de quartz (EQCM). La concentration des acides aminés, le pH del'électrolyte et les effets de balayage de numéros de voltamétrie cyclique ont étéexaminées. L'analyse spectroscopique comme réflectance totale atténuée FTspectroscopie infrarouge (ATR-FTIR), UV-visible, la spectroscopiephotoélectronique à rayons X (XPS), la spectroscopie Raman, et la diffractiondes rayons X (XRD) sont utilisés pour caractériser les couches minces obtenues.Microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) utilisé pour étudier la morphologiede surface mince de films. La solubilité pour les polymères sont étudiées. Laprésence de liaisons peptidiques est clairement mise en évidence. DFTmodélisation de poly-L-acides aminés volet sur Pt (001) couplée à des mesuresspectroscopiques sont en faveur de L-amino-acides électropolymérisation enacides poly-L-aminés d'une manière irréversible.Les électrosynthèses de poly-L-amino acides, la polyaniline et depolymères ont été utilisées en tant que récepteur de protons à l'état solide pHcapteur solide. / Anodic aluminum oxide porous (AAO) is formed by the anodization ofaluminum in acidic electrolytic solution under at constant voltage and electrolytetemperature. Spectroscopic techniques such as FT infrared spectroscopy (ATRFTIR),X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy(AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used to characterize thetemplate.The anodic oxidation of L-amino acids and monomer mixtures comprising0.1 M aniline and some L-amino acids in acidic aqueous medium on platinumsmooth electrodes and modified Pt electrode (Pt/AAO) is studied. The oxidationof L-amino acids and in presence of aniline 0.1 M with L-amino acids such as Lalanine,L-serine, L-methionine, L-aspartic acid, L-lysine, and L- phenylalaninein acidic media was carried out by cyclic voltammetry coupled withelectrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The Amino acidconcentration, pH of the electrolyte and the scan number effects on cyclicvoltammetry were examined. Spectroscopic analysis such as attenuated totalreflectance FT infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), UV-Visible, X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction(XRD) are used to characterize the resulting thin film coatings. Scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) used to study the morphology of thin films surfaceas well as the solubility are studied. The presence of peptide bonds is clearlyhighlighted. DFT modelization of poly-L-amino acids strand on Pt(001) coupledto spectroscopic measurements are in favor of L-amino acidselectropolymerization into poly-L-amino acids in an irreversible way.The electrosynthesis of poly-L-amino acids, polyaniline and polymerswere used as proton receptor for solid state pH solid sensor.

L'évolution de la législation en matière de valorisation des déchets organiques incite au développement de filières de valorisation, parmi lesquelles le compostage présente un intérêt d'amendement pour les sols, lié notamment à la présence de substances humiques. La matière organique (MO) est une composante importante du sol en raison de son rôle dans les équilibres physiques, chimiques et biologiques, ainsi que par son implication dans le comportement des métaux et métaux traces (MMT). Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de développer une approche méthodologique afin de caractériser la MO du sol (MOS) et étudier son évolution spatio-temporelle suite à l’apport d’un compost sur une année et 2 profondeurs, et d'approcher son impact sur le comportement des MMT. Une procédure d’extraction séquentielle en 4 étapes (eau, acide, soude, pyrophosphate) a été réalisée afin de fractionner la MOS. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives, ont été effectuées sur les extraits. La procédure de fractionnent chimique a permis de distinguer plusieurs catégories de composés organiques (labiles, fulviques et humiques plus ou moins aromatiques). Les analyses quantitatives et les réponses spectrales sur les extraits ont révélé un effet compost essentiellement les trois premiers mois après l’épandage et en été, avec un impact des paramètres climatiques au cours de l'année, mais pas au-delà de 15 cm. Le compost peut apporter au sol une charge supplémentaire en MMT, notamment potentiellement mobilisables, avec un risque de contamination modéré, mais non négligeable lié aux effets potentiels d’accumulation et de concentration sur le long terme. / The evolution of the legislation regarding the valorization of biowaste (green manure) induces the development of valorization chains, among which amending soils with compost is of particular interest, due to the presence of humic substances. Organic matter (OM) is an important component of the soil due to its physical, chemical and biological participation, and its implication in the behaviour of metals and trace metals (MTM).The aims of this thesis were to develop a methodological approach to characterize OM of soil (SOM) and to study its spatiotemporal evolution over one year at two different depths following the addition of compost, and its impact on the behaviour of MTM. A 4-step sequential extraction procedure (water, acid, sodium hydroxide, pyrophosphate) was used to the SOM fractionation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were applied on extracts. Solubilization kinetics of MTM was also carried out to refine the study of their mobility.The chemical fractionation procedure allowed distinguishing several classes of organic compounds (labile, fulvic and humic with various aromaticity). Quantitative analyzes and spectral responses of the extracts revealed an effect of the compost (organic carbon, metals, aromaticity and molecular weight compounds) essentially during the first three months after spreading and during the summer period, with a climate parameter effect during the year, but not beyond 15 cm of depth. Compost can bring to the soil an additional load of MTM, including potentially mobilized forms, with a moderate, but not negligible risk of contamination, due to the potential effects of accumulation and concentration over the long term.

The electronic and magnetic structure of the colossal magneto resistance material La1-xSrxMnO3, the high-k and strain tailoring compounds REScO3 (Sm, Gd, Dy) and the multiferroic LuFe2O4 was investigated by means of x-ray spectroscopic techniques. SQUID measurements of La1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.125, 0.17, 0.36) were compared with XMCD results. The very good agreement between these two experiments proofs the applicability of the correction factor for the spin magnetic moment and the importance of charge transfer. The magnetic moment measured by SQUID and that determined from XMCD proofs that the magnetic moment is completely localized at the Mn ions for different temperatures and magnetic fields. For x = 0.125 the orbital magnetic moment determined from XMCD corresponds to the structural changes in the phase diagram. Additionally the measured orbital moments correspond to anomalies in magnetization versus temperature curves. The magnetic and electronic structure of the rare earth scandates (SmScO3, GdScO3 and DyScO3) were investigated by means of XPS, XES, XAS, SQUID and neutron powder diffraction. The magnetic measurements reveal antiferromagnetic coupling at low temperatures in agreement with neutron diffraction data. With XAS and XES at the O K-edge in comparison with band structure calculations of the unoccupied oxygen states, the band gaps of REScO3 were determined and it was found that these values are corresponding to the Sc-O mean distances. The electronic and magnetic structure of LuFe2O4 was presented. The valence state of Fe ions was determined to 50% divalent and 50% trivalent by XPS of Fe 2p and 3s levels. The big orbital magnetic moment found by XMCD could explain a discrepancy between the magnetic measurements and the spin configuration, which was confirmed by XMCD.

<p dir="ltr">Blood hemoglobin (Hgb) testing is a widely used clinical laboratory test for a variety of patient care needs. However, conventional blood Hgb measurements involve invasive blood sampling, exposing patients to potential risks and complications from needle pricks and iatrogenic blood loss. Although noninvasive blood Hgb quantification methods are under development, they still pose challenges in achieving performance comparable to clinical laboratory blood Hgb test results (i.e., gold standard). In particular, optical spectroscopy can provide reliable blood Hgb tests, but its practical utilizations in diagnostics are limited by bulky optical components, high costs, and extended data acquisition time. Mobile health (mHealth) or diagnostic colorimetric applications have a potential for point-of-care blood Hgb testing. However, achieving color accuracy for diagnostic applications is a complex matter, affected by device models, light conditions, and image file formats.</p><p dir="ltr">To address these limitations, we propose biophysics-based machine learning algorithms that combine hyperspectral learning and spectroscopic gamut-informed learning for accurate and precise mHealth blood Hgb assessments in a noninvasive manner. This method utilizes single-shot photographs of peripheral tissue acquired by onboard smartphone cameras. The palpebral conjunctiva (i.e., inner eyelid) serves as an ideal peripheral tissue site, owing to its easy accessibility, relatively uniform microvasculature, and absence of skin pigmentation (i.e., melanocytes). First, hyperspectral learning enables a mapping from red-green-blue (RGB) values of a digital camera into detailed hyperspectral information: an inverse mapping from a sparse space (tristimulus color values) to a dense space (multiple wavelengths). Hyperspectral learning employs a statistical learning framework to reconstruct a high-resolution spectrum from a digital photo of the palpebral conjunctiva, eliminating the need for complex and costly optical instrumentation. Second, comprehensive spectroscopic analyses of peripheral tissue are used to establish a unique blood Hgb gamut and design a diagnostic color reference chart highly sensitive to blood Hgb and peripheral perfusion. Informed by the domain knowledge of tissue optics and machine vision, the Hgb gamut-based learning algorithm offers device/light/format-agnostic color recovery of the palpebral conjunctiva, outperforming the existing color correction methods.</p><p dir="ltr">This mHealth blood Hgb prediction method exhibits comparable accuracy and precision to capillary blood sampling tests (e.g., finger prick) over a wide range of blood Hgb values, ensuring its reliability, consistency, and reproducibility. Importantly, by employing only a digital photograph with the Hgb gamut-learned color recovery, hyperspectral learning-based blood Hgb assessments allow noninvasive, continuous, and real-time reading of blood Hgb levels in resource-limited and at-home settings. Furthermore, our biophysics-based machine learning approaches for digital health applications can lay the foundation for the future of personalized medicine and facilitate the tempo of clinical translation, empowering individuals and frontline healthcare workers.</p>