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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Calculation Of The Thermodynamic And Spectroscopic Quantities In Molecular Crystals Close To The Phase Transitons

Dilan, Kavruk 01 February 2011 (has links) (PDF)
We study in this thesis work the spectroscopic and thermodynamic quantities of some substances such as ammonium halides (NH4Cl, NH4I), ferroelectric crystals of tris-sarcosine calcium chloride (TSCC), tris-sarcosine calcium bromide (TSCB), organic compounds of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and s-triazine (C3N3H3) close to the phase transitions. Various physical and chemical properties of those materials have been measured near the critical points and have been reported in the literature. In this study, the spectroscopic parameters of the frequency shifts, intensity and bandwidths are calculated as functions of temperature or pressure near the phase transitions in ammonium halides using the experimental data from the literature. The spectroscopic parameters are related to the crystal volume and the specific heat in these compounds. The thermodynamic quantities of the specific heat, thermal expansion and the isothermal compressibility are also calculated in the solid and liquid phases of carbon tetrachloride using the experimental data. In another part of this thesis work, we analyze the temperature dependence of the spontaneous polarization and the dielectric susceptibility at fixed pressures for TSCC and TSCB by using the experimental data from the literature. The temperature dependence of the damping constant for the s-triazine is also calculated here close to the I-II transition. We use the theoretical models on the basis of the observations in the literature to calculate the critical behaviour of these physical quantities and we compare the results with the observed data. Various experimental studies in the literature give us the opportunity to find the proper way of fitting the calculated and observed results. This study gives us the chance of a better understanding of the critical behavior of the studied materials by verifying the values of some critical exponents and the types of transitions as expected by different theoretical models.
2

Estudo espectroscópico de complexos de terras raras com a N,N,N,N tetrametiluréia (TMU) / Spectroscopic study of rare earth complexes containing N,N,N,N -tetramethyurea (TMU) as ligands

Hermi Felinto de Brito 12 January 1989 (has links)
As reações entre o ligante N,N,N\',N\'-tetrametiluréia (TMU) e sais de isotiocianatos, nitratos, percloratos, brometos e cloretos de lantanídeos (Ln = Nd3+ e Eu3+) conduziram a compostos de fórmulas gerais: Nd(NCS)3.4TMU; Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU, Ln(NO3)3.3TMU, Ln(ClO4)3.6TMU, LnBr3.3TMU.6H2O, LnCl3.3TMU (Ln = Nd e Eu). As estequiometrias desses complexos foram propostas com base nos resultados dos teores de lantanídeos, obtidos através de análises complexométricas com EDTA, enquanto que os teores de carbono, nitrogênio e hidrogênio foram determinados por microanálise. As medidas de condutância eletrolítica em solução de acetonitrila mostram que os compostos se comportam como não eletrólitos, exceto os derivados do ânion perclorato (eletrólito 1: 3). Os difratogramas de raios-X permitiram identificar que os compostos de neodímio e európio são isomorfos entre si para os ânions perclorato, brometo e nitrato. Os compostos derivados dos ânions cloreto e isotiocianato não apresentam isomorfismo. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho mostram deslocamentos das bandas vC=O para regiões de frequências mais baixas e vC-N para regiões de frequências mais altas, o que evidencia a coordenação pelo átomo de oxigênio da carbonila. A ausência de bandas fortes indicativas da presença de água mostra que os compostos de nitratos, cloretos e percloratos obtidos são todos anidros. A presença da banda na região 3560-3520 cm-1> e 1630-1600 cm-1> para os complexos de brometos obtidos evidencia os modos de estiramentos característicos da água. Os espectros eletrônicos de fluorescência na região do visível dos compostos de európio, obtidos à temperatura ambiente e a 77 K, permitiram sugerir as seguintes simetrias: Eu(NO3)3.3TMU - D3h Eu(ClO4)3.6TMU - Oh EuCl3.3TMU - D3 EuBr3.3TMU.6H2O - D3h Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU - C3v Eu(F3C-SO3)3.6TMU - Oh A partir destas simetrias, foram calculados os parâmetros de campo cristalino B20, B40, B44, B43 (método dos operadores tensoriais) e também os parâmetros B02, B04, B44, B34 (método dos operadores equivalentes). Os espectros eletrônicos de absorção na região do visível dos compostos de neodímio à temperatura ambiente e a 77 K foram registrados. Os parâmetros espectroscópicos &#946;, b1/2 e &#948; indicam que nas ligacões de todos os comoostos predomina o caráter eletrostático. A partir dos espectros dos compostos Nd(ClO4)3.6TMU e Nd(F3C-SO3)3.5TMU com simetria cúbica, foram calculados os parâmetros B04, B06, B44, e B64 (Bqk) e por correlação encontramos os parâmetros B40, B60, B44, e B46 (Bkq). Através dos espectros de absorção em solução dos compostos de neodímio foram calculadas as forças do oscilador (P) e a seguinte ordem relativa ao aumento de intensidade das transições hipersensitivas foi observada: Cl-4 < Cl- < Br- < NCS- < NO-3. / Compounds of general formula: Nd(NCS)3.4TMU, Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU, Ln(NO3)3.3TMU, Ln(ClO4)3.6TMU, LnBr3.3TMU.6H2O and LnCl3.3TMU (Ln = Nd, Eu) were prepared by the reaction of the correspondinq hydrated salts and N,N,N\',N\'-tetramethylurea (TMU). The lanthanide ions were determined by complexometric titration with EDTA; carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were determined by microanalytical procedures. Eleetrolytic conductance measurements in acetonitrile indicate a behaviour of non-electrolytes, except for the perchlorates that behave as 1:3 electrolytes. X-ray powder patterns show that the neodymium and europium perchlorates, bromides and nitrates are isomorphous. The chlorides and isothiocyanates do not show isomorphism. The vC=O shifts to lower frequencies and vC-N to higher frequencies qive evidences of coordination of the ligand through the carbonyl oxygen. Water bands were not observed in the nitrates, chlorides and perchlorates. The bands at 3560-3520 cm-1 and 1630-1600 cm-1 in the bromides are indicative of the presence of water. The fluorescence spectra, in the visible region at room temperature and at 77 K were interpreted in terms of the following symmetries for the compounds investigated: Eu(NO3)3.3TMU - D3h Eu(ClO4)3.6TMU - Oh EuCl3.3TMU - D3 EuBr3.3TMU.6H2O - D3h Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU - C3v Eu(F3C-SO3)3.6TMU - Oh. The crystal field parameters B20, B40, B44, B33 were calculated by the tensorial operator and B02, B04, B44, B34 by the equivalent operator methods. Electronic absorption spectra of neodymium compounds are registered in the visible region at room temperatureand 77 K. The spectroscopic parameters (&#946;, b 1/2 and &#948;) show that the interaction between Ln:L is essentially electrostatic. From the spectra of the cubic Nd(ClO4)3.6TMU and Nd(F3C-SO3)3.5TMU compounds the parameters B04, B06, B44, and B64 (Bqk) were calculated and by correlation the parameters B40, B60, B44, and B46 (Bkq). The oscillator strengths from the hypersensitive transitions in the neodymium absorption spectrum in acetonitrile solution were determined and related to the basicity of the anions following the order: NO-3 > NCS- > Br- > Cl- > ClO-4.
3

Estudo espectroscópico de complexos de terras raras com a N,N,N,N tetrametiluréia (TMU) / Spectroscopic study of rare earth complexes containing N,N,N,N -tetramethyurea (TMU) as ligands

Brito, Hermi Felinto de 12 January 1989 (has links)
As reações entre o ligante N,N,N\',N\'-tetrametiluréia (TMU) e sais de isotiocianatos, nitratos, percloratos, brometos e cloretos de lantanídeos (Ln = Nd3+ e Eu3+) conduziram a compostos de fórmulas gerais: Nd(NCS)3.4TMU; Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU, Ln(NO3)3.3TMU, Ln(ClO4)3.6TMU, LnBr3.3TMU.6H2O, LnCl3.3TMU (Ln = Nd e Eu). As estequiometrias desses complexos foram propostas com base nos resultados dos teores de lantanídeos, obtidos através de análises complexométricas com EDTA, enquanto que os teores de carbono, nitrogênio e hidrogênio foram determinados por microanálise. As medidas de condutância eletrolítica em solução de acetonitrila mostram que os compostos se comportam como não eletrólitos, exceto os derivados do ânion perclorato (eletrólito 1: 3). Os difratogramas de raios-X permitiram identificar que os compostos de neodímio e európio são isomorfos entre si para os ânions perclorato, brometo e nitrato. Os compostos derivados dos ânions cloreto e isotiocianato não apresentam isomorfismo. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho mostram deslocamentos das bandas vC=O para regiões de frequências mais baixas e vC-N para regiões de frequências mais altas, o que evidencia a coordenação pelo átomo de oxigênio da carbonila. A ausência de bandas fortes indicativas da presença de água mostra que os compostos de nitratos, cloretos e percloratos obtidos são todos anidros. A presença da banda na região 3560-3520 cm-1> e 1630-1600 cm-1> para os complexos de brometos obtidos evidencia os modos de estiramentos característicos da água. Os espectros eletrônicos de fluorescência na região do visível dos compostos de európio, obtidos à temperatura ambiente e a 77 K, permitiram sugerir as seguintes simetrias: Eu(NO3)3.3TMU - D3h Eu(ClO4)3.6TMU - Oh EuCl3.3TMU - D3 EuBr3.3TMU.6H2O - D3h Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU - C3v Eu(F3C-SO3)3.6TMU - Oh A partir destas simetrias, foram calculados os parâmetros de campo cristalino B20, B40, B44, B43 (método dos operadores tensoriais) e também os parâmetros B02, B04, B44, B34 (método dos operadores equivalentes). Os espectros eletrônicos de absorção na região do visível dos compostos de neodímio à temperatura ambiente e a 77 K foram registrados. Os parâmetros espectroscópicos &#946;, b1/2 e &#948; indicam que nas ligacões de todos os comoostos predomina o caráter eletrostático. A partir dos espectros dos compostos Nd(ClO4)3.6TMU e Nd(F3C-SO3)3.5TMU com simetria cúbica, foram calculados os parâmetros B04, B06, B44, e B64 (Bqk) e por correlação encontramos os parâmetros B40, B60, B44, e B46 (Bkq). Através dos espectros de absorção em solução dos compostos de neodímio foram calculadas as forças do oscilador (P) e a seguinte ordem relativa ao aumento de intensidade das transições hipersensitivas foi observada: Cl-4 < Cl- < Br- < NCS- < NO-3. / Compounds of general formula: Nd(NCS)3.4TMU, Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU, Ln(NO3)3.3TMU, Ln(ClO4)3.6TMU, LnBr3.3TMU.6H2O and LnCl3.3TMU (Ln = Nd, Eu) were prepared by the reaction of the correspondinq hydrated salts and N,N,N\',N\'-tetramethylurea (TMU). The lanthanide ions were determined by complexometric titration with EDTA; carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were determined by microanalytical procedures. Eleetrolytic conductance measurements in acetonitrile indicate a behaviour of non-electrolytes, except for the perchlorates that behave as 1:3 electrolytes. X-ray powder patterns show that the neodymium and europium perchlorates, bromides and nitrates are isomorphous. The chlorides and isothiocyanates do not show isomorphism. The vC=O shifts to lower frequencies and vC-N to higher frequencies qive evidences of coordination of the ligand through the carbonyl oxygen. Water bands were not observed in the nitrates, chlorides and perchlorates. The bands at 3560-3520 cm-1 and 1630-1600 cm-1 in the bromides are indicative of the presence of water. The fluorescence spectra, in the visible region at room temperature and at 77 K were interpreted in terms of the following symmetries for the compounds investigated: Eu(NO3)3.3TMU - D3h Eu(ClO4)3.6TMU - Oh EuCl3.3TMU - D3 EuBr3.3TMU.6H2O - D3h Eu(NCS)3.3,5TMU - C3v Eu(F3C-SO3)3.6TMU - Oh. The crystal field parameters B20, B40, B44, B33 were calculated by the tensorial operator and B02, B04, B44, B34 by the equivalent operator methods. Electronic absorption spectra of neodymium compounds are registered in the visible region at room temperatureand 77 K. The spectroscopic parameters (&#946;, b 1/2 and &#948;) show that the interaction between Ln:L is essentially electrostatic. From the spectra of the cubic Nd(ClO4)3.6TMU and Nd(F3C-SO3)3.5TMU compounds the parameters B04, B06, B44, and B64 (Bqk) were calculated and by correlation the parameters B40, B60, B44, and B46 (Bkq). The oscillator strengths from the hypersensitive transitions in the neodymium absorption spectrum in acetonitrile solution were determined and related to the basicity of the anions following the order: NO-3 > NCS- > Br- > Cl- > ClO-4.

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