The application of low-pressure low-temperature hydrogen plasma on artificial corrosion layers on bronze has been studied. For this purpose, three sets of bronze corroded samples were prepared. The first step of the model sample preparation was grinding of the bronze surface by using emery with 60, then 280 and finally by 600 grains density, in order to achieve the defined surface roughness. The next step of the work were optical and scanning electron microscopy observations with energy dispersive X-ray micro analysis (SEM-EDX) of the prepared bronze sample for purpose of surface structure characterization and element composition determination. Bronze samples with defined surface structure were corroded in different corrosion atmospheres. Three different model corrosion layers were formed by acidic atmospheres of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The element composition and structure of corrosion layer was determined by SEM-EDX again. The different amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, copper, tin and lead in the corrosion layer according to different types of corrosion atmospheres were determined. The next and also main part of the work was a plasma chemical reduction of corroded samples. The plasma reactor used the RF discharge (13.56 MHz) created in quartz tube with outer electrodes. The generation of capacitively coupled plasma in continuous or pulse mode by different supplied power was carried out. The plasma radiation emitted from the RF discharge during the sample treatment was measured by optical emission spectroscopy. The quantity of OH radical created in an active discharge by reactions of atomic hydrogen with the corrosion layer is a significant indicator of a reduction process. Therefore the OH radical band integral intensities observed as a function of the treatment time were used as a monitor for plasma chemical reduction process. The OH emission showed different behavior depending on corrosion layer composition during the plasma treatment. The transformations of the corrosion layer due to the plasma effect were investigated by means of SEM-EDX once again. Changes in the element composition of corrosion (or surface) layers in consequence of plasma chemical treatment are given. Generally, the element composition after the plasma chemical treatment showed explicitly that oxygen and chlorine content in the corrosion layer decreased, nitrogen was removed totally. Metal deposition on the reactor wall was observed occasionally. The SEM-EDX analyzes also showed that in some cases the tin content in sample surface layers was significantly decreased. For that reason, in case of bronze sample (artifacts) treatment, the sample and plasma temperature seem to be very important parameters for the process optimization. The acceptable conditions for plasma chemical treatment has been found in case of corrosion layer formed by nitric acid, only. The other corrosions will be a subject of further studies.

Boron cluster compounds are substances clearly synthetic, which don't exist outdoors. This group covers boranes, heteroboranes and their derivatives. They are synthesized and examined mostly for their extraordinary structural and bonding properties. Their study also brought many remarkable findings and even allowed practical use of these compounds in science and technology. This thesis is focused on the application of mass spectrometry for the identification of boranes and heteroboranes and on the study of their fragmentation mechanisms using tandem mass spectrometry on spherical ion trap.

The aim of this diploma thesis was identification of urinary concrements by the infrared spectroscopy and study of conditions of formation of the most frequent urinary stones (calcium oxalates) by the thermodynamic simulation. The theoretical part of this study includes basic information about problems with urolithiasis and technique of identification of urinary concrements. Important part has been devoted to the thermodynamic simulation of formation of calcium oxalate concrements and on this simulation were determinated the conditions for formation of urinary stones. The experimental part contains analysis of real urinary concrements by the infrared spectroscopy and statistical evaluation of the file of 50 149 samples, which were analysed in years 1994 - 2010.

Theoretical part of the master thesis deals with the occurrence of different mercury species in the environment and describes analytical methods used for determination of mercury in biological samples. In practical part of the master thesis mercury concentration in 14 samples of selected fish and fish product was determined using single purpose absorption spectrometer AMA 254. Measured results were statistically processed and consulted with EU legislative norm.

This thesis' objective is to analyse local environmental impact of NPP. For impact determination, it is necessary to monitor the locality for a long period. For biomonitoring method, gamma-spectrometers might be used. It should be calibrated before the measurement. Within the thesis investigation, spectrometer of the faculty was calibrated in the laboratory of ionizing radiation and three samples of Czech nuclear facilities outlet were analysed.

This thesis deals with the measurement of water content in soil using electrical impedance spectrometry. The aim is to characterize and determine the conditions of applicability of this method and of measuring apparatus with device Z-meter III for instance for the application of the field measurements of earth dams.

This diploma thesis deals with the determination and ecotoxicological assessment of artificial sweeteners. The diploma was focused on monitoring the most commonly used sweeteners, which includes acesulfam-K, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose. These sweeteners were analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using solid phase extraction for their concentration. The samples for their determination were taken from wastewater treatment plant in Modrice. Artificial sweeteners are synthetically produced substances, which is the main reason for their occurrence in waste water. Some of them are not efficiently removed from the wastewater treatment plant and penetrate into the environment. Analysis of the samples was found, that sucralose penetrates into the environment. The ecotoxicological effect of the sweeteners was evaluated via aquatic organisms, namely on the freshwater crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, on the water plant Lemna minor, and the battery of tests was supplemented by a representative of the destructors Vibrio fischeri. For all sweeteners, LC20, EC20 and IC20 values were determined. For some sweeteners, LC50, EC50 and IC50 values were also determined. During testing, saccharin represented the highest toxicity.

(EN) This dissertation thesis contains scientific results achieved in the field of analytical chemistry, particularly liquid chromatography. The major part of the results has been published in prestigious international journals in five papers. In addition to that, relevant yet unpublished results have been included as well. In general terms, the work presented here contributed to the concerted efforts to tackle the current lack of novel antibiotics. Specifically, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) techniques coupled to a variety of detection systems have been employed for analysis of antibiotics and actinomycete secondary metabolites. The first thematic part describes the development of liquid chromatography methods for analysis of lincomycin precursors, lincomycin precursor analogues, and lincomycin derivatives. The methods have been applied to study lincomycin biosynthetic pathway and obtain improved lincomycin derivatives by mutasynthesis. The second thematic part aims at investigating alternative approaches for analysis of antibiotics. Firstly, the core-shell particle and the sub-2 μm particle chromatographic columns were compared. The core-shell particle columns compatible with HPLC proved to be a convenient alternative to the...

Keywords: ambient ionization techniques; mass spectrometry; desorption electrospray ionization; desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization; thin layer chromatography; lipids, mass spectrometry imaging Ambient ionization technique in mass spectrometry is an ionization, which carries out in open space outside the machine and which does not require any, or only a minimal sample pretreatment. DESI (desorption electrospray ionization) and DAPPI (desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization) equipped with software control of the spray emitter position for analysis of low molecular organic compounds were investigated in this thesis. These methods use a spray of solvents for desorption and ionization molecules from solid substrate. Conditions for the successful analysis of phospholipids, wax esters and some other compounds were developed. Ambient ionization techniques were quantitatively compared. The application was HPTLC/DESI-MS of lipid's mixture and HPTLC/DAPPI-MS of vernix caseosa. DAPPI-MS was applied for the analysis of termites of Prorhinotermes genus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae). Pilot experiments of two dimensional analysis and mass spectrometry imaging were realized.

Triacylglycerols are among the most abudant classes of lipid. Their chemical, physical and biological characteristics depend on degree of unsaturation and positions of double bonds in acyls. This thesis was focused on localization of double bonds using tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. We studied 14 standards and 44 standard mixtures with different number of double bonds and lenght of hydrocarbob chain in acyls. Standards were obtained from commercial sources and prepared of randomizations reaction in microscale. Localization of double bonds was deduced from fragments of molecular aduct with C3H5N+· ([M+55]+·) created in presence of acetonitrile in the mobile phase. This metod was applied for HPLC/MS analysis of natural mixtures of triacylglycerols. Key words: triacylglycerols, randomization, localization of double bonds, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography with mass detection