O músculo estriado esquelético apresenta em sua constituição células satélites (CS) que se encontram em estado quiescente localizadas entre o sarcolema e a lâmina basal das fibras musculares. As CS podem ser ativadas, diferenciando em mioblastos, contribuindo para regeneração e/ou crescimento do tecido muscular. Os Fusos neuromusculares são mecanorreceptores localizados no interior dos músculos esqueléticos considerados a unidade contrátil reguladora, monitorando a velocidade e duração do alongamento do músculo. Está composto de fibras intrafusais (FIF), circundadas por uma bainha de tecido conjuntivo e encontra-se paralelo às fibras extrafusais. A desnervação promove alterações no músculo esquelético, tanto em CS, quanto nos fusos neuromusculares. Este trabalho analisou quantitativamente as FIF e a proliferação de CS em músculos esquelético de ratos desnervados por longo período. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar. Os animais foram divididos em grupos desnervados e controle. Os músculos Sóleo e Extensor longo dos dedos (EDL) foram desnervados experimentalmente. Após os períodos de 0, 12, 16, 19, 30 e 38 semanas, os músculos foram dissecados, removidos e preparados histológicamente. A porcentagem de CS em músculos imediatamente após desnervação aumenta em relação ao músculo normal e depois decresce em ambos os músculos. Durante o progresso do tempo de desnervação ocorreu um aumento no número de FIF, se comparado com o grupo normal. O número de CS diminui significantemente entre os períodos de desnervação, em ambos os grupos. Nos músculos estudados quanto menor a porcentagem de CS maior é o número de FIF e, aumentando o tempo de desnervação, diminui o número de CS. Em relação às FIF, no grupo controle com o aumento do tempo, o número de fibras não se altera. Já para o grupo experimental, com o aumento do tempo de desnervação, diminui o número de CS e aumenta o número de FIF significantemente. Concluimos então que nos músculos desnervados por longo período ocorre diminuição na porcentagem de células satélites e aumento no número de FIF. Finalmente nossos resultados sugerem que entre 16ª e 19ª semana pós-desnervação encontra-se o melhor período para reinervação de um músculo desnervados. / The skeletal muscle consists of satellite cells (SC) which are in a quiescent state located between the sarcolemma and basal lamina of the muscle fibers. The SC can get activated, differentiating into myoblasts, contributing to regeneration and/or growth of muscle tissue. The neuromuscular spindles are mechanoreceptors located within the skeletal muscle and are considered as contractile regulatory unit, monitoring the speed and duration of muscle stretching. It is composed of Intrafusal muscle fibers (FIF), surrounded by a sheath and is parallel to extrafusal fibers. Denervation cause changes in skeletal muscles both in the CS and neuromuscular spindles. This study analyzed quantitatively the FIF and the proliferation of CS in rat skeletal muscle, denervated for long period. We used Wistar rats to perform this study. The animals were divided into control and denervated groups. The soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were denervated experimentally. After periods of 0, 12, 16, 19, 30 and 38 weeks, the muscles were dissected, removed and were prepared for histological analysis. The percentage of SC in muscles immediately after denervation, increases in relation to normal muscle and later decreases in both the groups. During the process of denervation, there was an increase in FIF when compared with normal group. The number of SC reduces significantly between the periods of denervation in both the groups. In the muscles studied, the smaller the percentage of SC, higher is the number of FIF and increase in the duration of denervation, reduces the number of SC. As for FIF, with the increase in time in control group, the number of fibres was unaltered. However, in the experimental group, with increase in the time of denervation, the number of SC decreases while there is increase in the number of FIF significantly. We thus conclude that in denervated mucles for long period, there is decrease in the percentage of satellite cells and increase in FIF. Finally our results suggest that the period between 16th and 19th week of post denervation is the best time for reinnervation of denervated muscle.

Uma vibração aplicada a um tendão muscular aumenta a freqüência de disparos de aferentes, como os de fusos neuromusculares Ia e II, cujas terminações afetam circuitos da medula espinhal e com isto podem influenciar o controle motor. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de vibrações a duas freqüências (15 e 80Hz) e amplitudes de 1 e 2,5mm aplicadas ao tendão calcâneo direito sobre o sistema de controle postural e sobre a circuitaria neural associada a reflexos monosinápticos da perna. A hipótese era de que a vibração de alta freqüência ativasse preferencialmente os aferentes de fuso neuromuscular de tipo Ia enquanto a vibração a 15 Hz ativasse preferencialmente os aferentes de tipo II. Isto significaria que a vibração a 80 Hz teria forte efeito sobre o reflexo H, enquanto a vibração a 15 Hz teria um efeito significativo sobre a postura. Participaram deste estudo 14 sujeitos sãos. Na postura ereta quieta, foi realizada a aquisição do reflexo H enquanto o tendão calcâneo era vibrado. Após um intervalo de descanso, foi realizada a aquisição do Centro de Pressão (COP) tanto na direção Ântero-Posterior (AP) quanto na Médio-Lateral (ML) em paralelo à aquisição bilateral do EMG dos músculos (SO, TA, GL e GM) nas três condições (antes, durante e após a vibração do tendão calcâneo). Para os estímulos de 1 e 2,5mm realizados a 80 Hz as diferenças foram significativas em relação a todas as variáveis quando comparadas nas três condições, com exceção apenas do DP do TA e GM e, do valor médio do COP ML a 1mm. Em relação à freqüência de 15 Hz, notou-se que não houve diferenças significativas tanto no COP AP e ML quanto no DP do EMG dos músculos da perna esquerda entre as três condições. Quanto aos dados referentes ao DP dos músculos analisados na perna direita, os resultados mostraram que não houve efeitos significativos tanto ao utilizar 15Hz como 80Hz em todas as três condições. Em geral, estes dados mostraram que durante um estímulo vibratório mais forte o COP deslocouse mais para a direção posterior e lateral esquerda do sujeito. E, após interromper o estímulo, em alguns casos o COP ainda mostrava uma alteração prolongada. Em relação à amplitude média do reflexo H, para as amplitudes de vibração de 1 e 2,5 mm a 15 e 80 Hz, as análises apontaram que durante a vibração houve uma forte redução na amplitude do reflexo, sendo que em alguns casos ainda permaneceram reduzidas na condição pós-vibratória. Os resultados mostram que a vibração aplicada ao tendão calcâneo pode ser um forte estímulo à medula e capaz de alterar o controle postural, dependendo de suas características, uma vez que, com parâmetros apropriados, induziu alterações imediatas nos resultados do reflexo H, do COP e do EMG (p.e.). Porém, as alterações a vibrações aplicadas de modo a ativar seletivamente as fibras aferentes do grupo Ia e II mostraram efeitos diferenciais. Vibrações a 80Hz de frequência e a 1 e 2,5mm foram as que mais causaram alterações. A significativa ação sobre o reflexo H é compatível com o aumento da frequência de disparos dos aferentes Ia. Entretanto a forte ação sobre o COP dessas vibrações a 80 Hz sugere que os aferentes Ia podem ter uma importância maior do que a literatura recente tem preconizado, pelo menos para correções a perturbações posturais, uma vez que pode-se supor que a 80 Hz e 1 mm de amplitude os aferentes tipo II são pouco ativados. Por outro lado, a vibração a 15 Hz teve um efeito signficativo sobre o reflexo H mas sem afetar o COP, o que sugere que esta frequência consegue ativar a via Ia, causando depressão homossináptica e/ou inibição pré-sináptica dos aferentes Ia, mas sem chegar a influir no COP de forma significativa. Os resultados são interessantes do ponto de vista de aplicações em potencial para áreas como fisioterapia e reabilitação de pessoas com alterações posturais na clínica. Adicionalmente, abrem novas questões quanto às interpretações fisiológicas de vibrações a diferentes freqüências sobre o tendão calcâneo. / A vibration applied to a muscle tendon increases the firing frequency of afferents of types Ia and II innervating muscle spindles, and hence affects the spinal cord circuits and this can affect motor control. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of vibrations of two frequencies (15 and 80Hz) and two amplitudes (1 and 2.5 mm) applied to the right Achilles tendon on the standing posture and on the H reflex. The hypothesis was that the high frequency vibration activates preferentially the Ia axons while the 15 Hz vibration activates preferentially the type II axons and hence the 80 Hz vibration would have a strong effect on the H reflex and the 15 Hz vibration would have a strong effect on posture. Fourteen subjects participated in this study. Their H reflex was acquired in the upright position while their Achilles tendon was vibrated. After an interval of rest, the center of pressure (COP) signal was acquired for both the antero-posterior (AP) and the medio-lateral (ML) directions in parallel with the acquisition of bilateral electromyograms (EMG) (SO, TA, and GL GM) in the three conditions (before, during and after the vibration of the Achilles tendon). For 1 and 2.5 mm vibrations at 80 Hz the differences were significant for all variables compared in the three conditions, except for the standard deviation (SD) of the TA and GM EMGs and the average value of COP ML for 1mm vibration. For the 15 Hz vibration, there were no significant differences in both the AP and ML COP and SD of the EMG of the left leg in the three conditions. The results for the EMG SD of the right leg showed no significant effects when using both 15Hz and 80Hz in all three conditions. These data showed that during a stronger vibratory stimulus the COP shifted more to the posterior direction and the left side of the subject. And, after stopping the stimulus, in some cases, the COP had not returned to the initial position. In relation to the mean H reflex amplitude for 1 and 2.5 mm vibrations at 15 and 80 Hz, the analysis showed that during vibration there was a stronger reduction in the amplitude of the H reflex, and in some cases the amplitude remained reduced in the post-vibratory period. The results showed that the vibration applied to the Achilles tendon can be a powerful stimulus to the spinal cord and capable of altering the postural control. The effects depended on the vibration features, since, with appropriate parameters, it led to immediate changes in the results of the H reflex, the COP and left leg EMG. However, 80 Hz vibration (1 and 2.5 mm) was the one that caused the largest changes both on COP and H reflex amplitude. The significant action on the H reflex is consistent with the increased frequency of firing of Ia afferent. However the strong action on the COP of vibrations at 80 Hz suggests that the Ia afferents may have a greater importance than what the recent literature has suggested, at least for postural corrections to disturbances, since it can be assumed that the type II afferents are little activated at 80 Hz and 1 mm amplitude. Furthermore, vibration at 15 Hz had a significant effect on the H reflex without affecting the COP, suggesting that vibrations at this frequency can activate Ia afferents, causing homosynaptic depression and / or presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents, but without influencing the COP significantly. The results are interesting from the standpoint of potential applications to areas such as physical therapy and rehabilitation of patients in the clinic. Additionally, they raise new questions about the physiological mechanisms behind vibratory stimuli applied at different frequencies on the Achilles tendon.

No description available.

Les fuseaux de sommeil sont des ondes électroencéphalographiques reflétant les mécanismes électrophysiologiques de protection du sommeil. Les adultes autistes ont un sommeil léger et moins de fuseaux de sommeil que des adultes neurotypiques. L’étude vérifie si les enfants autistes montrent également moins de fuseaux de sommeil que les enfants neurotypiques et documente leur évolution avec l’âge. Nous avons enregistré le sommeil de 34 adultes (16 autistes) et 26 enfants (13 autistes) et comparé la quantité de fuseaux de sommeil enregistrés aux électrodes préfrontales (Fp1, Fp2) et centrales (C3, C4). Les deux groupes montrent une diminution similaire des fuseaux en vieillissant. Le groupe d’enfants autistes montre moins de fuseaux que le groupe témoin aux électrodes Fp2 et C4; les adultes autistes montrent significativement moins de fuseaux que les adultes contrôles aux deux électrodes centrales. Le mauvais sommeil des autistes pourrait être causé par une faible protection du sommeil déjà présente en bas âge. / Autism is characterized by poor sleep maintenance. Sleep spindles are electroencephalographic markers representing a sleep protective mechanism. Autistic adults display less spindles than matched controls. This study investigates sleep spindle activity in children and adults with and without autism. The sleep of 34 adults (16 autistics) and 26 children (13 autistics) was recorded. Sleep spindles were counted and compared between groups at prefrontal (Fp1, Fp2) and central (C3, C4) electrodes. Both diagnostic groups showed a similar decrease in sleep spindle with age. Autistic children had significantly less spindles than controls at Fp2 and C4; adults with autism had significantly less spindles than controls at the two central electrodes. Poor sleep in children and adults with autism may be due to impaired protective mechanisms. The developmental pattern of sleep spindle topography suggests an atypical maturational course of the thalamo-cortical loop in autism.

Les fuseaux de sommeil sont des ondes électroencéphalographiques reflétant les mécanismes électrophysiologiques de protection du sommeil. Les adultes autistes ont un sommeil léger et moins de fuseaux de sommeil que des adultes neurotypiques. L’étude vérifie si les enfants autistes montrent également moins de fuseaux de sommeil que les enfants neurotypiques et documente leur évolution avec l’âge. Nous avons enregistré le sommeil de 34 adultes (16 autistes) et 26 enfants (13 autistes) et comparé la quantité de fuseaux de sommeil enregistrés aux électrodes préfrontales (Fp1, Fp2) et centrales (C3, C4). Les deux groupes montrent une diminution similaire des fuseaux en vieillissant. Le groupe d’enfants autistes montre moins de fuseaux que le groupe témoin aux électrodes Fp2 et C4; les adultes autistes montrent significativement moins de fuseaux que les adultes contrôles aux deux électrodes centrales. Le mauvais sommeil des autistes pourrait être causé par une faible protection du sommeil déjà présente en bas âge. / Autism is characterized by poor sleep maintenance. Sleep spindles are electroencephalographic markers representing a sleep protective mechanism. Autistic adults display less spindles than matched controls. This study investigates sleep spindle activity in children and adults with and without autism. The sleep of 34 adults (16 autistics) and 26 children (13 autistics) was recorded. Sleep spindles were counted and compared between groups at prefrontal (Fp1, Fp2) and central (C3, C4) electrodes. Both diagnostic groups showed a similar decrease in sleep spindle with age. Autistic children had significantly less spindles than controls at Fp2 and C4; adults with autism had significantly less spindles than controls at the two central electrodes. Poor sleep in children and adults with autism may be due to impaired protective mechanisms. The developmental pattern of sleep spindle topography suggests an atypical maturational course of the thalamo-cortical loop in autism.

Le trouble du déficit de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) est le désordre du comportement le plus commun chez les enfants. Les études suggèrent qu'un pourcentage élevé d'enfants atteints de TDA/H souffre de problèmes de sommeil et de somnolence diurne. Le mécanisme sous-jacent à ces difficultés demeure inconnu. Plusieurs études ont suggéré que les fuseaux de sommeil jouent un rôle dans les mécanismes de protection du sommeil. L'objectif de cette étude est de comparer les fuseaux lents (11-13 Hz) et rapides (14-15 Hz) chez des enfants atteints du TDA/H et des sujets contrôles. Nous prévoyons que comparativement aux enfants contrôles, les enfants atteints du TDA/H montreront une plus faible densité des fuseaux lents et rapides, et auront des fuseaux plus courts (sec), moins amples (uV) et plus rapides (cycle/sec). Enfin, nous prévoyons que ces effets seront plus prononcés dans les dérivations cérébrales antérieures que dans les dérivations plus postérieures du cerveau. Les enregistrements polysomnographiques (PSG) du sommeil de nuit ont été menés chez 18 enfants diagnostiqués avec le TDA/H et chez 26 sujets témoins âgés entre 7 et 11 ans. Un algorithme automatique a permis de détecter les fuseaux lents et rapides sur les dérivations frontales, centrales, pariétales et occipitales. Les résultats ont montré que, les caractéristiques PSG du sommeil ne différaient pas significativement entre les deux groupes. On ne note aucune différence significative entre les groupes sur nombre/densité des fuseaux lents et rapides ainsi que sur leurs caractéristiques respectives. Cette étude suggère que les mécanismes de synchronisation du l'EEG en sommeil lent, tel que mesuré par la densité et les caractéristiques des fuseaux lents et rapides en sommeil lent ne différent pas chez les enfants atteints du TDA/H. / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed behavioural disorder in children. Evidence suggests that a high proportion of children with ADHD suffer from sleep difficulties and daytime sleepiness. However, the mechanism underlying this deficit in alertness is unknown. Various studies suggest that sleep spindles inhibit arousing sensory input and help preserve sleep. The objective of this study was to compare slow (11-13 Hz) and fast (14-15 Hz) spindle activity between children with ADHD and controls. We expected that compared to controls, children with ADHD would show a lower density (number of spindles per minute of NREM sleep) of slow and fast spindles. We also predicted that children with ADHD will have shorter (sec) fast and slow spindles, lower amplitude (uV) and faster frequency (Hz) than controls. Finally, we expected these effects would be more pronounced in the frontal rather than more posterior derivations of the brain. Overnight sleep recordings were conducted in 18 children diagnosed with ADHD without comorbid psychiatric problems and in 26 healthy controls. The subjects’ ages ranged from 7 to 11 years. An automatic algorithm detected the slow and fast spindles on the frontal, central, parietal and occipital derivations. The results showed that children with ADHD had similar PSG sleep architecture (sleep efficiency, stages of sleep) compared to controls. Sleep spindle activity did not significantly differ between the two groups in terms of number, density, amplitude and length. This study suggests that mechanisms of sleep EEG synchronization, as expressed by the number and density of sleep spindles presently identified in the ongoing EEG, do not differ between children with ADHD and controls.

The response patterns of human stretch receptors in the finger extensor muscles of the forearm were studied using the microneurography technique. Single-unit recordings were obtained from one-hundred and twenty-four afferents. A procedure was developed to classify the units in muscle spindle primary afferents, secondary afferents, and Golgi tendong organ afferents. The procedure allows an objective and reproducible classification on the basis of the afferents’ responses to a series of tests which individually are non-conclusive. It was demonstrated that maximal twitch contractions can be elicited in the finger extensor muscles of the forearm, without causing undue discomfort to the subjects, or hazarding the single-unit recording. The response of the units to this test allowed, in most cases but not always, a separation in muscle spindle and tendon organ afferents. Thus the test was not adequate for an unequivocal classification. Three discrete response parameters were extracted from ramp-and-hold stretches, viz. the presence or absence of an initial burst and a deceleration response, and prompt silencing at slow muscle shortening. The distributions of the parameters were significantly different among the three unit types. These parameters which were pair-wise independent constituted a set of considerable discriminative power. It was shown that human muscle spindles have about the same static position sensitivity to fractional muscle stretch as previously found in animals. Stretch sensitization was demonstrated by rapid, repeated stretches of the muscle which enhanced the réponse to subsequent slow stretches of muscle spindles. Sensitization was different with primary and secondary muscle spindle afferents whereas Golgi tendon organ afferents never displayed stretch sensitization. One-to-one driving with small-amplitude sinusoidal stretches superimposed on ramp-and- hold stretches was almost exclusively seen with primary muscle spindle afferents, whereas secondaries seldom and tendon organ afferents never displayed driving. The afferent responses during slowly increasing isometric contractions and rapid relaxations were analysed. An increased discharge rate on relaxation was common among spindle afferents whereas it was never seen in tendon organs afferents. Two separate groups of spindles afferents were found with regard to fusimotor recruitment. The largest group was recruited at rather low and variable contractile forces whereas the smaller group was not recruited at all. The proportions of the three unit types, spindle primary, spindle secondary, and Golgi tendon organ afferents were estimated from a preliminary classification and the distribution of the eight response features were analyzed for each class of afferents. On the basis of these estimates and the response pattern of the individual unit Bayes’ theorem was used to calculate the probabilities that the unit was a spindle primary, a spindle secondary, or a tendon organ afferent. Estimates indicate that about 19 out of 20 muscle afferents are correctly classified when all eight features are analyzed. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1988, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Submitted by ELIZABETH HARUNA KAZAMA null (bethkazama@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-05T19:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Elizabeth_Haruna_Kazama.pdf: 2591001 bytes, checksum: b6af06ca83c4e70605f88b2a36377803 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-06T19:15:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kazama_eh_me_jabo.pdf: 2591001 bytes, checksum: b6af06ca83c4e70605f88b2a36377803 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T19:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kazama_eh_me_jabo.pdf: 2591001 bytes, checksum: b6af06ca83c4e70605f88b2a36377803 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O preço do algodão é determinado pela qualidade da fibra, que pode ser danificada no momento da colheita, gerando perdas qualitativas, além das perdas quantitativas de pluma não colhida, resultando em perda de produtividade. Neste trabalho foram realizados dois estudos que tiveram como objetivos: modelar a distribuição espacial e o mapeamento das perdas na colheita mecanizada do algodão em duas velocidades de colheita (5 km h-1 e 7 km h-1), (Experimento 1), e avaliar as perdas quali-quantitativas da fibra em cinco velocidades de colheita, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9 km h -1 (Experimento 2). Os experimentos foram realizados em dois municípios do estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil, sendo um sob delineamento de malha regular, demarcados 64 pontos amostrais com 5,25 ha cada, e outro sob delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, utilizando a estatística clássica, sendo cinco velocidades de colheita e quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento, a maior extensão das perdas no terço inferior da planta ocorre no sentido das linhas de semeadura e deslocamento da colhedora e, além disso, as perdas na planta possuem relação com a população de plantas. As perdas possuem dependência espacial, demonstrando que possui relação com a planta. No segundo experimento, as perdas no solo, na planta e a qualidade da fibra não foram afetadas pelas velocidades analisadas. / The price of the cotton is determined by the quality of the fiber, which can be damaged at time of harvest, generating qualitative loss, in addition to feather quantitative losses, resulting loss of productivity. This work carried out two studies to the following objectives: to model the spatial distribution and the losses mapping in mechanized cotton harvesting in two harvest speed (5 km h-1 and 7 km h-1), (Experiment 1), and evaluating the quantitative and qualitative losses of five-speed fiber harvesting, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 km h-1 (Experiment 2). The experiments were conducted in two cities in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, one under regular mesh design, marked 64 sample points, with 5.25 ha, in each field, the other was randomized in complete block, using classical statistics, with five-speed harvesting and four replications. In the first experiment, the largest extent of the losses in the lower third of the plant occurs in the direction of the planting lines and displacement of the harvester in addition, losses in the plant are related to the population of plants. Cotton losses have spatial dependence demonstrating that It has relation with the the plant. In the second experiment, the losses in soil, plant and fiber quality were not affected by the analyzed speeds.

Orientador: Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes Tavares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castillo_AndreaAmaral_M.pdf: 1424495 bytes, checksum: 2e616dc1accf2266891ba1011fc14c1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Imagem Corporal foi conceituada por Paul Schilder (1999) como a representação mental do corpo. Neste conceito ele aponta para uma abordagem sistêmica dos aspectos fisiológicos, psíquicos, sociais e culturais no processo dinâmico da expressão singular da identidade corporal. Em seu livro "The Image and appearance of humam body", publicado em 1935, Schilder chama a atenção para a relação entre o Tônus Muscular e a Imagem Corporal num capítulo exclusivo sobre o tema. Ressaltou que a Imagem Corporal era tracionada em direção ao Tônus Muscular uma vez que a ação de um único segmento corporal é capaz de colocar o corpo como um todo em uma nova relação com o ambiente. No entanto esta relação não se encontra sistematizada e valorizada dentro das diversas áreas do saber e tem sido pouco abordada nas pesquisas em Imagem Corporal. O foco direcionado ora ao Tônus Muscular, ora à Imagem Corporal implica muitas vezes num entendimento fragmentado capaz de desconsiderar a singularidade do indivíduo e/ou o dinamismo neurofisiológico na sua relação com o meio e com o outro. Assim a proposta deste estudo é sistematizar e analisar o conhecimento sobre o Tônus Muscular nas perspectivas de Charles Scott Sherrington cujo foco se apóia na Ação Reflexa; de Henry Head, que apresenta o Modelo Postural como a base para as pesquisas em Imagem Corporal; e da Neurociência, que propõe análises do comportamento humano na relação com o ambiente. Dentre as inúmeras contribuições feitas por Charles Scott Sherrington, foi a perspectiva da Ação Integrativa do sistema nervoso que trouxe um novo entendimento ao meio científico da época. Ao considerar a ação reflexa como uma resposta adaptativa do organismo, Sherrington encontrou no Tônus Muscular o exemplo explícito de um processo integrativo cuja proposta é manter a postura do organismo contra a gravidade. Henry Head influenciado por esse novo olhar, e inquieto com suas observações clínicas tornou-se o próprio objeto experimental numa investigação sobre os tipos de sensibilidade. A partir dos resultados de suas pesquisas e apoiado nas idéias e conceitos de Sherrington, Head propõe a existência de um Modelo Postural como uma medida de referência sobre a qual o corpo se ajusta constantemente através das variações do Tônus Muscular. Estas medidas são então registradas dentro de um esquema plástico de representação mental da postura e do movimento. A neurociência intensifica suas investigações sobre o organismo dentro do contexto do ambiente onde um é capaz de influenciar o outro. Com isso abriu-se uma nova perspectiva acerca do Tônus Muscular e o comportamento humano. As descobertas sobre a participação do fuso neuromuscular na elaboração da Imagem Corporal, as alterações mecânicas que implicam em alterações sensoriais e a ação segmentar que se propaga ao longo de todo o corpo trazem contribuições importantes que reforçam a relação íntima entre o Tônus Muscular e a representação mental do corpo. A partir deste estudo espera-se trazer uma reflexão mais profunda sobre o papel do Tônus Muscular e contribuir para futuras pesquisas e estudos sobre a Imagem Corporal / Abstract: Paul Schilder (1999) defined Body Image as the mental representation of the body. In this concept, he points out to a systemic approach of physiological, psychological, social and cultural aspects in the dynamic process of the body image unique expression. In his book "The Image and appearance of human body", published in 1935, Schilder draws attention to the relationship between Muscle Tonus and Body Image, dedicating a whole chapter to this theme. He emphasized that Body Image was pulled towards Muscle Tonus, since the action of a single body segment can place the whole body in a new interaction with the environment. However, this relationship has not been schematized and given the proper value by different areas of knowledge and it has been little addressed in studies about Body Image. Changing the focus from Muscle Tonus to Body Image back and forth can frequently lead to a fragmented understanding which may disregard each individual particularity and/or the neurophysiological dynamics in the individual interaction with the environment and others. Hence, this study aims to systematize and discuss the knowledge about muscle tone, as seen by Charles Scott Sherrington who focus on Reflex Action; by Henry Head, who presents Postural Model as fundamental for Body Image researches; and by Neuroscience, which suggests the study of human behavior and its relation with the environment. One of the several contributions by Charles Scott Sherrington, the Integrative Action of the nervous system brought a new understanding to the scientific community at the time. By considering reflex action as an adjustable response of the body, Sherrington saw the Muscle Tonus as a clear example of an integrative process which aims to keep the body posture against gravity. Henry Head was influenced by this new approach, and, out of a strong urge towards his clinical observation, became his own experiment subject on his study about sensitivity types. Supported by the results of his own researches and backed by Sherrington's concepts and ideas, Head suggests that there is a Postural Model acting as a reference measure which the body constantly fits into according to Muscle Tonus variations. These measures are registered within a scheme of posture and movement representations. Neuroscience stresses the focus of studies about the body within a context where one causes an impact on the other, bringing out a new outlook for Muscle Tone and human behavior. Findings about neuromuscular fuse participation in Body Image building, mechanical changes which cause sensorial changes and the segmental action which spreads throughout the body play an important role and corroborate the close relationship between Muscle Tonus and body mental representation. This study is expected to bring up a more comprehensive discussion on the role of Muscle Tonus and to enhance future researches and studies on Body Image / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

This thesis is concerned with textile production in Middle and Late Bronze Age on the Greek continent and western Anatolia. First part explains the description of methodology of approach to textile manifacture in the studied area, followed by description and properties of threads used to weave the cloths, as well as technologies used in their making. Terms related to textile are mentioned on clay tablets with linear writing B, hence the thesis engages in their interpretation and comparison between particular centres. Second part analyses tools used in textile manifacture, namely whorls and loom weights based on their shape. Then follows topographic overview of the most prominent localities of textile manifacture in which textile-making tools were found. Localities not included in the overview are mentioned in the table. The overview describes locality, number and types of whorls and loom weights and what materials are they made of. Whenever possible, the most important specification is mentioned - the weight - based on which the type of weaved textile is described. The aim of the thesis is to create overview of localities with tools used in textile making as well as their analysis and comparison. Collected data are converted into tables, graphs and maps. In the last part called discussion,...