Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:45:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_IsabelaBastos_M.pdf: 4885284 bytes, checksum: 8688c762f5288e9642725b7a6b9fae75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O tratamento com gás cloro (chlorination) é um processo de modificação aplicado à farinhas de trigo para utilização na produção de bolos com altas quantidades de açúcar e líquidos (bolo high ratio), melhorando consideravelmente suas propriedades de panificação e características sensoriais. Porém, o uso do gás cloro para o tratamento da farinha não é considerado seguro e outras formas de modificação têm sido testadas para a substituição da cloração, sendo que o processo mais avaliado tem sido o tratamento térmico da farinha de trigo. A quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) é um pseudo-cereal da família das Amaranthaceae, que apresenta um potencial agronômico importante, sendo uma das fontes mais ricas de proteína entre os grãos, com altos níveis de lisina e metionina. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados: (i) o tratamento térmico de duas farinhas de trigo com diferentes forças de glúten (designadas pelas letras A e B) e misturas destas com farinha de quinoa (10, 20 e 30%, em peso) e (ii) a viabilidade de sua aplicação na produção de bolos high ratio tipo pão de ló, visando melhoria das suas propriedades tecnológicas e agregando-lhes valor nutricional. Inicialmente, as farinhas de trigo utilizadas, farinha de quinoa e suas misturas foram analisadas quanto às suas características químicas e reológicas. Foram utilizadas duas farinhas com força de glúten diferentes com o intuito de se avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico em matérias-primas com qualidades tecnológicas distintas. Posteriormente, testes exploratórios foram conduzidos para definir o tipo de equipamento mais adequado (extrusor termoplástico ou forno de convecção) para ser utilizado na execução dos tratamentos térmicos. Estas farinhas tratadas foram aplicadas em pão de ló e comparadas com as farinhas A e B sem tratamento e farinha padrão (farinha comercial tratada termicamente). Para avaliar o efeito do processo térmico nas propriedades tecnológicas das farinhas de trigo utilizadas (A e B), foram realizados dois planejamentos experimentais aplicados à metodologia de superfície de resposta. Um terceiro experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do tratamento térmico nas propriedades das misturas de farinha de trigo (A e B) e farinha de quinoa (10%, 20% e 30%, em peso). As farinhas foram aplicadas em bolo high ratio tipo pão de ló e comparadas com as farinhas padrão e sem tratamento (A e B). Os resultados do planejamento experimental aplicado à metodologia de superfície de resposta para a farinha de trigo pura (A e B) não permitiram a obtenção de um modelo, indicando que não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos térmicos nas faixas de variáveis independentes estudadas (tempo e temperatura de tratamento e umidade da farinha). Aplicando teste de Tukey, os tratamentos com melhor resultado de peso específico da massa, altura do bolo e dureza instrumental foram escolhidos para teste de substituição parcial da farinha de trigo por farinha de quinoa em dosagens de 10, 20 e 30%. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para o peso específico da massa, porém a variação não interferiu na altura do bolo. Tanto o volume quanto o encolhimento lateral do pão de ló não foram afetados pelo tratamento térmico e inclusão de farinha de quinoa. A inclusão de quinoa diminuiu a dureza do miolo para a farinha B. Esta resposta não foi afetada pelo tratamento térmico. A cor do miolo escureceu conforme o aumento da concentração da farinha de quinoa em substituição à farinha de trigo, porém não houve diferença entre as farinhas de trigo puras tratadas e sem tratamento. A estrutura do miolo apresentou tendência a permanecer mais aberta com o aumento da quantidade de farinha de quinoa incorporada / Abstract: Chlorination is a process applied to wheat flour to produce modified flour that is used in cakes with high levels of sugar and liquids, improving their baking properties and sensorial characteristics. However, the use of chlorine gas for flour modification is not considered safe and alternative treatments have been tested to replace chlorination. Among the options, heat treated wheat flour has been used very often as an alternative to clorination. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudo-cereal from the Amaranthaceae family, with an important agronomic potencial. It is one of the most rich sources of protein among grains, with high lysine and methionine levels. This work evaluated: (i) the heat treatment of two wheat flour types with different gluten strength (designated of A and B) and their blends with quinoa flour (10, 20 and 30%, per weigh) and (ii) the viability of their application in sponge cake production, to improve its technological properties and nutritional value First, the wheat and quinoa flour and their blends were analysed regarding chemical and reological characteristics. Two wheat flour types with different gluten strength were tested to evaluate the heat treatment effects in raw materials with distinct technological properties. Next, tests were conducted to define the most appropriate equipment (termoplastic extruder or convection oven) to make the thermal treatments. These treated flours were used in a sponge cake recipe and compared with non treated A and B flours and with a standard wheat flour (heat treated commercial flour). To evaluate the thermal process effects in wheat flours (A and B) technological properties, two experiments were conducted using a response surface methodology. Another experiment was carried out to verify the heat treatment effects in wheat flour (A and B) and quinoa flour mixtures (10%, 20% and 30%, per weigh). The treated flours were used in a sponge cake recipe and compared with non treated A and B flours and with a standard wheat flour. The results of the experiments based on the response surface methodology for the pure wheat flours have not validated any statistically significant model. They showed that there was no difference between the processes for the variables considered (treatment time, temperature and wheat flour moisture content). Thus, we have resorted Tukey tests to discriminate the treatments with best results of batter density, cake heigh and crumb hardness. The selected treatments where used in additional tests were the wheat flour was replaced by quinoa flour in percentages of 10, 20 and 30%. There were differences between the treatments regarding batter density, but this variation did not change the sponge cake height. It was concluded that the thermal treatment and quinoa flour adding did not interfere in cake height and lateral shrinkage. Quinoa flour inclusion resulted in a crumb hardness decrease for wheat flour B. This response did not change between treated and non treated wheat flour. The cake crumb became dark as the quinoa flour percentage raised, but there was no difference between treated and non treated wheat flours. The crumb grain was more open in sponge cakes with higher amount of quinoa flour / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Ces travaux portent sur l’étude du transfert de l’arôme viennoiserie encapsulé dans une matrice constituée du mélange gomme acacia – maltodextrines et incorporé dans une génoise emballée (plastiques et papier), dans des conditions contrôlées de stockage (humidité relative et température). Le procédé d’encapsulation utilisé dans cette étude est la lyophilisation. Les propriétés physicochimiques des molécules volatiles influencent leur rétention. Ainsi, les molécules hydrophobes à haut poids moléculaire sont mieux conservées dans ce système. L’incorporation de capsules d’arômes dans les génoises influence leurs propriétés physiques (la couleur et la texture) et favorise la formation d’une croûte pouvant jouer un rôle barrière sur les transferts d’arômes. Au cours du stockage des génoises emballées, l’apport positif de l’encapsulation sur la rétention des arômes a été révélé. Le type d’emballage peut influencer la perte en composés d’arôme dans l’espace de tête génoise – emballage. Ainsi, les emballages plastiques offrent une meilleure conservation des molécules volatiles par rapport aux papiers traités / This study deals with transfer of viennoiserie aroma encapsulated in a acacia gum - maltodextrines matrix and incorporated in a packaged sponge cake (plastic and treated-paper), under controlled storage conditions (temperature and relative humidity). The process of encapsulation used in this work is freeze-drying. The physicochemical properties of the volatiles molecules influence their retention in the matrix. Thus, the hydrophobic molecules with high molecular weight are more retained. The incorporation of capsules in the sponge cake matrix influences the physical properties of food matrix (color and texture) and supports the formation of a crust which acts as a barrier in the flavour transfer. It was noted that encapsulation contributed in retaining flavour compounds during the storage of packaged sponge cake. Also, the type of packaging can influence the loss of flavour in the headspace between sponge cake and packaging. Indeed, plastic packaging offers a better conservation of volatiles molecules compared to treated-papers

Phenolic compounds have attracted much attention due to numerous health benefits, including high antioxidant properties, reduced risk of cancer, and inhibition of digestive enzymes. Recent research has suggested that different phenolic compounds may interact with starch. The first objective was to investigate the effect of green or black tea extracts on hydrolysis of wheat, rice, corn, and potato starches. Cooking starches in the presence of either tea reduced their hydrolysis. Potato starch cooked with black tea was the most effective treatment. Observations suggested that hydrolysis may be affected by interactions and by impact on specific enzymes based on starch structure. The second objective was to determine if similar effect could be observed in product system. Addition of green tea extract to sponge cake significantly reduced in vitro starch digestibility, thus could reduce the expected glycemic index. In addition, significant increases in dietary fibre, resistant starch, and antioxidant properties were observed.

En industrie alimentaire et notamment dans le domaine des produits céréaliers, les ingrédients utilisés et les procédés associés ont des impacts sur les réactions chimiques des constituants ainsi que sur la structure des produits fabriqués. Les réactions peuvent avoir des impacts positifs (arômes, couleur) ou négatifs (développement de composés néoformés potentiellement toxiques). Bien que très étudiées dans des systèmes simplifiés, une meilleure connaissance et maitrise des réactions dans des conditions plus réalistes permettrait de mieux piloter la qualité des produits et de favoriser la balance bénéfices/risques. L’objectif de ce travail était de rendre possible l'étude des réactions dans un milieu solide, certes, simplifié, mais maîtrisé en composition et structure, et fidèle aux procédés de fabrication et à la structure à des produits réels. La génoise a été choisie comme produit de référence.La première étape a consisté à développer un produit modèle constituant une base d’étude de la réactivité. Pour cela, une étude des fonctionnalités apportées par chaque ingrédient à chaque étape du procédé de fabrication a permis d’identifier les dérivés de cellulose comme candidats intéressants pour remplacer les ingrédients réactifs (oeuf, sucre et protéines de la farine). Une étude multiéchelles a permis de mieux comprendre l’impact des principales propriétés apportées par les dérivés de cellulose (viscosité à froid, stabilisation des interfaces, gélification à chaud) sur la structuration du produit. Enfin, le produit modèle a été validé comme étant non-réactif vis-à-vis de la réaction de Maillard et de caramélisation.Dans une seconde étape, des composés réactifs (glucose, leucine) ont été réintroduits dans le produit modèle et un suivi cinétique de marqueurs de la réactivité dans les vapeurs et dans le produit a été réalisé au cours de la cuisson. Ainsi, l’enrichissement du modèle en glucose + leucine a permis de suivre le développement de composés typiques de la réaction de Maillard (aldéhydes de Strecker et pyrazines), qui n’apparaissent pas dans le cas où le produit n’est enrichi qu’en glucose, où seuls les composés issus de la caramélisation ont été identifiés. De plus, la modification des conditions de cuisson (température, convection) a permis de mettre en évidence l’impact des transferts thermiques et du séchage sur les voies réactionnelles. Ces résultats ouvrent ainsi la voie à de futures études cinétiques, couplant expérimentation systématique et modélisation. / In the food industry and notably in the field of cereal products, the type of ingredients used and their associated processes have several effects on the structure of the products and on the chemical reactions occurring during the manufacturing process. These reactions could have positive impacts (aroma, color) as well as negative outcomes (formation of potentially toxic compounds). Although being thoroughly studied in model systems, a better understanding of reactions in more realistic conditions would allow to improve the quality of the products. The aim of this work was to enable the study of chemical reactions occurring in a simplified solid system where the composition and structure were controlled while remaining representative regarding the conditions of the processes and the structure of the real product. Sponge cake was chosen as the product of reference.The first step consisted in developing a model product constituting a basis for studying the reactivity. In this regard, a study on new functionalities brought by each ingredient during each step of the manufacture process allowed to identify the cellulose derivatives as candidates to replace the reactive ingredients (eggs, sugar and wheat flour proteins). A multi-scale study allowed to better understand the impact of the main properties brought by the cellulose derivatives (viscosity at cold temperature, interface stabilization, gelation at high temperature) on the structure of the product. Finally, the model product was validated as a non-reactive media regarding the Maillard reaction and the caramelization.In a second step, reactive compounds (glucose and leucine) were placed in the model product and a kinetic monitoring on reaction markers was set up in the vapors and in the matrix during the baking. Thus, the addition of glucose and leucine in the model allowed to follow the formation of typical compounds coming from the Maillard reaction (Strecker’s aldehyde and pyrazines). These compounds did not developed when the model product was only enriched in glucose, whereas compounds generated by the caramelization reaction were identified. Moreover, changes in baking conditions (temperature, convection) allowed to emphasize the impact of heat transfer and drying on reaction pathways. These results pave the way of future kinetic studies, coupling systemic experiment and reaction modelling.