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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Uma abordagem filogeográfica da espécie invasora Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) no Brasil / A phylogeographic approach to the Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) invasion in Brazil

Abreu, Petra Ferronato Gomes de 19 June 2018 (has links)
As invasões biológicas tem alcançado ampla disseminação devido a ações antrópicas em todo o planeta. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), é uma espécie invasora global que vem promovendo grandes danos às culturas agrícolas. Nativa do Sudeste Asiático, D. suzukii recentemente (ano de 2013) invadiu e se dispersou pela América do Sul. Aqui, utilizamos uma abordagem filogeográfica baseada no fragmento do gene COI para explorar a dinâmica de invasão das populações de D. suzukii no Brasil. Identificamos cinco haplotipos e uma diversidade genética moderada nas populações brasileiras, que estão em expansão demográfica e espacial. A AMOVA indicou uma alta estrutura genética entre as populações, o que é parcialmente explicado pela sua origem morfoclimática e história de invasão. D. suzukii expandiu do sul para o sudeste do Brasil, auxiliado pelo transporte de frutas mediado por humanos de região para região. O compartilhamento de haplótipos entre as regiões brasileiras e outras regiões invadidas do mundo sugere um único evento de invasão de D. suzukii no Brasil, originário de áreas previamente invadidas (como América do Norte e Europa). A rápida dispersão geográfica e a grande variedade de frutas atacadas por D. suzukii requerem implementação imediata de estratégias de controle (legais e fitossanitárias) para gerenciar esta praga no Brasil. / Biological invasions have reached large parts of the globe, due to human actions across the planet. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a globally invasive species, always associated with enormous and costly damage to agricultural crops. Native to Southeast Asia, D. suzukii recently (i.e. 2013) invaded and is dispersing through South America. Here, we used a phylogeographic approach based on the COI gene fragment to explore the invasion dynamics of D. suzukii populations in Brazil. We identified five haplotypes and moderate genetic diversity in Brazilian populations, which are undergoing demographic and spatial expansion. The AMOVA indicated a high genetic structure among the populations, which is partially explained by their morphoclimatic origin and invasion history. D. suzukii expanded from southern to southeastern Brazil, aided by human-mediated transport of fruits from region to region. The sharing of haplotypes among Brazilian and other invaded regions of the world suggests a single invasion event of D. suzukii in Brazil, originating from previously invaded areas (e.g., North America and Europe). The rapid geographic dispersal and wide variety of fruits attacked by of D. suzukii require immediate implementation of control strategies (legal and phytosanitary) to manage this pest in Brazil.
2

Uma abordagem filogeográfica da espécie invasora Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) no Brasil / A phylogeographic approach to the Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) invasion in Brazil

Petra Ferronato Gomes de Abreu 19 June 2018 (has links)
As invasões biológicas tem alcançado ampla disseminação devido a ações antrópicas em todo o planeta. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), é uma espécie invasora global que vem promovendo grandes danos às culturas agrícolas. Nativa do Sudeste Asiático, D. suzukii recentemente (ano de 2013) invadiu e se dispersou pela América do Sul. Aqui, utilizamos uma abordagem filogeográfica baseada no fragmento do gene COI para explorar a dinâmica de invasão das populações de D. suzukii no Brasil. Identificamos cinco haplotipos e uma diversidade genética moderada nas populações brasileiras, que estão em expansão demográfica e espacial. A AMOVA indicou uma alta estrutura genética entre as populações, o que é parcialmente explicado pela sua origem morfoclimática e história de invasão. D. suzukii expandiu do sul para o sudeste do Brasil, auxiliado pelo transporte de frutas mediado por humanos de região para região. O compartilhamento de haplótipos entre as regiões brasileiras e outras regiões invadidas do mundo sugere um único evento de invasão de D. suzukii no Brasil, originário de áreas previamente invadidas (como América do Norte e Europa). A rápida dispersão geográfica e a grande variedade de frutas atacadas por D. suzukii requerem implementação imediata de estratégias de controle (legais e fitossanitárias) para gerenciar esta praga no Brasil. / Biological invasions have reached large parts of the globe, due to human actions across the planet. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a globally invasive species, always associated with enormous and costly damage to agricultural crops. Native to Southeast Asia, D. suzukii recently (i.e. 2013) invaded and is dispersing through South America. Here, we used a phylogeographic approach based on the COI gene fragment to explore the invasion dynamics of D. suzukii populations in Brazil. We identified five haplotypes and moderate genetic diversity in Brazilian populations, which are undergoing demographic and spatial expansion. The AMOVA indicated a high genetic structure among the populations, which is partially explained by their morphoclimatic origin and invasion history. D. suzukii expanded from southern to southeastern Brazil, aided by human-mediated transport of fruits from region to region. The sharing of haplotypes among Brazilian and other invaded regions of the world suggests a single invasion event of D. suzukii in Brazil, originating from previously invaded areas (e.g., North America and Europe). The rapid geographic dispersal and wide variety of fruits attacked by of D. suzukii require immediate implementation of control strategies (legal and phytosanitary) to manage this pest in Brazil.
3

Viabilidade ecológica na troca de plantas hospedeiras e metagenômica de endossimbiontes em Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) / Ecological viability in host shift and metagenomics of endosymbionts in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Silva, Isabelle Bueno 09 April 2019 (has links)
O interesse de compreender comportamento de insetos envolvidos em processos de invasão biológica, sobretudo em relação a seus hospedeiros tem aumentado em razão da relevância do assunto para introdução de pragas exóticas em novas áreas. Dentre as espécies de drosofilídeos, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), de origem asiática, tornou-se praga em diversos países por atacar pequenos frutos de tegumento fino, já que dispõe de ovipositor adaptado para essa ação. Por ser inseto polífago, vários estudos têm investigado preferência, atratividade, e atributos que levam a destacar os potenciais hospedeiros da espécie. A despeito de estudos já desenvolvidos, ainda não havia sido verificado se a viabilidade ecológica dessa espécie poderia ser influenciada em condições de troca de frutos hospedeiros. Assim, no presente estudo foram avaliadas variáveis biológicas como fecundidade e período de oviposição, associados ao tempo de sobrevivência quando submetidos à troca de frutos hospedeiros, em particular de framboesa para o morango, bem como os fisiológicos, como a concentração de nutrientes em indivíduos de D. suzukii. Analisou-se também a microbiota associada aos indivíduos utilizados no experimento de troca de frutos, através de metagenômica. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a fecundidade foi significativamente maior na framboesa do que no morango, e entre as gerações que estavam no morango. O período de oviposição foi maior para os insetos que continuaram na framboesa, e a proporção de prole viável foi maior no morango. Além disso, foi visto que a quantidade de ovos está associada ao tempo de sobrevivência no fruto. Os resultados sobre a metagenômica mostraram que apesar de não haver diferença significativa em relação à comunidade de simbiontes nos diferentes tratamentos, ambas as populações e as gerações tiveram alta diversidade e equitabilidade. As populações do sul e sudeste diferem quanto a presença de Wolbachia, indicando que o simbionte está presente apenas nos indivíduos do sudeste. / Understanding the behaviour of insects in a biological invasion context, mainly in relation to their hosts, has become very important, because of the multitude of effects in the community that arise from the introduction of exotic pests in new areas. Within the species of drosofilids, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), became a pest in several countries, attacking small fruits and berries. As it is considered polyphagous, many studies have investigated the preference, attractiveness, and attributes of potential hosts. Thus far, no study has verified if the ecological viability was driven by fruit-host shift. In the present study, we analyse fecundity and oviposition period jointly with survival times of D. suzukii when submitted to fruit shift, in particular from raspberry to strawberry. We also study the effects on physiological attributes, such as the concentration of nutrients in individuals of D. suzukii. It was also analyzed the microbiota associated to these individuals that were used in the host shift experiment, through metagenomics. Our results showed that fecundity was significantly higher in raspberry than in strawberry. The oviposition period was higher for insects that continued in the raspberry, and the proportion of viable offspring was higher in the strawberry. Furthermore, we found that the number of eggs is related to the survival time in the fruit. No significant difference was observed in the macronutrient concentration, indicating that changes in host do not affect this physiological aspect. The metagenomic data showed that although there is no significant difference in relation to the symbiont community in the different treatments, both populations and generations had high diversity and equitability. The Southeast population has Wolbachia symbiont, differing from the south population.
4

Detection of Spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in Indiana blueberry orchards using degree-day models and molecular assays

Zihan Hong (14212145) 09 December 2022 (has links)
<p>  </p> <p>Spotted-wing Drosophila (SWD), <em>Drosophila suzukii</em> (Matsumura), is an economically-important pest of small fruits worldwide. Currently, timing of management is based on morphological identification of adult flies captured in baited monitoring traps; however, distinguishing SWD from other native drosophilids in traps is a time-consuming process that requires magnification. And a degree-day model that could help small fruit growers understand and predict the seasonal activity of this pest has not been developed for Indiana. Due to the low tolerance for maggots in fruit market, most small fruit growers rely on intensive, insecticide applications on a calendar-based schedule without guidance on the activity levels of SWD. </p> <p>A total of 6,051 SWD adults were monitored weekly using commercial Scentry traps at three highbush blueberry orchards during May to August. I applied the published SWD developmental thresholds of 7.2 °C (lower) and 31.5 °C (upper) and the single-sine method to calculate accumulated degree days in the year of 2021 and 2022. A predictive model from two years of data at three locations exhibited an S-shaped curve, with 5%, 25%, and 50% of adults detected at ~907, 1,293, and 1,523 CDD, respectively. By examining infestations in three varieties, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Blueray’, and ‘Elliot’, I found that blueberry infestation rate increased as the trap captures increased. The use of early-ripening highbush blueberry varieties can reduce infestation and regardless of variety, as berries became softer, the number of SWD egg scars in berries increased.</p> <p>DNA-based diagnostic methods, like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), have the potential to improve SWD detection by replacing morphological identification with DNA-based identification. Positive results of the LAMP assay are based on a visible color change from pink to yellow when focal DNA is present. I tested the reliability of LAMP results using SWD DNA and then evaluated the sensitivity of LAMP in discriminating between SWD and two native drosophilids common captured in monitoring traps in Indiana, <em>Drosophila affinis</em> and <em>D. simulans</em>. I found the LAMP assay can quickly and accurately identify SWD with as little as 0.1 ng/μl of DNA. Following optimization, the assay also suggested success in discriminating between SWD and these two native species: it only requires an individual fly, DNA extraction is not necessary. </p> <p>By better predicting seasonal SWD activity and optimizing DNA-based diagnostics for this pest, this study can help improve the timely detection of SWD and the management in small fruit systems. </p>

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