京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19685号 / 工博第4140号 / 新制||工||1639(附属図書館) / 32721 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小森 悟, 教授 中部 主敬, 教授 稲室 隆二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23614号 / 工博第4935号 / 新制||工||1771(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒瀬 良一, 教授 花崎 秀史, 教授 岩井 裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Fuel direct injection represents one of the key turning points in the development of the Diesel engines. The appeal of this solution has been growing thanks to the parallel advancement in the technology of the injection hardware and in the knowledge of the physics involved in the spray formation and combustion. In the present thesis, the effect of partial needle lift and injection rate shaping has been investigated experimentally using a multi-orifice Diesel injector. Injection rate shaping is one of the most attractive alternatives to multiple injection strategies but its implementation has been for long time impeded by technological limitations. A novel direct-acting injector prototype made it possible to carry out the present research: this injector features a mechanical coupling between the nozzle needle and the piezo-stack actuator, allowing a fully flexible control on the nozzle needle movement and enabling partial needle lift as well as the implementation of alternative injection rate shapes typologies. Different optical diagnostics were applied to study the spray development and combustion in a novel continuous flow test chamber that allows an accurate control on a wide range of thermodynamic conditions (up to 1000K and 15MPa). In addition, hydraulic characterization tests were carried out to analyze the fuel flow through the injector nozzle. Partial needle lift has been found to affect the injection event, reducing the mass flow rate (as expected) but also causing a reduction in the effective orifice area and an increase on the spreading angle. Moreover, at this condition, higher hole-to-hole dispersion and flow instabilities were detected. Needle vibrations caused by the needle interactions with fuel flow and by the onset of cavitation in the needle seat are likely the causes of this behavior. Injection rate shaping has a substantial impact on the premixed phase of the combustion and on the location where the ignition takes place. Furthermore, the results proved that the modifications in the internal flow caused by the partial needle lift are reflected on the ignition timing. On the other hand, the analysis of the experimental data through a 1D spray model revealed that an increasing mass flow rate (e.g. ramp or boot injection rate profiles) causes an increase in the fuelair equivalence ratio at the lift-off length and a consequent higher soot formation during the diffusive phase of the combustion. Finally, the wide range of boundary conditions tested in all the experiments served to draw general conclusions about the physics involved in the injection/combustion event and, in some cases, to obtain statistical correlations. / Bardi, M. (2014). PARTIAL NEEDLE LIFT AND INJECTION RATE SHAPE EFFECT ON THE FORMATION AND COMBUSTION OF THE DIESEL SPRAY [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37374

Biomass fast pyrolysis liquid (bio-oil) is a cellulose based alternative fuel with the potential to displace fossil fuels in stationary heat and power applications. To better understand the combustion behavior and emissions of bio-oil, a 10 kW spray burner was designed and constructed. The effect of swirl, atomization quality, ignition source (pilot) energy, air/fuel preheat and equivalence ratio on the stability and emissions of bio-oil spray flames was investigated. A blend of 80% pyrolysis liquid and 20% ethanol by volume was used during the tests and the results were compared to burner operation with diesel. It is important to have good atomization, thorough mixing and high swirl in order to stabilize ignition, promote the burnout of bio-oil and decrease CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. The total amount of primary air and atomizing air that can be used to improve turbulence, mixing, droplet burnout and overall combustion quality is limited by the distillable fraction and narrow lean blow-out limit associated with pyrolysis liquid. Air and fuel preheat are important for reducing hydrocarbon and CO emissions, although subsequent fuel boiling should be avoided in order to maintain flame stability. The NOx produced in bio-oil flames is dominated by the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen. The particulate matter collected during bio-oil combustion is composed of both carbonaceous cenosphere residues and ash. Under good burning conditions, the majority consists of ash. Pilot flame energy and air/fuel preheat have a weak effect on the total particulate matter in the exhaust. Generally, these results suggest that available burner parameters can be adjusted in order to achieve low hydrocarbon, CO and carbonaceous particulate matter emissions when using pyrolysis liquid. Total particulates can be further mitigated by reducing the inherent ash content in bio-oil. Comparative burner tests with diesel reveal much lower emissions for this fuel at most of the operating points considered. This is due to the fully distillable nature, better atomization and improved spray ignition characteristics associated with diesel. Because of its superior volatility, diesel can also operate over a much wider range of primary air and atomizing air flow rates compared to bio-oil.

Biomass fast pyrolysis liquid (bio-oil) is a cellulose based alternative fuel with the potential to displace fossil fuels in stationary heat and power applications. To better understand the combustion behavior and emissions of bio-oil, a 10 kW spray burner was designed and constructed. The effect of swirl, atomization quality, ignition source (pilot) energy, air/fuel preheat and equivalence ratio on the stability and emissions of bio-oil spray flames was investigated. A blend of 80% pyrolysis liquid and 20% ethanol by volume was used during the tests and the results were compared to burner operation with diesel. It is important to have good atomization, thorough mixing and high swirl in order to stabilize ignition, promote the burnout of bio-oil and decrease CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. The total amount of primary air and atomizing air that can be used to improve turbulence, mixing, droplet burnout and overall combustion quality is limited by the distillable fraction and narrow lean blow-out limit associated with pyrolysis liquid. Air and fuel preheat are important for reducing hydrocarbon and CO emissions, although subsequent fuel boiling should be avoided in order to maintain flame stability. The NOx produced in bio-oil flames is dominated by the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen. The particulate matter collected during bio-oil combustion is composed of both carbonaceous cenosphere residues and ash. Under good burning conditions, the majority consists of ash. Pilot flame energy and air/fuel preheat have a weak effect on the total particulate matter in the exhaust. Generally, these results suggest that available burner parameters can be adjusted in order to achieve low hydrocarbon, CO and carbonaceous particulate matter emissions when using pyrolysis liquid. Total particulates can be further mitigated by reducing the inherent ash content in bio-oil. Comparative burner tests with diesel reveal much lower emissions for this fuel at most of the operating points considered. This is due to the fully distillable nature, better atomization and improved spray ignition characteristics associated with diesel. Because of its superior volatility, diesel can also operate over a much wider range of primary air and atomizing air flow rates compared to bio-oil.

Thermoacoustic instabilities in modern high-performance, low-emission gas turbine engines are often observable as large amplitude pressure oscillations and can result in serious performance and structural degradations. These acoustic oscillations can cause oscillations in combustor through-flows and given the right phase conditions, can also drive unsteady heat release. This coupling has the potential to enhance the amplitude of pressure oscillations. To curb the potential harms caused by the existence of thermoacoustic instabilities, recent efforts have focused on the active suppression and even complete control of these instabilities. Intuitively, development of effective active combustion control methodologies is strongly dependent on the knowledge of the onset and sustenance of thermoacoustic instabilities. Specially, non-premixed spray combustion environment pose additional challenges due to the inherent unstable dynamics of sprays. The understanding of the manner in which the combustor acoustics affect the spray characteristics, which in turn result in heat release oscillation, is therefore, of paramount importance. The experimental investigations and the modeling studies conducted towards achieving this knowledge have been presented in this dissertation. Experimental efforts comprise both reacting and non-reacting flow studies. Reacting flow experiments were conducted on a overall lean direct injection, swirl-stabilized combustor rig. The investigations spanned combustor characterization and stability mapping over the operating regime. All experiments were performed under atmospheric pressure condition, which is considered as an obvious first step towards providing valuable insights into more intense processes in actual gas turbine combustors. The onset of thermoacoustic instability and the transition of the combustor to two unstable regimes were investigated via phase-locked chemiluminescence imaging and measurement and phase-locked acoustic characterization. It was found that the onset of the thermoacoustic instability is a function of the energy gain of the system, while the sustenance of instability is due to the in-phase relationship between combustor acoustics and unsteady heat release driven by acoustic oscillations. The presence of non-linearities in the system between combustor acoustic and heat release and also between combustor acoustics and air through-flow were found to exist. The impact of high amplitude limit-cycle pressure on droplet breakdown under very low mean airflow and the localized effects of forced primary fuel modulations on heat release were also investigated. The non-reacting flow experiments were conducted to study the spray behavior under the presence of an acoustic field. An isothermal acoustic rig was specially fabricated, where the pressure oscillations were generated using an acoustic driver. Phase Doppler Anemometry was used to measure the droplet velocities and sizes under varying acoustic forcing conditions and spray feed pressures. Measurements made at different locations in the spray were related to these variations in mean and unsteady inputs. The droplet velocities were found to show a second order response to acoustic forcing with the cut-off frequency equal to the relaxation time corresponding to mean droplet size. It was also found that under acoustic forcing the droplets migrate radially away from the spray centerline and show oscillatory excursions in their movement. Non-reacting flow experiments were also performed using Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry to characterize modulated sprays. Frequency response of droplet diameters were analyzed in the pulsed spray. These pilot experiments were conducted to assess the capability of the system to measure dynamic data. Modeling efforts were undertaken to gain physical insights of spray dynamics under the influence of acoustic forcing and to explain the experimental findings. The radial migration of droplets and their oscillatory movement were validated. The flame characteristics in the two unstable regimes and the transition between them were explained. It was found that under certain acoustic and mean air-flow condition, bands of high droplet densities were formed which resulted in diffusion type group burning of droplets. It was also shown that very high acoustic amplitudes cause secondary breakup of droplets. / Ph. D.

[ES] En los últimos años, las emisiones de hollín provenientes de los motores de combustión interna han recibido más atención debido al impacto negativo que éstas tienen no solo en el ambiente, sino también en la salud del ser humano. Como respuesta, leyes cada vez más estrictas han sido aplicadas impulsando así a la comunidad científica al desarrollo de motores más eficientes en el uso del combustible y por supuesto más limpios en términos de emisiones contaminantes. En este contexto, el modelado computacional ha sido la herramienta utilizada en numerosos esfuerzos que buscan contribuir a mejorar el entendimiento que se tiene sobre los altamente complejos fenómenos que componen el proceso de producción de hollín. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es simular la producción de hollín en chorros Diesel en condiciones de operación típicas de un motor de combustión interna utilizando CFD. La consecución del objetivo de la tesis comprende una evaluación preliminar de la configuración de los distintos modelos para el caso de chorros inertes. En segundo lugar, el estudio detallado de la hipótesis utilizada para caracterizar la estructura de la llama a nivel sub-grid (tomando como base los conceptos well-mixed o flamelet) y del enfoque para tener en cuenta la interacción entre turbulencia y química. Por último, se presentan resultados del modelado de la combustión y producción de hollín para diferentes condiciones de contorno de reactividad y mezcla del chorro utilizando un modelo de hollín de dos ecuaciones. En resumen, el lector encontrará a lo largo de este documento un estudio exhaustivo sobre la combustión y producción de hollín en chorros inyectados con toberas mono-orificio en ambientes quiescentes. De este tipo de chorros, el Spray A y Spray D de la Engine Combustion Network son utilizados como casos de referencia. / [CA] En els últims anys, les emissions de sutge provinents dels motors de combustió interna han rebut més atenció a causa de l'impacte negatiu que aquestes tenen no sols en l'ambient, sinó també en la salut de l'ésser humà. Com a resposta, lleis cada vegada més estrictes han sigut aplicades impulsant així a la comunitat científica al desenvolupament de motors més eficients en l'ús del combustible i per descomptat més nets en termes d'emissions contaminants. En aquest context, el modelatge computacional ha sigut l'eina utilitzada en nombrosos esforços que busquen contribuir a millorar l'enteniment que es té sobre els altament complexos fenòmens que componen el procés de producció de sutge. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és simular la producció de sutge en rolls dièsel en condicions d'operació típiques d'un motor de combustió interna utilitzant CFD. La consecució de l'objectiu de la tesi comprèn una avaluació preliminar de la configuració dels diferents models per al cas de rolls inerts. En segon lloc, l'estudi detallat de la hipòtesi utilitzada per a caracteritzar l'estructura de la flama a nivell sub-grid (prenent com a base els conceptes well-mixed o flamelet) i de l'enfocament per a tindre en compte la interacció entre turbulència i química. Finalment, es presenten resultats del modelatge de la combustió i producció de sutge per a diferents condicions de contorn de reactivitat i mescla del doll utilitzant un model de sutge de dues equacions. En resum, el lector trobarà al llarg d'aquest document un estudi exhaustiu sobre la combustió i producció de sutge en dolls injectats amb toveres mono-orifici en ambients immòbils. D'aquesta mena de dolls, l'Spray A i Spray D de la Engine Combustion Network són utilitzats com a casos de referència. / [EN] Over the past few years, soot emissions from internal combustion engines have gained attention due to its impact on the environment and human health. In response, ever-stricter legislation has been enforced driving the research community toward more fuel-efficient and cleaner engines. Within this context, soot modeling has been the subject of many efforts seeking to contribute to the understanding of the highly complex phenomena that composes the soot production process. This thesis main objective aims at simulating soot production in Diesel sprays under engine-like conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The fulfillment of the thesis main objective entails a preliminary assessment of the inert spray computational setup for validation purposes. Then, a detailed study on the sub-grid flame structure and handling of turbulence-chemistry interaction is reported focusing on well-mixed and flamelet assumptions. Lastly, the study of reactivity and mixing boundary condition variations on combustion and soot production are assessed with a two-equation soot model. In summary, throughout this document the reader will find a comprehensive study of combustion and soot modeling in single-hole nozzle sprays in quiescent environments from which the Spray A and Spray D target conditions from the Engine Combustion Network are the main reference cases. / The respondent wishes to acknowledge the financial support received through Programa de Ayudas de Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID-01-16) and Ayudas para movilidad dentro del Programa para la Formación de Personal investigador 2017 of Universitat Politècnica de València and the Government of Spain through the CHEST Project (TRA2017-89139-C2-1-R). The respondent also wants to express his gratitude to Convergent Science for their kind support in the use of CONVERGE software for performing the CFD simulations. Parts of the work presented in this thesis have been supported in a collaborative framework with research partners at Argonne National Laboratory and their support is greatly acknowledged. / Pachano Prieto, LM. (2020). CFD modeling of combustion and soot production in Diesel sprays [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/142189

Liquid fragmentation phenomenon is explored from both a fundamental (fully resolved) and an engineering (modeled) perspective. The dual objectives compliment each other by providing an avenue to gain further understanding into fundamental processes of atomization as well as to use the newly acquired knowledge to address practical concerns. A compressible five-equation interface model based on a Roe-type scheme for the simulation of material boundaries between immiscible fluids with arbitrary equation of state is developed and validated. The detailed simulation model accounts for surface-tension, viscous, and body-force effects, in addition to acoustic and convective transport. The material interfaces are considered as diffused zones and a mixture model is given for this transition region. The simulation methodology combines a high-resolution discontinuity capturing method with a low-dissipation central scheme resulting in a hybrid approach for the solution of time- and space-accurate interface problems. Several multi-dimensional test cases are considered over a wide range of physical situations involving capillary, viscosity, and gravity effects with simultaneous presence of large viscosity and density ratios. The model is shown to accurately capture interface dynamics as well as to deal with dynamic appearance and disappearance of material boundaries. Simulation of atomization processes and its interaction with the flow field in practical devices is the secondary objective of this study. Three modeling requirements are identified to perform Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of spray combustion in engineering devices. In concurrence with these requirements, LES of an experimental liquid-fueled Lean Direct Injection (LDI) combustor is performed using a subgrid mixing and combustion model. This approach has no adjustable parameters and the entire flow-path through the inlet swirl vanes is resolved. The inclusion of the atomization aspects within LES eliminates the need to specify dispersed-phase size-velocity correlations at the inflow boundary. Kelvin-Helmholtz (or aerodynamic) breakup model by Reitz is adopted for the combustor simulation. Two simulations (with and without breakup) are performed and compared with measurements of Cai et al. Time-averaged velocity prediction comparison for both gas- and liquid-phase with available data show reasonable agreement. The major impact of breakup is on the fuel evaporation in the vicinity of the injector. Further downstream, a wide range of drop sizes are recovered by the breakup simulation and produces similar spray quality as in the no-breakup case.

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