Orientador: José Renato Zanini / Banca: Marconi Batista Teixeira / Banca: Othon Carlos da Cruz / Resumo: A maioria dos catálogos técnicos dos fabricantes não especifica, para as diferentes posições do defletor e pressões de serviço, o perfil radial de distribuição de água de seus aspersores, limitando-se à apresentação de valores de vazão e raio de alcance. Devido a ausência das informações (posição do defletor x pressão de serviço x espaçamento), neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do aspersor NaanDanJain, com bocal de 3,5 mm de diâmetro (cor azul), modelo 435 ½" M, operando com as pressões de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kPa, em cinco posições do defletor de ajuste (30º; 21,4º; 12,8º; 4,2º e 0º). Para a determinação dos parâmetros avaliados utilizou-se o método da malha, e com o auxílio do aplicativo computacional CATCH 3D calculou-se a sobreposição das lâminas de água com oito espaçamentos. A simulação da uniformidade de aplicação de água (CUC e CUD) apresentou melhores resultados para o espaçamento 6 x 6 m nas pressões de 200, 300 e 400 kPa. A utilização da pressão de 100 kPa resultou em menor uniformidade de aplicação para todos os espaçamentos ensaiados, sendo recomendadas pressões superiores a 100 kPa. As diferentes pressões e ângulos do defletor influenciaram o raio de alcance, o perfil de distribuição e a uniformidade de distribuição de água. As diversas combinações de ângulo do defletor e pressão de serviço possibilitaram a utilização do aspersor em diferentes condições operacionais / Abstract: The most of manufacturer technical catalogs do not specify, to the different deflector position and work pressure, the water distribution radial profile of its sprinklers, limiting only the flow values and reach ray values presentation. Due to the lack of information (deflector position vs. work pressure vs. spacing) in this work it was evaluated the performance of the sprinkler NaanDanJain, nozzle with diameter 3.5 mm (blue), model 435 ½" M, working under pressure of 100, 200, 300, and 400 kPa in five deflector adjustment positions (30°, 21.4°, 21.8°, 4.2°, and 0°). To determine the evaluated parameters the mesh method was used, and with the computational application CATCH 3D the water depht overlap was calculated with eight replications. The water application uniformity simulation (CUC and CUD) presented better results to the 6 x 6 m spacing in the 200, 300, and 400 kPa pressures. The 100 kPa pressure use resulted in a lower spraying uniformity to all the evaluated spacing, being, this way, recommended pressures higher than 100 kPa. The different pressures and deflector angles influenced the operation range, the distribution profile, and the water distribution uniformity. The several deflector angle and work pressure combinations allowed use the sprinkle in different operational conditions / Mestre

Two field sites with soil limitations, supported by column and laboratory studies, were used to evaluate spray irrigation as an alternative methodology for onsite wastewater treatment and disposal. The first site was located in Montgomery Co., VA on a Chilhowie soil (very-fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) and the second was located in Alleghany Co., VA on a variant of the Monongahela series (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudult). Secondary pretreatment and disinfection of the effluent was performed before application through a slow rate spray irrigation system to the soil-plant system. Effluent application rates were based on the hydraulic and N assimilative capacities of the soil-plant system. Effluent applications of 1.25 and 2.5 cm wk⁻¹ were examined at both sites. After 20 months of effluent application at the Montgomery Co. site and 12 months of application at the Alleghany Co. site, adequate wastewater renovation was occurring in both sites. Water analyses at the 60 cm depth showed no potential groundwater contamination problems. Significant increases in chloride concentrations and EC measurements in the subsurface waters at both sites along with little or no increases in nitrate, ammonium, or phosphorus levels indicated that the effluent was being renovated as it percolated vertically through the soil profile. Runoff water quality measurements from the spray irrigation sites indicated no serious threat to nearby surface waters. Proper filtration of the sheet flow along with the relatively low loading rates, contributed to the good quality of runoff waters in both winter and summer seasons. Plant tissue analysis indicated that plant uptake of N was a large N sink during the growing season. Denitrification column studies examined the effect of different effluent application frequencies. There were no differences between irrigation frequencies in the amount of nitrous oxide accumulated after 24 h except in columns that were suspected to contain pockets of carbon particulates which contributed to high denitrification activity. Single daily effluent applications produced extended periods of low N₂O emissions, while more frequent effluent applications produced short periods (1-3 h) of rapid N₂O emission rates immediately after effluent applications. The denitrification capacity of the soils was shown to be limited by both C and NO₃-N. Results from the denitrification column studies suggested that there is potential for optimizing N loss in spray irrigation systems by maintaining effluent in the microbially active topsoil through proper effluent application frequencies. Both the field and column studies demonstrated that acceptable renovation of surface applied effluent by slow rate spray irrigation systems on sites with soil limitations can be obtained. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / This research study analyses the market potential for the Floppy Sprinkler irrigation system in the global market. It explores the global irrigation market and its environment to identify the driving forces that influence the industry as well as the potential that Floppy Sprinkler could unleash as a competitor. The researcher assesses the industry value chain to determine the fit and alliance opportunities for Floppy Sprinkler in the value chain. The study further analyses the competitive pressures influencing the competitive environment. Applied research is used in this study to gain a comprehensive understanding of the market. Acknowledged diagnostic models in the field of strategic management were used to guide the study. These included the PESTLE analysis to evaluate the macro-environment of the agriculture sector; the value chain analysis to assess the agricultural industry value chain; Porter’s Five Forces Model to analyse the competitive pressures for Floppy Sprinkler; and the SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The relevant data were collected through both primary and secondary sources. Two questionnaires were designed, the first to industry specialists in the agriculture sector with the purpose to gain insight of the irrigation and agriculture environment; and the second to Floppy Sprinkler irrigation system users, with the purpose to obtain a rating, opinion and relevance of the product in the market. The research disclosed that forces within the macro environment influence the industry significantly. These specifically revolved around climate change, water scarcity, land availability, soil degradation, population growth and changing lifestyles. The value chain analysis revealed that opportunities exist in the agriculture industry to create horizontal and vertical alliances to strengthen Floppy Sprinkler’s position in the market. Competitive pressures in the market include direct competitors of Floppy Sprinkler, as well as the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers. Threat of new entrants and substitute products are not perceived to be immediate competitive pressures for Floppy Sprinkler owing to its cutting-edge technology, which offers a distinctive competitive advantage. Finally, opportunities were identified, which served as recommendations for Floppy Sprinkler in developing its strategy.

Com a necessidade de se promover o uso eficiente da água na agricultura, aprimoramentos e novos desenvolvimentos em equipamentos de irrigação são sempre bem-vindos. Um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento móvel (IRGMO), trata-se da união entre a irrigação por pivô central (irrigação por aspersão) e a irrigação por gotejamento (irrigação localizada). O sistema é constituído por tubos de descida que unem a linha principal do pivô central (aço zincado) com as linhas gotejadoras (polietileno). A vazão em cada ponto de derivação do pivô é calculada em função da vazão dos gotejadores e do número de emissores por metro linear de mangueira. A área é irrigada através do movimento circular do equipamento no campo, que arrasta sobre o terreno e sobre o dossel das plantas as linhas gotejadoras. As vantagens deste sistema híbrido de irrigação é poder utilizar gotejadores de vazão elevada (2 - 12 litros/ hora), o que reduz o risco de entupimento do sistema, assim como, requerer somente 1 a 2 % da quantidade equivalente de metros lineares de tubogotejadores da irrigação localizada fixa sobre o terreno. Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma metodologia de cálculo para o dimensionamento deste novo sistema de irrigação por gotejamento móvel, assim como, desenvolver um software livre de dimensionamento deste sistema. O software foi desenvolvido em Visual Basic 2015, utilizando a interface do Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2015 (Windows). A linguagem de programação segue a metodologia baseada em um conjunto de 44 equações, as quais por meio parâmetros fornecidos pelo usuário possibilitam o dimensionamento do sistema. O resultado foi um software leve, capaz de realizar os cálculos necessários rapidamente, apresentando ao final dimensionamento uma janela com resumo do sistema IRGMO e uma tabela contendo as informações para cada linha de derivação. Os resultados podem ser salvos em um arquivo de texto ou podem ser enviados diretamente ao Microsoft Excel, os parâmetros utilizados pelo usuário podem ser salvos também, dessa forma permitindo que um mesmo dimensionamento possa ser feito várias vezes. Além de apresentar o software desenvolvido, este trabalho apresenta também alguns cenários de dimensionamento. / With the need to promote the efficient use of water in agriculture, enhancements, and new developments in irrigation equipments are always welcome. A mobile drip irrigation system (IRGMO), is the union of center-pivot irrigation (sprinkler irrigation) and drip irrigation (localized irrigation). The system consists of lowering pipes connecting the main line of the central pivot (galvanized steel) with driplines (polyethylene). The flow at each point deriving from the pivot is calculated in function of the flow rate drippers and a number of transmitters per linear meter of hose. The area is irrigated through the circular motion of the equipment in the field which drags on the ground and on the canopy of plants driplines. The advantages of this hybrid system of irrigation is the use of high flow drippers (2-12 liters/hour), which reduces the risk of clogging the system, as well as it requires only 1 to 2% of the equivalent amount of linear meters of irrigation driptubes fixed on the ground. This work aimed to introduce a calculation methodology for the sizing of this new mobile drip irrigation system, as well as, to develop a free software system sizing. The software was developed in Visual Basic 2015, using the interface of Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2015 (Windows). The programming language follows the methodology based on a set of 44 equations, which through user-supplied parameters allows the sizing system. The result was a lightweight application, able to perform the necessary calculations quickly, showing the end sizing a window with a summary of the IRGMO system and a table containing the information for each line. The results can be saved in a text file or sent directly to Microsoft Excel, the parameters used by the user can be saved as well, and thus allowing that an even sizing can be done several times. In addition to introducing the application development, this paper presents also some sizing scenarios.

An estimated two to four million acres of irrigable saline and alkali soils of the United States return very little income to land owners (17,19). Increased needs for forage crops, and the relatively high salt and alkali tolerance of some improved forage species, once established, suggests a way of increasing revenue from some of these lands without costly reclamation.

Suitable areas for subirrigation and sprinkler irrigation were identified in Richelieu and St-Hyacinthe counties. / Land suitable for subirrigation includes uniform sandy textured profiles deeper than 1 m, with hydraulic conductivities greater than 0.5 m/d and lying on a clay layer at approximately 2 m from the surface, and with slopes less than 0.5% and little or no microrelief. / Soils that failed to satisfy the subirrigation criteria and that would most benefit from sprinkler irrigation were identified. These soils had available water holding capacities of less than 7.5 cm per 100 cm of soil. Most of the soils suitable for sprinkler irrigation were shallow sand (50 cm) over clay. / Both the Richelieu and St-Lawrence Rivers could meet the flow demand for the total irrigated area. However, 57% of the subirrigable land is located at more than 20 km from the Richelieu and St-Lawrence and could be more economically supplied by the Yamaska River. The Yamaska River could supply all the subirrigated land in its vicinity (4 900 ha) and part of the land suited for sprinkler irrigation (1 000 ha) 4 out of 5 years. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_as_me_botfca.pdf: 702180 bytes, checksum: 9b5b3a58638e158183f40e7a446f7a49 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O manejo de fertilizantes em agricultura irrigada juntamente com o conhecimento das demandas de nutrientes durante o ciclo das culturas contribuem para uma eficiência da fertirrigação. Frente a essa questão e a escassez de informações sobre a cultura do copo-de-leite colorido (Zantedeschia sp.), o objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a exigência nutricional e acúmulo de nutrientes em duas cultivares de copo-de-leite colorido sob fertirrigação como meio de fornecer subsídios para o manejo nutricional bem como meio de indicar uma referência de fertirrigação à cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na empresa Pro Clone, localizada no município de Holambra – SP. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcela subdividida, com 4 repetições de 10 plantas. As cultivares utilizadas foram Black Magic e Chianti e estabelecido seis épocas de avaliação: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias após o plantio.A fertirrigação foi via microaspersão.Avaliou-se, a cada quatorze dias, a produção de massa seca e a quantidade acumulada de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) nas folhas, tubérculo e raízes.Observou- se que as cultivares apresentaram comportamentos diferentes quanto a massa seca bem como acúmulo de nutrientes,onde a cultivar Black Magic apresentou maior acúmulo de massa seca e maior exigência nutricional em relação a cv. Chianti.As diferenças percentuais de nutrientes acumulados ao final do ciclo entre elas avaliadas foram na seguinte magnitude: 59 % de N, 46 % de S, 44 % de K, 43% de Ca, 38 % de Mg 38 % de Zn, 33% de Mn 22 % de P, 15% de B, 8 % de Cu e 6 % de Fe. O período de maior exigência de macro e micronutrientes para a cv. Black Magic se concentra no período entre 42 e 56 dias após o plantio, sendo para a cv Chianti no período de 42 e 56 para os macronutrientes e 56 e 70 para os micronutrientes... / The fertilizer manegement in irrigated agriculture along the knowledge of nutrients requirements during the crop cycle contribute to the efficiency of fertigation. Faced in this issue and the scarcity of information about calla lily (Zantedeschia sp.), the objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional requirements and nutrient uptake in two cultivars of calla lily under fertigation conditions to providing subsidies for the nutritional management and as a indicating fertigation reference to the crop.The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions at Pro Clone Company, located in the city of Holambra - SP. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with a split plot arrangement and four replicatios.The treatments consisted of cultivars Black Magic and Chianti and established six evaluation periods: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after planting. The fertigation was under micro-sprinkler method.It was evaluated,every fourteen days the dry matter production and nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in leaves, tubers and roots.The results showed different behaviors between cultivars at dry matter and nutrient uptake, where the Black Magic cultivar showed a higher biomass production and greater nutritional requirements in relation to Chianti .The percentage differences of nutrient uptake at the end of the cycle between them were evaluated in the following magnitude: 59 % de N, 46 % de S, 44 % de K, 43% de Ca, 38 % de Mg 38 % de Zn, 33% de Mn 22 % de P, 15% de B, 8 % de Cu and 6 % of Fe. The highest period of macro and micronutrients requirements for cv. Black Magic focuses on the period from 42 to 56 days after planting, and for cv. Chianti from 42 to 56 for macronutrients and 56 to 70 for micronutrients. The amount of nutrients uptake in the plant in both cultivars followed a decreasing order: K > N> Ca > P > S > Mg... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mm_me_botfca.pdf: 900849 bytes, checksum: b2e88cd5648616004973ba24bc12bd4b (MD5) / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar a influência do manejo do solo em suas propriedades físico-hídricas, na distribuição de água no perfil e na produtividade do milho em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO de cerrado, irrigado por aspersão com autopropelido. Foi conduzida na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – UNESP, localizada no Município de Selvíria-MS. A pesquisa teve início no ano agrícola de 1997/1998 com as culturas do milho (Zea mays L.) no verão e do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) no inverno. As culturas de verão e de inverno foram irrigadas por aspersão utilizando-se um autopropelido com uma pressão de serviço de 425 kPa, diâmetro do bocal de 16 mm, com vazão de 20 m3 h-1, cujo raio de alcance máximo era de 30 m. Foram avaliadas as seguintes propriedades físico-hídricas do solo: densidade do solo, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, textura, resistência à penetração, infiltração de água no solo, condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e retenção de água, nas camadas de 0,0-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m. Além disso, realizou-se o monitoramento do teor de água do solo com o uso de tensiômetros. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, no esquema em faixas com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro blocos. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro plantas de cobertura: mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima), milheto (Pennisetum americanum), crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) e guandu (Cajanus cajan) e área com vegetação espontânea (pousio). As subparcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de semeadura direta e convencional (preparo do solo com grade aradora e grade niveladora). Em relação às plantas de cobertura avaliou-se as massas das matérias seca e verde. Quanto à cultura do milho, verificou-se: o rendimento, massa de 100 grãos, número e altura de plantas e teor de macronutrientes nas folhas. De modo geral, concluiu-se que: a melhoria das propriedades físico-hídricas do solo, após cinco anos com o manejo estudado, não ocorreram significativamente; o sistema de semeadura direta apresentou uma maior uniformidade de distribuição de água no perfil do solo e maior produtividade do milho, comparado ao convencional. / The present research had for objective to evaluate the influence of the tillage of the soil in the properties physico-hydrical, in the water distribution in the profile and the maize yield in a RED LATOSOL of cerrado, irrigated for sprinkler with traveller systems. It was carried in the Farm of Education and Research of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira UNESP, located in the City of Selvíria-MS. The research had beginning in the agricultural year of 1997/1998 with the culture of the maize (Zea mays L.) in the summer and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the winter. The culture of summer and winter had been irrigated by sprinkler using traveller systems with pressure of service of 425 kPa, diameter of the nipple of 16 mm, with 20 m3 h-1 outflow, with maximum ray of reach 30 m. The following properties physicohydrical of the soil had been evaluated: bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, texture, resistance to penetration, water infiltration in the soil and hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil and soil water retention at 0.0-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m depth. Moreover, was studied of the soil water content with the use of tensiometers. The completely randomized design with subdivided (split plot block) parcels, with five treatments and four repetitions. The parcels had been constituted by four cover plants: Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum americanum, Crotalaria juncea and Cajanus cajan and area with spontaneous vegetation. Subparcelas had been constituted by no-tillage and conventional tillage (disk plow and disk harrow). In relation to the cover plants the weight dry and green substance was evaluated. How much to the culture of the maize, it was verified the yield, mass of 100 grains, number and height of plants and macronutrients contents in leaf. In general way, one concluded that: the improvement of the properties physico-hydrical of the soil, after five years with the studied handling, had not occurred significantly; the no-tillage presented a bigger uniformity of water distribution in the profile of the soil and greater productivity of the maize, compared with the conventional.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_v_me_ilha.pdf: 462476 bytes, checksum: ae0dd510249aa914a2fba9f8c0a02f9c (MD5) / O acamamento de alguns cultivares de arroz no momento da colheita acarreta perdas significativas na produtividade, além disso, os manejos de água e nitrogênio inadequados em condições de alta tecnologia agravam mais o problema. O uso de reguladores vegetais é uma das alternativas para reduzir o acamamento, entretanto, as informações sobre o assunto são escassas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de doses de etiltrinexapac (zero; 75, 150, 225 e 300 g ha-1 do i.a.) e épocas de aplicação (perfilhamento ativo, entre o perfilhamento ativo e a diferenciação floral e na diferenciação floral) no desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura do arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi desenvolvido no município de Selvíria - MS, durante o ano agrícola de 2006/07. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de 150 g ha-1 de etil-trinexapac no momento da diferenciação floral do arroz cultivar Primavera reduz a altura de plantas, na média 0,40 m em relação às outras duas épocas, com ausência de acamamento; o etil-trinexapac promove maior número de grãos chochos, menor perfilhamento útil, reduzindo a produtividade de grãos em doses acima de 150 g ha-1, quando aplicado no estádio de diferenciação floral e, a aplicação de 75 e 150 g ha-1 de etil-trinexapac em qualquer época não interfere na produtividade de grãos. / The lodging of some rice cultivars at harvest time leads to significant yield losses and, besides this, the inadequate water and nitrogen management when high technology is used may aggravate this problem. The use of plant growth regulators is one of the alternatives for reducing the lodging; however, the information on such subject is not enough. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of ethyl-trinexapac doses (zero, 75, 150, 225 and 300 g ha-1 of the a.i.) and the application periods (at active tillering, between active tillering and floral differentiation and at floral differentiation) on the crops development and yield in non-flooded lands. The experiment was carried out in Selvíria – MS, during the agricultural year of 2006/07. The conclusion was that the application of 150 g ha-1 of ethyl-trinexapac at floral differentiation of the Primavera cultivar reduces the plants’ height, average of 0.40 m when compared to the two other application periods, and leads to lack of lodging; ethyltrinexapac leads to a higher number of dry grains and less useful tillering, reducing the grain yield when the doses are higher than 150 g ha-1 and applied at floral differentiation ; the application of 75 and 150 g ha-1 of ethyl-trinexapac at any of the stages does not influence the grain yield.