Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a common DNA damaging agent. Major DNA lesions, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-(6-4)-pyrimidone (6-4PPs) photoproducts, are carcinogenic and mutagenic. UV induced DNA damage was investigated using a simple electrochemical DNA biosensor based on an ultra-trace graphite electrode (UTGE) and low molecular weight doble-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from salmon sperm. Biosensor was prepared using adsorption of dsDNA on a surface of the UTGE and then used to detect UV-induced DNA damage. Effects of UV radiation were investigated using a combination of several electrochemical technics: square-wave voltammetry (SWV) for direct monitoring of DNA base oxidation and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as non-direct methods, using redox-active indicator [Fe(CN)6]4-/3- . CV and EIS, which allow characterization of electrode surface, were used to optimize preparation of the dsDNA/UTGE biosensor. Prepared dsDNA/UTGE biosensor was exposed to UV radiation using UV lamp with two set wavelengths: UVC of 254 nm and UVA of 365 nm. UVC radiation was used to damage DNA. Relative signal decrease was 50% after 20 minutes of exposure to UVC radiation. UVA radiation was used to compare effects of different types of UV radiation. Obtained...

Sensores de filme de carbono, construídos a partir de resistores com 2 Ω de resistência nominal, foram utilizados para aplicações em áreas de interesse ambiental e farmacêutico sem a modificação prévia de suas superfícies. Através de um tratamento eletroquímico em meio ácido, é possível obter uma faixa de potencial (para ambos os limites anódico e catódico) maior comparado aos eletrodos de carbono convencionalmente utilizados. Devido ao fato dos sensores serem confeccionados em escala industrial na Alemanha, seu custo é muito baixo, tornando possível sua utilização na forma de eletrodos descartáveis. Além disso, são caracterizados por uma grande versatilidade, reprodutibilidade e estabilidade. Para comprovar a viabilidade dos eletrodos de filme de carbono como transdutores voltamétricos, amostras de paraquat foram analisadas em águas de rio e potável. A associação com a voltametria de onda quadrada possibilitou obter um limite de detecção inferior ao limite máximo estabelecido para o herbicida em água potável. Estudos por voltametria cíclica mostraram dois picos para a redução do paraquat, similares aos descritos na literatura. Os sensores de filme de carbono também foram adaptados ao sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo para a determinação amperométrica de paracetamol e de ambroxol em formulações farmacêuticas. Em ambos os estudos, foi possível obter ampla faixa linear de concentração, baixos limites de detecção e sensibilidade elevada. Estudos de repetibilidade com os dois analitos apresentaram desvios padrões relativos de até 3%, comprovando a ausência de efeito de memória. Os resultados obtidos durante as análises em fluxo com os novos sensores amperométricos concordaram com as metodologias descritas nas farmacopéias. Ao longo dos quatro anos de doutoramento também foram desenvolvidos outros estudos, os quais estão descritos nos apêndices desta tese. / Carbon film sensors, built from resistors of 2 Ω nominal resistance, were employed for application in the environment and pharmaceutical fields without previous modification of the electrode surface. When these sensors are electrochemically treated they obtain a wider potential window (both anodic and cathodic regions) than many other forms of carbon. Due to the fact that sensors are produced on industrial scale in Germany, the cost of each unit is very low, a feature that enables the use of these electrodes in disposable form. Moreover, they have great versatibility, reproducibility and stability. To prove the suitability of the carbon film electrodes as voltammetric sensors paraquat samples were analysed in river and drinking water. The association with the square wave voltammetry led to a detection limit below the allowed upper limit for herbicide analysis in drinking water. Previous results with cyclic voltammetry showed two peaks for paraquat reduction, in agreement with the literature data. The carbon film sensors were also adapted to the flow injection analysis system for amperometric determination of acetaminophen and ambroxol in pharmaceutical formulations. It was possible to obtain a wide linear working range, low detection limit and high sensitivity for both analytes. During the repeatabilty studies, acetaminophen and ambroxol showed relative standard desviations lower than 3% without any memory effect. The results obtained with a new amperometric sensor associated to FIA were in good agreement with those recommended by pharmacopoeias. In the appendices of this thesis are described other studies which have been developed for four years of PhD.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T12:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giselle Nathaly Calaca.pdf: 4129912 bytes, checksum: 17ad0dde0faa7762fe24c34e6ffcd471 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The development and validation of analytical methods for quantification of two associations, antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP); and depigmenting agents: kojic acid (AK) and hydroquinone (HQ), using unmodified glassy carbon electrode (ECV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) are described. For the first association, two well defined irreversible oxidation peaks were obtained at 0.96V (SMX) and 1.12V (TMP) in Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 6.0), characterized by diffusion and adsorptive processes, respectively. SWV parameters were optimized by means of 23 Full Factorial Design, and the best analytical signal, in terms of sensitivity and selectivity is obtained at a=30 mV, f=100 s-1 and ΔES=5mV. Under optimized conditions, SWV measurements showed excellent linear response, from 5.5x10-5 to 3.95x10-4 mol L-1 (R=0.9971) and 1.05x10-5 to 1.04x10-4 mol L-1 (R=0.9974) for SMX and TMP, respectively. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 8.52x10-6 mol L-1 and 2.84x10-5 mol L-1 for SMX; and 9.31x10-7 mol L-1 and 3.10x10-6 mol L-1 for TMP, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of these antibiotics in commercial pharmaceutical formulations (tablets, oral suspension and injection), without any sample pretreatment. The obtained results are in good agreement with that obtained by the standard HPLC method at a 95% confidence level. For the second association, the redox peak potentials were completely separated in Mcllvaine buffer solution (pH 8.0), KA exhibits a well-defined irreversible oxidation peak at 0.72V and HQ a quasi-reversible redox peak at 0.08 V and -0.02 V, characterized by adsorptive and diffusional processes, respectively. Under SWV parameters optimized (a= 40 mV, f=40 s-1 and ΔES=1mV) by 23 Full Factorial Design, the calibration curves were obtained in the concentration ranges of 3.5×10-5 to 2.5×10-4 mol L-1 (R= 0.9996) for kojic acid and 1.5×10-5 to 1.6×10-4 mol L-1 (R= 0.9994) for hydroquinone. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 7.84x10-6 mol L-1 and 2.61x10-5 mol L-1 for KA; and 3.71x10-6 mol L-1 and 1.24x10-5 mol L-1 for HQ, respectively. The novel electroanalytical method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, range, accuracy and precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) and successfully applied to the direct simultaneous determination of these bleaching agents in real samples. / O trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de métodos analíticos para quantificação de duas associações, os antibióticos: sulfametoxazol (SMX) e trimetoprima (TMP); e os agentes despigmentantes: ácido kójico (AK) e hidroquinona (HQ), empregando-se eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) não modificado e voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ). Para a primeira associação, dois picos de oxidação irreversíveis em 0,96V (SMX) e 1,12V (TMP) foram observados em tampão Britton–Robinson (pH 6,0), caracterizados por processos difusional e adsortivo, respectivamente. Os parâmetros instrumentais da VOQ foram otimizados por meio de um planejamento fatorial completo 23, sendo a melhor resposta em termos de sensibilidade e seletividade obtida em a=30 mV, f=100 s-1 e ΔES=5mV. Nas condições otimizadas, foram construídas curvas analíticas nos intervalos de concentração de 5,5x10-5 a 3,95x10-4 mol L-1 (R=0,9971) para SMX e 1,05x10-5 a 1,04x10-4 mol L-1 (R=0,9974) para TMP. Os valores de limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ) calculados foram: 8,52x10-6 mol L-1 e 2,84x10-5 mol L-1 para SMX e 9,31x10-7 mol L-1 e 3,10x10-6 mol L-1 para TMP, respectivamente. O método proposto foi aplicado para determinação simultânea dos fármacos em diferentes amostras farmacêuticas (comprimidos, injeção e suspensão oral) sem a necessidade de nenhum tipo de pré-tratamento da amostra. Os resultados obtidos através do método voltamétrico foram comparados aos obtidos pelo método farmacopeico (HPLC) e comprovou-se que não há diferença significativa em um nível de confiança de 95%. Para a segunda associação, nos voltamogramas cíclicos em tampão Mcllvaine (pH=8,0) um pico de oxidação irreversível em +0,7V foi observado para o AK, enquanto que para HQ foi observado um processo quase-reversível, com picos de oxidação em 0,08V e redução em -0,02V, caracterizados por processos adsortivo e difusional, respectivamente. Utilizando-se os parâmetros da VOQ otimizados (a= 40 mV, f= 40 s-1 e ΔES= 1mV), através de um planejamento fatorial completo 23, as curvas de calibração foram obtidas nas faixas de concentração de 3,5×10-5 a 2,5×10-4 mol L-1 (R= 0,9996) para AK e 1,5×10-5 a 1,6×10-4 mol L-1 (R= 0,9994) para HQ. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram: 7,84x10-6 mol L-1 e 2,61x10-5 mol L-1 para AK; e 3,71x10-6 mol L-1 e 1,24x10-5 mol L-1 para HQ, respectivamente. O método voltamétrico desenvolvido foi validado em termos de especificidade, linearidade, faixa de concentração, exatidão e precisão (repetibilidade e precisão intermediária) e aplicado na determinação simultânea dos agentes despigmentantes em amostras de clareadores.

A citricultura, introduzida no Brasil na época da colonização e explorada comercialmente a partir dos anos 30 do século passado, é um setor de grande importância para o agronegócio brasileiro. Atualmente, o Brasil detém 50% da produção mundial de laranja e cerca de 85% de toda exportação mundial, representando uma captação de divisas de cerca de 2,5 bilhões de dólares por ano, devido principalmente à exportação do suco de laranja. Apesar do suco ser o principal produto de exportação da citricultura, vários subprodutos com valor comercial são obtidos durante seu processo de produção, tais como os óleos essenciais cítricos. Esses subprodutos localizam-se na casca da fruta e são obtidos durante o processo de extração do suco de laranja por prensagem a frio. Devido ao uso intensivo de pesticidas na citricultura e que muitas vezes se acumula na casca da fruta é comum à obtenção de óleos essenciais com resíduos de pesticidas, o que reduz seu preço de mercado internacional e limita sua inserção em mercados exigentes como o Europeu, Japonês e Americano, por exemplo. Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de metodologias eletroanalíticas para a determinação de alguns pesticidas amplamente utilizados na citricultura brasileira e que têm sido encontrados nos óleos essenciais produzidos pelas indústrias de processamento. Inicialmente, foram realizados testes para avaliação da eletroatividade de três pesticidas (piridafention, cihexatina e bromopropilato) amplamente utilizados no Brasil, mas que são proibidos na maioria dos países importadores, sendo, portanto, de importância estratégica. Utilizando-se a técnica de voltametria cíclica verificou-se que o piridafention apresenta resposta sobre o eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana (GPU), a cihexatina apresentou eletroatividade sobre o eletrodo de filme de bismuto e o bromopropilato não foi eletroativo nas superfícies eletródicas testadas. Varreduras realizadas com voltametria cíclica mostraram que o piridafention apresenta um pico de redução em -0,80 V (vs. EECS) sobre eletrodo compósito de GPU em meio ácido (tampão Britton-Robinson 0,1 mol L-1) com características de processo irreversível. Em seguida, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia eletroanalítica, utilizando a técnica de voltametria de onda quadrada (SWV), com a otimização do pH da solução (1,0) e demais parâmetros da SWV como a frequência (80 s-1), amplitude do pulso (50 mV) e incremento de varredura (ΔEi = 5 mV). Curvas analíticas foram obtidas no intervalo de 1,46 a 17,1 µmol L-1, apresentando boa linearidade, com coeficiente de determinação (r2) de 0,998. Os limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ) obtidos foram de 0,27 µmol L-1 e 0,92 µmol L-1, respectivamente. A precisão da metodologia desenvolvida foi avaliada por meio da repetibilidade e a reprodutibilidade e a exatidão determinada pelo erro relativo. Os testes de recuperação realizados pelo método de adição de padrão forneceram valores de 98%. A metodologia eletroanalítica desenvolvida para determinação do piridafention foi aplicada em amostras de óleo essencial de laranja, contaminadas com três níveis de concentração 1,5, 2,9 e 5,9 µmol L-1. Foram avaliados quatro procedimentos de extração líquido-líquido, utilizando água Milli-Q como extrator: i) agitação manual da mistura (10 mL de óleo e 10 mL de água) por 4 minutos com repetição do procedimento por 3 vezes; ii) agitação magnética da mistura (5 mL de óleo e 50 mL de água) por 20 minutos em uma única etapa, à temperatura ambiente; iii) agitação magnética da mistura (5 mL de óleo e 50 mL de água) por 20 minutos em uma única etapa, à temperatura de 45°C; iv) agitação da mistura em mesa orbital com tempo de agitação variando de 5 até 180 minutos. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o procedimento utilizando a agitação por mesa orbital (iv), sendo recomendado, portanto, para extração do piridafention em amostras de óleo essencial de laranja. No caso da cihexatina, os testes realizados visando à determinação de uma metodologia eletroanalítica mostraram uma baixa reprodutibilidade do eletrodo filme de bismuto inviabilizando a sua aplicação na eletroanálise da cihexatina. Entretanto, devido à importância da cihexatina e do bromopropilato recomenda-se a realização de mais estudos eletroquímicos com o objetivo de se estabelecer novos métodos de análise. / The citrus production introduced in Brazil during the colonization period and commercially exploited since 1930, is very important for the Brazilian agribusiness. Currently, Brazil is responsible for 50% of the total world citrus production and for about 85% of the citrus world exportation trade, representing an income of about 2.5 billion dollars for the country yearly. The orange juice is the major product of the citrus industry, but other commercially valuable byproducts can be obtained during the manufacturing process, such as the citrus essential oils. These byproduct, located at the orange fruit exocarp, are extracted during the juice production process by cold pressing. Due to the use of pesticides in the citrus production, these agrochemicals can be occasionally presented in extracted essential oil products as unwished residues, which significantly reduce their values in the international market and restrict their insertion in exigent markets as the European, Japanese and North American, for instance. This study aim to develop electroanalytical methodologies for the determination of some pesticides widely employed in the Brazilian citrus production and that has been found in the essential oils produced by the processing industries. Preliminar tests were conducted to evaluate the electroactivity of three pesticides (pyridaphention, cyhexatin and bromopropylate) widely applied in Brazil, but not regulated for use in most of the importing countries. Using the cyclic voltammetry technique, these experiments showed that pyridaphenthion presented a good electrochemical response on the graphite-polyurethane composite electrode (GPU), cyhexatin showed electroactivity on thin bismuth film electrode and bromopropylate was not electroactive on the tested electodes. Studies conducted using cyclic voltammetry showed that pyridaphenthion presents a reduction peak in -0.8 V (vs. ESCE) on GPU in acidic medium (Britton - Robinson buffer 0.1 mol L- 1(BR)) with features of an irreversible process. The electroanalytical methodology for pyridaphenthion analysis was developed using square wave voltammetry (SWV) with optimization of pH (1.0) and the SWV scanning parameters, as pulse frequency (80 s-1), amplitude (50 mV), and increment (ΔEi = 5 mV). An analytical curve was obtained for concentrations ranging from 1.46 a 17.1 µmol L-1, showing good linearity expressed in the determination coefficient (r2) of 0.998. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) obtained were 0.27 µmol L-1 and 0.92 µmol L-1, respectively. The precision was evaluated by means its repeatability and reproductibility, while accuracy was assessed by means relative error. Recovery experiments conducted using the standard addition method provided a concentration recovering level of 98%. The electroanalytical methodology developed for pyridaphenthion was applied in citrus essential oil samples spiked with three concentration levels 1.5, 2.9 and 5.9 µmol L-1. Four liquid-liquid extraction procedures were evaluated using only Milli-Q purified water as extracting agent: i) manual stirring of the mixture (10 mL of essential oil and 10 mL of water) during 4 minutes, repeating the procedure three times; ii) magnetic stirring of the mixture (5 mL of essential oil and 50 mL of water) during 20 minutes, in a single step, at room temperature; iii) magnetic stirring of the mixture (5 mL of essential oil and 50 mL of water) during 20 minutes, in a single step, at 45o C; iv) orbital shaking of the mixture (5 mL of essential oil and 50 mL of water) for different period of times varying from 5 to 180 minutes. The best results were obtained with the procedure using the orbital shaking table (iv), which is, therefore, recommended for extraction of pyridaphention residues in citrus essential oils samples. For the cyhexatin, studies carried out aiming to determine an electroanalytical methodology, showed low reproducibility of the bismuth film, preventing its application in the electroanalysis of cyhexatin. However, due to the importance of these pesticides in citrus essential oils production it is recommended additional studies regarding the electrochemistry and electroanalysis of these chemicals.

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have been shown to be teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic and pose serious threats to the health of aquatic and human life. Several methods have been developed for their determination such as immunoassay, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with fluorescence or absorbance detection. However, these methods are known to manifest underlying disadvantages such as complicated pretreatment, high costs and time consuming processes. In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were in the range of 20-50 nm. The properties of the composite formed upon deposition of the nanoparticles on the PPyox film were investigated by electrochemical methods. The PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE sensor showed strong catalytic activity towards the oxidation of anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene, and was able to simultaneously detect anthracene and phenanthrene in a binary mixture of the two. The catalytic peak currents obtained from square wave voltammetry increased linearly with anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations in the range of 3.0 x 10-6 to 3.56 x 10-4 M,3.3 x 10-5 to 2.83 x 10-4 M, 3.3 x 10-5 to 1.66 x 10-4 M and with detection limits of 0.169 μM, 1.59 μM and 2.70 μM, respectively. The PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE sensor is simple, has antifouling properties and is less time consuming with a response time of 4 s. / South Africa

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are important enzymes for the development of amperometric enzyme linked immunosensors. The selectivity of each enzyme towards its analyte deepens its importance in determining the sensitivity of the resultant immunosensor. In designing immunosensors that have customized transducer surfaces, the incorporation with FAD and iron based enzymes ensures that electron kinetics remains optimal for electrochemical measurement. Various different immobilization strategies are used to produce response signals directly proportional to the concentration of analyte with minimal interferences. The combination of self-assembled monolayers and supramolecular chemistry affords stability and simplicity in immunosensor design. In this work, two electrochemical strategies for the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) is presented. This involves the modification of a gold surface with a thiolated β-cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin polymer (βCDPSH) to form a supramolecular inclusion complex with ferrocene (Fc)-functionalised carboxymethyl cellulose polymer (CMC). Cyclic voltammetry indicated that ferrocene is in close proximity to the electrode surface due to the supramolecular complex formed with βCDPSH. Furthermore, strategy (a) for the detection of hCG used α-antihCG labelled (HRP) as reporter conjugate. Strategy (b) maintained the CMC bifunctionalised with Fc and recognition antibody for hCG hormone. However, the system was functionalised with a HRP enzyme and detection is done by using GOx reporter conjugates for in situ production of hydrogen peroxide. The reduction of H2O2 was used for the amperometric detection of hCG by applying a potential of 200 mV. The sensitivity and limit of detection of both strategies were calculated from calibration plots. For strategy (a) the LOD was found to be 3.7283 ng/mL corresponding to 33.56 mIU/mL and a sensitivity of 0.0914 nA ng-1 mL-1. The corresponding values for strategy (b) are 700 pg/mL (6.3 mIU/mL) and 0.94 nA ng-1 mL-1.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Chemistry) / Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that usually affects the lungs leading to severe coughing, fever and chest pains. It was estimated that over 9.6 million people worldwide developed TB and 1.5 million died from the infectious disease of which 12 % were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the year 2015. In 2016 the statistics increased to a total of 1.7 million people reportedly died from TB with an estimated 10.4 million new cases of TB diagnosed worldwide. The development of the efficient point-of-care systems that are ultra-sensitive, cheap and readily available is essential in order to address and control the spread of the tuberculosis (TB) disease and multidrugresistant tuberculosis.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruno_Regis_Lyrio_Ferraz.PDF: 3015137 bytes, checksum: d479e9335e2f200939b52075f9b84382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Funda??o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / RESUMO Etionamida e pirazinamida s?o antibi?ticos ?teis no tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente. O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e valida??o de metodologias eletroanal?ticas para determina??o de etionamida e pirazinamida em formula??es farmac?uticas e em urina humana empregando um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro e um eletrodo de carbono v?treo modificado comum filme de poli glicina. Durante o desenvolvimento de ambas as metodologias, a voltametria c?clica foi empregada para verificar a influ?ncia do pH, da velocidade de varredura e do eletr?lito suporte no comportamento eletroqu?mico de ambos os analitos, bem como foram calculados os n?meros de pr?tons e el?trons envolvidos em cada uma das rea??es eletroqu?micas. A voltametria de onda quadrada com os par?metros otimizados foi utilizada para construir curvas anal?ticas para a ETO e PZA. Para a ETO foi obtido um intervalo linear de 1,0 a 80,0 ?mol L?1, com LOD e LOQ iguais a 0,294 e 0,980 ?mol L?1, respectivamente. Para a PZA foi obtido um intervalo linear de 0,47 a 6,16 ?mol L?1, com LOD e LOQ iguais a 0,035 e 0,12 ?mol L?1, respectivamente. A precis?o foi avaliada pelo registro de voltamogramas no mesmo dia e em dias diferentes, obtendo-se desvios padr?es relativos, inferiores a 5,0% em ambos os m?todos. Os resultados dos estudos de interferentes mostraram que nenhuma das subst?ncias testadas interferiu de maneira significativa na determina??o de ambos os f?rmacos. Os m?todos desenvolvidos foram comparados estatisticamente com os protocolos oficiais da farmacopeia atrav?s do teste-t e do teste-F, e os resultados mostraram que os valores de t e F calculados foram menores do que os valores de t e F cr?ticos, indicando que n?o houve diferen?a estat?stica entre as m?dias. A exatid?o de ambos os m?todos foi avaliada tamb?m por estudos de adi??o e recupera??o, obtendo-se como resultados percentuais de recupera??o pr?ximos a 100% para ambos os m?todos. A valida??o das metodologias desenvolvidas foi realizada pela avalia??o dos par?metros anal?ticos como sensibilidade, seletividade, limite de detec??o, limite de quantifica??o, faixa linear, exatid?o e precis?o e os resultados obtidos foram satisfat?rios. Portanto, os m?todos desenvolvidos podem ser aplicados com sucesso na determina??o dos f?rmacos ETO e PZA em medicamentos e urina humana. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / ABSTRACT Ethionamide and pyrazinamide antibiotics are useful in the treatment of multidrugresistant tuberculosis. This work describes the development and validation of electroanalytical methodologies for determination of ethionamide and pyrazinamide in pharmaceutical formulation and human urine using boron-doped diamond electrode and poly glycine modified glassy carbon electrode, respectively. During the development of both methodologies, cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the influence of pH, scan rate and the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical behavior of both analytes, as well as the numbers of protons and electrons involved in each of the electrochemical reactions were calculated. Square wave voltammetry with optimized parameters were used to construct standard curves for ETO and PZA. For ETO a linear range from 1.0 to 80.0 ?mol L?1 was obtained with LOD and LOQ equal to 0.294 and 0.980 ?mol L?1, respectively. For PZA a linear range from 0.47 to 6.16 ?mol L?1was obtained with LOD and LOQ equal to 0.035 and 0.12 ?mol L?1, respectively. The precision was evaluated by voltammograms record on the same day and on different days, obtaining relative standard deviation less than 5.0% in both methods. The results of interfering studies showed that none of the tested substance interferes significantly in the determination of both drugs. The developed methods were statistically compared with the pharmacopoeia official protocols through the t-test and F-test, and the results showed that the calculated t and F values were lower than the critical t and F values indicating that there was no statistical difference between the averages. The accuracy of both methods was also evaluated by addition and recovery studies, obtaining results as percentage recovery close to 100% for both methods. The validation of the developed methodologies was carried out by the evaluation of analytical parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, detection limit, quantification limit, linear range, accuracy and precision and the obtained results were satisfactory. Therefore, the developed methods can be applied successfully in the determination of ETO and PZA drugs in pharmaceuticals and human urine.