As a result of the legacy of industrial contamination over the last century, areas of sediment deposition in the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, ON, contain high concentrations of mercury (Hg). The popular sport-fish species, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and walleye (Sander vitreus) have been found to contain mercury concentrations exceeding Ontario Ministry of Environment consumption guidelines. Interestingly, a paradox exists between two contaminated sites – despite elevated sediment Hg concentrations at Zone 2, fish from Zone 1 contain higher Hg concentrations. Further research has indicated that these patterns of Hg were not attributed to growth rate, condition factor, diet composition, or trophic position of yellow perch. Rather, Hg concentrations in yellow perch may be described by the heterogeneity of prey contamination and fish bioenergetics. As a result of the paradox between total Hg (THg) concentrations in sediments and biota between two contaminated sites, it was necessary to examine the benthic invertebrate community and how it may transfer Hg from sediments to yellow perch. This apparent paradox now extends to all prey items, since prey items from the stomach contents of yellow perch caught in Zone 1 were significantly more contaminated than those of Zone 2. Use of δ15N and δ13C, measures of trophic position and energy source, respectively, indicated that prey selection, but not food chain length, may also be an important factor in explaining the variation in Hg burdens in yellow perch. Small-scale patterns of biomagnification, as shown by a comparison of δ15N and logTHg, indicated that the rates of biomagnification were similar among zones, but the amount of THg present at the base of the food web was twice as high at Zone 1 as at other contaminated sites. Overall, the relative importance of vertical and horizontal food web structure changed spatially and temporally, highly influencing THg concentrations of prey items and yellow perch. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-02 08:02:40.26

Food web structure is of underlying importance to ecological functions and processes. Whilst it is understood that a range of biotic and abiotic factors affect structure, relatively little is known of the role of biodiversity per se in structuring food webs. In this thesis I utilise novel multi-dimensional estimates of food web structure based on stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) to quantify structural responses to changing community diversity. I additionally investigate methodological aspects of sample preparation and stable isotope quantifications of food chains. Using an arthropod prey-predator system, in chapter 2 I demonstrate that tissue selection and lipid extraction are important methodological procedures for deriving accurate δ15N and δ13C signatures. In chapter 3 I test the utility of δ15N to quantify food chain length, and δ13C to trace primary energy sources through to end consumers. Bayesian resampling of variance in sample means for plant and arthropod food chains produces robust isotopic estimates that match known food chain length well despite some error variance, and estimates of δ13C-range that trace trophic transfers. Chapter 4 represents a change in system from lab to field as I determine δ15N and δ13C signatures for plant and invertebrate species within three grassland communities representing a gradient of biodiversity. Quantifications of community bivariate isotopic space using isotopic metrics revealed that greater taxonomic richness increased both diversity of resource space exploited and overlap in resource space. These results therefore suggest that loss of diversity affected structure through altering relative patterns of niche partitioning in resource exploitation amongst community members. In chapter 5, I additionally find evidence that grassland management mediated changes in food web compartmental structure that were associated with differences in generalist invertebrate predator feeding habits. Taken together, these findings develop and demonstrate the utility of isotopic approaches to quantifying food web structure, and provide evidence of important mechanisms by which biodiversity affects food web structure. I conclude that the preservation of natural food web structure and trophic dynamics are further reasons for halting loss of biodiversity.

Les tendances spatiales et temporelles du mercure en Arctique ont été étudiées au travers de l’analyse de ce métal dans les tissus durs, i.e. dents et poils, des phoques annelés (Phoca hispida) et des ours polaires (Ursus maritimus). Aucune influence du sexe sur les concentrations n’a été détectée dans les tissus de ces deux espèces alors que l’âge est apparu comme un facteur d’influence important.Deux tendances spatiales ont été observées dans les tissus de ces deux espèces : un premier gradient d’augmentation du mercure de l’Est vers l’Ouest de l’Arctique, i.e. de Svalbard, vers le Groenland et enfin, l’Arctique canadien, et un second du Sud vers le Nord de l’Arctique canadien, résultant très probablement de la minéralogie du socle rocheux, mais aussi potentiellement de facteurs biotiques et abiotiques.Une tendance à l’augmentation des concentrations de mercure a été globalement détectée entre la période préindustrielle et la fin du XXe siècle. Cependant, les variations temporelles associées à la seconde partie du XXe siècle révèlent une augmentation continue dans l’Ouest de l’Arctique et une tendance à la diminution dans l’Est de l’Arctique, cette différence étant probablement liée à des apports distincts des masses d’air atmosphériques à ces deux régions. Par ailleurs, une composante de variabilité climatique pourrait contribuer aux variations observées ces dernières décennies en influençant les habitudes alimentaires de ces prédateurs marins arctiques. Ainsi, les isotopes stables d’azote et de carbone s’avèrent être un outil essentiel à coupler aux études sur les tendances de mercure pour permettre de déterminer la part d’un changement dans le régime alimentaire ou dans les niveaux environnementaux.Cette étude a mis en évidence l’importance des poils comme tissu de monitoring non-invasif et pertinent pour un suivi régulier voire annuel tandis que l’utilisation des dents s’avère être plus adaptée à la reconstruction de tendances sur le long-terme. / The spatial and temporal trends of mercury in the Arctic have been studied through the analysis of this metal in hard tissues, i.e. teeth and hair, in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Sex had no influence on the mercury concentrations while age was a significant factor. Two distinct spatial trends were observed in the tissues of these two species: a first gradient of augmentation from the East to the West of the Arctic, i.e. from Svalbard towards Greenland and the Canadian Arctic, and a second one, from the South to the North of the Canadian Arctic, resulting probably from a combination of the global mineralogy in the Arctic with biotic and abiotic factors. An increasing trend in mercury concentrations has been detected globally between the preindustrial period and the end of the 20th century. However, the temporal trends detected in the second part of the 20th century revealed an increase in the West Arctic while a decrease was observed in the East Arctic. This difference seems to be due to a distinct input of the atmospheric air masses to the two regions. Besides, a climatic variability could contribute to the variations observed these last decennials by influencing the habitat and the feeding habits of the marine predators. Thus, the determination of the stable isotopes seems to be essential to combine to the study of the mercury trends. Finally, this study has showed the importance of hair as a non-invasive and relevant biomonitoring tissue on a regular or annual sampling base, while the use of the teeth seems to be more adequate for reconstructing long-term trends of mercury.