Using a unique panel data set for German grocery prices we find significant price synchronization within food retail chains as well as within individual food stores (between products). Price synchronization between chains appears to be less pronounced. Common shocks can only explain some synchronization, indicating that strategic motives as well as menu costs are of significant importance. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

À partir du récit autobiographique de Dave Eggers, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, notre mémoire entend éclaircir les rapports entre métafiction, écritures de soi et traumatisme. Ce récit publié en 2000 raconte comment, à l'âge de vingt-et-un ans, l'auteur a perdu ses parents, décédés tous deux du cancer à quelques semaines d'intervalle à peine, et relate son expérience de gardien légal de son jeune frère de huit ans. Nous verrons, à l'aide des théories de Patricia Waugh et de Linda Hutcheon, qu'Eggers fait un usage paradoxal de l'autoréférentialité littéraire : si les interventions métafictionnelles au sein de la narration remettent en doute la teneur référentielle de son récit, celles-ci, étrangement, sont conçues de façon à en renforcer la crédibilité. Les écrits de soi entretiennent également certains paradoxes; l'autobiographie, selon Lejeune, ne se définit pas par un rapport de ressemblance à son objet. Au contraire, les inexactitudes du récit constituent la voix autobiographique, c'est-à-dire l'expression personnelle de la vérité subjective de l'auteur; cette voix, qu'investissent entre autres les autofictionnistes se situant dans la lignée de Serge Doubrovsky, est en définitive ce que l'autobiographie offre de plus précieux à la lecture. Le témoignage s'occupe également de la question de la transmission de la vérité. Le témoin, selon Jacques Derrida, se voit dans l'obligation de donner en lieu de son récit une explication de son incapacité à se dire. Mais la transmission n'est pas qu'une question métatextuelle; en effet, comme le souligne Nancy K. Miller, le décès parental implique des questions d'héritage familial. La problématique de la passation ou du rejet de cet héritage constitue généralement le propos du récit de l'orphelin; celui-ci devient un dialogue avec les parents continué par-delà la mort, une consignation à la mémoire de leur apport à sa personnalité en même temps qu'une affirmation de son autonomie. En définitive, si Eggers exploite systématiquement ces caractéristiques de la métafiction et des écritures de soi qui sont propices à nourrir des dynamiques paradoxales, cette obsession prend ultimement racine dans le traumatisme tel que le conçoit la théorie psychanalytique. Eggers écrit à partir d'un incident traumatique, un événement violent et inattendu auquel la conscience n'était pas préparée et qui, selon Freud, la pousse à mettre en œuvre une compulsion de répétition par laquelle la victime se replonge perpétuellement dans des réitérations de l'événement initial afin de comprendre ce qui en est demeuré incompris. Mais le traumatisme ne peut être reproduit que dans sa nature inattendue, qui le définit; la victime n'apprend donc autre chose que l'existence de cette incompréhension même. C'est cette dynamique circulaire propre à l'événement traumatique qui détermine, selon notre analyse, l'usage paradoxal que fait Eggers des procédés littéraires principaux de son récit. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Eggers Dave, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, Littérature américaine, Métafiction, Postmodernisme, Autobiographie, Autofiction, Témoignage, Traumatisme, Deuil, Référentialité.

This dissertation studies understandings, definitions and uses of truth in autobiography, looking specifically at Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions and Dave Eggers' A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. In order for a text to be considered an autobiography some concept of truthfulness is necessary; however, truth is not always objective and verifiable. Concepts of absolute truth, factual truth, personal truth and essential truth impede a simple understanding of the notion of truth. Furthermore, different circumstances and contexts may affect our understanding and application of concepts of truth. In his autobiography Rousseau claims he will tell the truth as best he can while Eggers states that part of his work is exaggerated or fabricated. Nevertheless, both are classified as autobiographical accounts, thus implicitly claiming that they are representing truths. As some concept of truth is necessary in order for a text to be considered autobiographical, readers' expectations of autobiography will include an expectation of how concepts of truth will be deployed. While readers may accept inadvertent inaccuracies due to faulty memory, deliberate misinformation will not be accepted. Readers expect that the information and events chronicled in the autobiography will be those that best depict the person of the autobiographer. In my dissertation I will look at how Rousseau and Eggers deploy the truth of themselves and their experiences and how this deployment of truth seeks to direct the readers' response to the texts. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Submitted by Evelyn Nunes (evelynmpn@fgvmail.br) on 2010-08-03T23:17:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation.pdf: 770950 bytes, checksum: 602a7a41a940936db41a2d5cfb7f6d3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Virginio Machado(andrea.machado@fgv.br) on 2010-08-04T11:54:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation.pdf: 770950 bytes, checksum: 602a7a41a940936db41a2d5cfb7f6d3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-08-04T18:50:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertation.pdf: 770950 bytes, checksum: 602a7a41a940936db41a2d5cfb7f6d3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-20 / While several models assume that price changes are staggered over time, both theory and empirical evidence are ambiguous. This work attempts to identify the behavior of price setters by analyzing a large Brazilian data set. It is found an evidence of staggering, but the more aggregated the data are, the closer the price changes are to perfect synchronization. The Brazilian economy also presents a heterogeneous frequency and synchronization of price adjustments among product categories, which also vary with the inflation rate. / Apesar de diversos modelos assumirem que os preços não se ajustam sincronizadamente, tanto a evidência empírica quanto a teórica são ambíguas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar o comportamento dos reajustes de preço, analisando uma extensa base de dados brasileira. Foi encontrada uma evidência de escalonamento, mas quanto mais agregado são os dados, mais perto da sincronização perfeita eles estão. A economia brasileira também mostrou um alto grau de heterogeneidade, tanto na frequência quanto na sincronização dos ajustes de preço entre os produtos, as quais ainda variam com a taxa de inflação.

Chirality is a nuclear symmetry which is suggested to occur in nuclei when the total angular momentum of the system has an aplanar orientation [Fra97, Fra01]. It can occur for nuclei with triaxial shape, which have valence protons and neutrons with predominantly particle and hole nature. It is expected that the angular momenta of an odd particle and an odd hole (both occupying high-j orbitals) are aligned predominantly along the short and the long axes of the nucleus respectively, whereas the collective rotation occurs predominantly around the intermediate axis of a triaxially deformed nucleus in order to minimize the total energy of the system. Such symmetry is expected to be exhibited by a pair of degenerate DI = 1 rotational bands, i.e. all properties of the partner bands should be identical. The results suggested that spin independence of the energy staggering parameter S(I ) within two-quasiparticle chiral bands (previously suggested a fingerprint of chirality) is found only if the Coriolis interaction can be completely neglected. However, if the configuration is nonrestricted, the Coriolis interaction is often strong enough to create considerable energy staggering. It was also found that staggering in the intra- and inter-band B(M1) reduced transition probabilities (proposed as another fingerprint of chirality) may be a result of effects other than strongly broken chirality. Therefore, the use of the B(M1) staggering as a fingerprint of strongly broken chiral symmetry seems rather risky, in particular if the phase of the staggering is not checked.

Chirality is a nuclear symmetry which is suggested to occur in nuclei when the total angular momentum of the system has an aplanar orientation [Fra97, Fra01]. It can occur for nuclei with triaxial shape, which have valence protons and neutrons with predominantly particle and hole nature. It is expected that the angular momenta of an odd particle and an odd hole (both occupying high-j orbitals) are aligned predominantly along the short and the long axes of the nucleus respectively, whereas the collective rotation occurs predominantly around the intermediate axis of a triaxially deformed nucleus in order to minimize the total energy of the system. Such symmetry is expected to be exhibited by a pair of degenerate DI = 1 rotational bands, i.e. all properties of the partner bands should be identical. The results suggested that spin independence of the energy staggering parameter S(I ) within two-quasiparticle chiral bands (previously suggested a fingerprint of chirality) is found only if the Coriolis interaction can be completely neglected. However, if the configuration is nonrestricted, the Coriolis interaction is often strong enough to create considerable energy staggering. It was also found that staggering in the intra- and inter-band B(M1) reduced transition probabilities (proposed as another fingerprint of chirality) may be a result of effects other than strongly broken chirality. Therefore, the use of the B(M1) staggering as a fingerprint of strongly broken chiral symmetry seems rather risky, in particular if the phase of the staggering is not checked.

[pt] Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Encaixe de Figuras Planas utilizando a computação gráfica como ferramenta. Além do sistema de edição e encaixe, foi, também, desenvolvido um sub-sistema para o escalonamento automático de figuras. O sistema é todo guiado por menus, com plenas facilidades de correção de erros de entrada. Após a descrição do sistema, são apresentadas algumas saídas gráficas que ilustram a capacidade do programa. Finalmente, apresentam-se algumas conclusões sobre o trabalho, onde são discutidas as vantagens da utilização deste sistema em relação aos métodos tradicionais de encaixe. / [en] A computer graphics system for the nesting of plane figures was developed. The system consists of three programs. The first is for figure drawing and editing. The second is for pattern grading, while the last is for figure nesting. The system is user friendly, guided by menus with many error checking capabilities. Graphical examples are presented following a detailed discussion of the programs.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Chirality is a nuclear symmetry which is suggested to occur in nuclei when the total angular momentum of the system has an aplanar orientation [Fra97, Fra01]. It can occur for nuclei with triaxial shape, which have valence protons and neutrons with predominantly particle and hole nature. It is expected that the angular momenta of an odd particle and an odd hole (both occupying high-j orbitals) are aligned predominantly along the short and the long axes of the nucleus respectively, whereas the collective rotation occurs predominantly around the intermediate axis of a triaxially deformed nucleus in order to minimize the total energy of the system. Such symmetry is expected to be exhibited by a pair of degenerate DI = 1 rotational bands, i.e. all properties of the partner bands should be identical. The results suggested that spin independence of the energy staggering parameter S(I ) within two-quasiparticle chiral bands (previously suggested a fingerprint of chirality) is found only if the Coriolis interaction can be completely neglected. However, if the configuration is nonrestricted, the Coriolis interaction is often strong enough to create considerable energy staggering. It was also found that staggering in the intra- and inter-band B(M1) reduced transition probabilities (proposed as another fingerprint of chirality) may be a result of effects other than strongly broken chirality. Therefore, the use of the B(M1) staggering as a fingerprint of strongly broken chiral symmetry seems rather risky, in particular if the phase of the staggering is not checked. / South Africa