Internally-pH-controlled, phosphate containing and non-phosphate containing Italian bulk starter media were compared to reconstituted nonfat dry milk and commercial bulk starter media for their ability to support the growth and activities of commercially frozen thermophilic lactic acid cultures. Cultures grown in internally-pH-controlled media demonstrated superior acid-production capability. The cheese made from cultures grown in internally-pH-controlled media was comparable to that made from the culture grown in commercial medium. However, the internally-pH-controlled media were not bacteriophage inhibitory, nor were the reconstituted nonfat dry milk or two of the three commercial bulk starter media. Hence, cheese whey and nonfat milk based, low solids, bacteriophage inhibitory bulk starter media were formulated for the cultivation of mixed cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The new media supported the growth of lactobacilli better than the commercial media. Even at low solids levels, the buffering capacities of the new media were comparable to commercial media. Late addition of magnesium hydroxide as a neutralizing agent to commercial as well as experimental bulk starter media resulted in increased growth and improved activities of rod-coccus cultures. The cultures also retained their activities longer under refrigerated storage. Late addition of magnesium hydroxide did not encourage the proliferation of bacteriophages in the growth media. / Graduation date: 1987

No description available.

The effects of starter cultures on short- to medium-chain free fatty acid contents am sensory attributes of different batches of summer sausages were determined. The summer sausages were from range ram mutton, and formulated after grinding to contain 23% fat. Commercial starter cultures from different sources, including Micrococcus varians or Micrococcus species and Lactobacillus plantarum, commercial microbial lipase, an indigenous Micrococcus isolate or encapsulated lactic acid were used to prepare the summer sausages. Three batches were made, each batch receiving six different treatments. Three consumer panels evaluated the sausages for acceptability and a trained screened panel evaluated the products using the flavor profile test. Encapsulated lactic acid treatment significantly improved the sensory acceptability of the sausages. Presence of mutton flavor was not detected in indigenous Micrococcus isolate and L. plantarum treatment. Gas chromatography was used to quantify all short- to medium-chain fatty acids from the sausages. Common fatty acids, C6 through C12, were identified by retention data. Increased C6 and C8 levels due to addition of lipase were associated with increase in mutton and rancidity flavors of the product. The relationships among the level of major fatty acids and the sensory parameters were mostly negative.

Graduation date: 1994

Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009. / Mode of access: Internet. Title from PDF title page; viewed on June 18, 2009. Major professor: Phillip S. Tong, Ph.D. "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Agriculture, with Specialization in Dairy Products Technology." "May 2009." Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-93). Also available on microfiche.

The proteolytic system of Lactococcus lactis starter cultures influences both flavor and the characteristic body and texture of cheese. The ability to further understand and control how different components of this proteolytic system work together to hydrolyze milk proteins would be of immense importance to the dairy industry. The goal of this research was to characterize Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis starter bacteria with varying prt operon compositions by proteinase specificity, aminopeptidase and lipase activities, growth, and influence on cheese flavor. By using a cheese slurry system, a statistical model to predict milk protein hydrolysis patterns was developed. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C20 has five plasmids of 55 (pJK550), 48 (pJK480), 43 (pJK430), 3.7 (pJK037), and 2.1 (pJK021) kilo bases. Two of these plasmids (pJK550 and pJK430) are necessary for full proteolytic capability, i.e., clotting milk in 16 h at 20°C. Plasmid pJK550 codes for a proteinase that catalyses the first step in casein degradation. Plasmid pJK430 codes for an oligopeptide transport system, which further transports peptides across the membrane for bacterial metabolism. Strains were constructed containing twelve different combinations of proteolytic phenotypes, such as Lac+PrtP+Opp+, Lac+PrtP+Opp-, Lac+PrtP-Opp+, Lac+Prt-Opp-, Lac-PrtP+Opp+, Lac-PrtP+Opp-, Lac-Prt-Opp+, and Lac-Prt-Opp-. The proteinase specificities of these strains toward milk proteins were dependent on the genotypes present. Genetically all strains showed a P1-type proteinase. Enzymatically C20 had group g proteinase specificity, whereas the rest of the strains containing the proteinase gene showed mixed group specificity. a a-Casein was only slightly hydrolyzed by all strains. B-Casein had a variable pattern, as did mixed casein and milk. K-Casein hydrolysis showed similar degradation patterns in all strains except CB06, which varied in its profile from the other strains. Sensory evaluation showed that culture had a significant effect on rancidity but not on acidity or bitterness. It also showed that the proteolytic system was associated with lipase activity in these strains. A statistical prediction model was developed that allowed strains to be classified according to their amino acid hydrolysis patterns. Mixed casein solution proved to be the best substrate for this analysis. Relationships among strains were seen more easily with canonical analysis and distance tables than by looking only at amino acid hydrolysis patterns.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Technology: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Cassava, (Manihot esculenta Crantz), is used for the production of a variety of West African foods and ranks fourth in the list of major crops in developing countries after rice, wheat and maize. Gari is one of the most popular foods produced from cassava. Cassava may contain high levels of linamarin, a cyanogenic glucoside, which in its natural state is toxic to man. Therefore, some processing methods that can enhance the detoxification of cassava and lead to the improvement of the quality and hygienic safety of the food are vitally important for less toxic products to be obtained. Quality, safety and acceptability of traditional fermented foods may be improved through the use of starter cultures. There has been a trend recently to isolate wild-type strains from traditional products for use as starter cultures in food fermentation. A total of 74 bacterial strains and 21 yeast strains were isolated from a cassava mash fermentation process in a rural village in Benin, West Africa. These strains were assessed, together with 26 strains isolated at the CSIR from cassava samples sent from Benin previously, for phenotypic and technological properties. Twenty four presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected for further phenotypic, genotypic and technological characterization during a research visit to the BFE (now Max Rubner Institute of Nutrition and Food). After assessment, the strains VE 20, VE 36, VE 65b, VE 77 and VE 82 were chosen for further study as starter cultures. These L. plantarum strains were chosen on the basis of predominance and possession of suitable technological properties. The investigation of this study was complemented by further, similar studies on further Gari isolates in Germany by the BFE. That study was done independently from this study, but both studies served to select potential starter cultures for cassava fermentation for the production of Gari, as this was the common goal of the project. Thus, a wider final selection of potential starter cultures was decided on at the project level and this selection was further tested in fermentation experiments. A total of 17 strains were grown in optimized media in 2 L fermenters. These strains were freeze-dried and thereafter tested in lab-scale cassava mash fermentation trials. xiii The strains performed well in the small scale bucket fermentations. There was a rapid acidification evidenced by the increase in titratable acidity, ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 % at 24 hours, and 1.3 to 1.6 % at 48 hours. The effect of the starter was obvious in that it lowered the pH much faster and to lower levels than the control. It appeared that both the processing and starter culture addition played a role in the removal of cyanide during processing of the cassava into Gari. This was evident from the lower cyanide values obtained for fermentations that included starter cultures. The study also showed that especially the L. plantarum group strains could be produced as starter cultures at lower costs than compared to L. fermentum, W. paramesenteroides or L. mesenteroides strains. Overall the results of this study were crucial for the project in showing that a starter culture which is easy and economical to produce and which has the desired attributes is a feasible possibility for application in the field.

This study sought to investigate the role of the C55 undecaprenol lipid carrier in the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), the effect of exopolysaccharide producing (EPS+) starter cultures on the viscosity of Mozzarella cheese whey, and the possible protective characteristics of capsular EPS against freezing and freeze drying. Efforts to investigate the role of the lipid carrier in EPS production employed pAMbacA, a plasmid that encodes an enterococcallipid kinase that confers bacitracin resistance by increasing intracellular levels of undecaprenol phosphate lipid carrier. Unfortunately, this avenue of study was thwarted by the inability to demonstrate bacA expression in a model dairy lactic acid bacterium, Lactococcus lactis. To study the effect of EPS+ cultures on cheese whey, Mozzarella cheese was made with starters consisting of Lactobacillus helveticus (LH100) paired with one of four Streptococcus thermophilus strains. These strains included a capsular EPS producer (Cps+) MR-1C; a non-exopolysaccharide producing negative mutant (EPS-) of MR-1C, DM10; a ropy EPS producer, MTC360; and a non-EPS producing industrial strain, TA061. Results showed that Mozzarella cheese made with a Cps+ or ropy EPS+ S. thermophilus strain had significantly higher moisture levels than cheese made with non-exopolysaccharide producing (EPS-) streptococci. Melt properties were also better in cheeses with higher moisture. Viscosity measurements of unconcentrated and ultrafiltered (5-fold concentrated) whey showed that ultrafiltered whey from cheeses made with S. thernzophilus MTC360 was significantly higher in viscosity than whey from cheeses made with MR-1C, TA061, or DM10. There was no significant difference in the viscosity of unconcentrated or concentrated whey from cheese made with S. thermophilus MR-1C and cheese made with the commercial starter culture TA061. The results indicated that non-ropy, encapsulated exopolysaccharideproducing S. thermophilus strains can be used to achieve higher cheese moisture levels and to improve the melt properties of Mozzarella cheese without significantly increasing cheese whey viscosity. Finally, S. thermophilus MR-1C and DM10 were subjected to freezing and freeze drying to test for possible protective effects of the capsular exopolysaccharide. Analysis of variance of cell counts taken before and after freezing or freeze drying cycles revealed there was no significant difference between the viability of these strains.

Στο εισαγωγικό μέρος της διατριβής περιγράφονται επιστημονικά δεδομένα για τους λακτοβάκιλλους, τις ζύμες και άλλους προβιοτικούς μικροοργανισμούς, τη χρήση του κεφίρ, τις μεθόδους και τις εφαρμογές της ακινητοποίησης αλλά και της ξήρανσής των μικροοργανισμών στα τρόφιμα. Επίσης, γίνεται αναφορά στις κατηγορίες των τυριών, τις μικροβιολογικές και βιοχημικές μεταβολές κατά την ωρίμανσή τους, τις αρχικές καλλιέργειες που χρησιμοποιούνται καθώς και τη συμβολή τους στην ανάπτυξη του αρώματος. Οι κύριοι στόχοι της διατριβής αυτής είναι η παραγωγή νέων θερμικά ξηρανθεισών αρχικών καλλιεργειών σε ελεύθερη ή/και ακινητοποιημένη μορφή καθώς και η έρευνα για την καταλληλότητα αυτών στην ωρίμανση σκληρών τυριών. Στη συνέχεια της διατριβής μελετήθηκε η παρασκευή σκληρών τυριών με τη χρήση ελεύθερων και ακινητοποιημένων σε καζεΐνη κυττάρων κεφίρ μετά από λυοφιλίωση ή θερμική ξήρανση. Η θερμική ξήρανση του κεφίρ παρουσιάζει οικονομικό πλεονέκτημα έναντι της λυοφιλίωσης και συνέβαλε σημαντικά στην αύξηση της βιωσιμότητας των κυττάρων, στη δημιουργία οπών, στη βελτίωση των οργανοληπτικών χαρακτηριστικών, στη μείωση των παθογόνων και στην αύξηση του χρόνου συντήρησης των τυριών. Παράλληλα, μελετήθηκαν οι μικροβιακοί πληθυσμοί, η οξύτητα καθώς και η συγκέντρωση των σακχάρων και της αιθανόλης στα δείγματα που ωρίμασαν στους 5, 18 και 22 °C. Τα υψηλά ποσοστά βιωσιμότητας των λακτοβακίλλων αποτελούν ένδειξη για τον προβιοτικό χαρακτήρα των τυριών αυτών. Οι παράμετροι αυτές εξετάστηκαν επίσης σε σκληρά τυριά στα οποία προστέθηκε αρχική καλλιέργεια L. casei. Η συγκέντρωση του L. casei επηρέασε τα μικροβιολογικά, χημικά και οργανοληπτικά χαρακτηριστικά των τυριών. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκαν το υδατοδιαλυτό άζωτο και ο συντελεστής ωρίμανσης ώστε να διαπιστωθεί πιθανή επιτάχυνση της ωρίμανσης στα τελικά προϊόντα. Ο βαθμός υγιεινής των τυριών εξετάστηκε με τον προσδιορισμό των κολοβακτηρίων, των εντεροβακτηρίων και των πιθανών σταφυλόκοκκων. Η αύξηση στη συγκέντρωση της αρχικής καλλιέργειας L. casei βελτίωσε τα χημικά και οργανοληπτικά χαρακτηριστικά των τυριών αλλά δεν κατάφερε να αποτρέψει την ανάπτυξη των παθογόνων μικροοργανισμών. Αντίθετα, στα σκληρά τυριά με μεικτή αρχική καλλιέργεια L. bulgaricus ή L. helveticus και K. marxianus τα παθογόνα κολοβακτήρια, εντεροβακτήρια και οι πιθανοί σταφυλόκοκκοι μειώθηκαν σημαντικά. Η προσθήκη των αρχικών καλλιεργειών μετά από θερμική ξήρανση εφαρμόστηκε με επιτυχία σε ανάλατα σκληρά τυριά. Ο χρόνος ζωής και τα οργανοληπτικά χαρακτηριστικά των τυριών βελτιώθηκαν με τη χρήση της αρχικής καλλιέργειας. Η ακινητοποίηση των κυττάρων σε καζεΐνη δεν επηρέασε σημαντικά τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά των τυριών. Μεταξύ των αρχικών καλλιεργειών, τα ελεύθερα κύτταρα κεφίρ έδωσαν τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα. Η παρασκευή των σκληρών τυριών σε πιλοτική κλίμακα ήταν επίσης ένα από τα αντικείμενα της διατριβής. Η αρχική καλλιέργεια που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν κεφίρ μετά από θερμική ξήρανση σε συγκέντρωση 1,0 g/L γάλακτος. Η ωρίμανση των τυριών πραγματοποιήθηκε στους 12 και 18 °C. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η ανάπτυξη και η ξήρανση της αρχικής καλλιέργειας είναι εφικτή σε βιομηχανική κλίμακα και η χρήση της για την παραγωγή σκληρών τυριών δίνει προϊόντα υψηλής ποιότητας. Σε αυτό συνέβαλε η σημαντική μείωση των παθογόνων μικροοργανισμών που εξετάστηκαν. Τα τυριά εμφάνισαν βελτιωμένα οργανοληπτικά χαρακτηριστικά και αύξηση του βαθμού δημιουργίας οπών σε ικανοποιητικούς χρόνους ωρίμανσης. Το τελευταίο κεφάλαιο των αποτελεσμάτων της διατριβής ασχολείται με την επίδραση των αρχικών καλλιεργειών στα πτητικά παραπροϊόντα των τυριών. Η ανάλυση των δειγμάτων με την τεχνική SPME-GC/MS έδειξε ότι η χρήση αρχικής καλλιέργειας αύξησε τον αριθμό και τη συγκέντρωση των κύριων συστατικών που συνεισφέρουν στη δημιουργία του αρώματος και δευτερευόντως της γεύσης των τυριών. Η θερμική ξήρανση της καλλιέργειας έδωσε καλύτερα αποτελέσματα σε σχέση με τη λυοφιλίωση. Σημαντική είναι η αύξηση των πτητικών ενώσεων στα ανάλατα σκληρά τυριά με αρχική καλλιέργεια που εξηγεί και τη μεγαλύτερη βαθμολογία που έλαβαν κατά την οργανοληπτική δοκιμασία. Οι μεικτές λοιπόν αρχικές καλλιέργειες που μελετήθηκαν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν μετά από θερμική ξήρανση για την παραγωγή σκληρών τυριών υψηλής ποιότητας και υγιεινής. Επιπλέον, η εκμετάλλευση του ρυπογόνου τυρογάλακτος για την ανάπτυξη των καλλιεργειών και η εφαρμογή μιας οικονομικά προσιτής μεθόδου ξήρανσης αποτελούν βασικά πλεονεκτήματα της παραγωγικής διαδικασίας σε πιλοτική κλίμακα. Η διατριβή αυτή αποτελεί μια ολοκληρωμένη έρευνα των μικροβιολογικών, χημικών και οργανοληπτικών χαρακτηριστικών στα σκληρά τυριά με τη χρήση θερμικά ξηρανθεισών αρχικών καλλιεργειών. / In the introductory part of this Dissertation, the microbiology and starter culture production of lactobacilli, yeasts, other probiotic microorganisms and kefir are reviewed. Cell immobilization and drying of microorganisms for food production are also reported. Moreover, cheese varieties, microbiological and biochemical changes during ripening of cheeses, starter cultures and their contribution to aroma development are discussed. The aim of the current thesis is the production of new thermally dried starter cultures with free or immobilized cells and their application for the ripening of hard-type cheese. Specifically, the production of cheeses with free and immobilized cells of kefir on casein after freeze-drying or thermal drying were studied. It was found that thermal drying of kefir posseses an economical advantage over freeze-drying and contributes significantly to the extension of shelf life, degree of gas holes and to the improvement of sensory characteristics. Microbial populations, acidity, residual sugars and the ethanol concentration were also determined in the cheese samples ripened at 5, 18 and 22 °C. High viability of lactobacilli shows the probiotic character of these hard-type cheeses. Furthermore, the same parameters were studied in hard-type cheese ripened with L. casei as starter culture. L. casei concentration had a significant effect on the microbiological, chemical and sensory characteristics of cheeses. Water soluble nitrogen and ripening time measurements indicated an acceleration of ripening. Safety and hygiene were determined by measurement of coliforms, enterobacteria and presumptive staphylococci. The increase of starter culture concentration improved chemical and sensory characteristics but pathogens were not inhibited. However, in the case of hard-type cheese using a mixed starter culture of L. bulgaricus or L. helveticus with K. marxianus, pathogens as coliforms, enterobacteria and presumptive staphylococci were significantly reduced. A chapter of this thesis concerns the use of thermally dried starter cultures for the production of unsalted hard-type cheeses. In this case shelf-life and sensory characteristics of the samples were improved by the addition of starter culture. Cell immobilization on casein did not have a significant effect on cheese quality characteristics. The best results were obtained by the use of free cells of kefir starter culture. Scale-up of hard-type cheese production at pilot scale was the final step of this dissertation. In the frame of this chapter, thermally dried kefir at a concentration of 1.0 g/L was used as starter culture and products were ripened at 12 and 18 °C. The results indicate that thermal drying of starter culture is feasible under pilot scale conditions and can be used for products of high quality. Thermal drying of kefir was performed by supplying air of 38 °C on a thin layer of biomass. Pathogen populations were significantly reduced in these products. Cheese samples had improved sensory characteristics and number of eyes in a relatively short ripening time. The last part of the thesis revealed the effect of starter cultures on the major volatiles of cheeses. Sample analysis with SPME-GC/MS technique showed that the addition of starter culture increased the number and the concentration of volatile compounds positively contributing to the aroma of cheeses. Thermal drying of culture gave better results than freeze-drying. The increase of flavor compounds in unsalted hard-type cheeses is important and is confirmed by the high scores that these samples achieved in sensory evaluation. A general conclusion of the thesis is that the mixed starter cultures studied can be successfully used after thermal drying in the ripening of hard-type cheeses. Moreover, the exploitation of whey for starter culture production and the application of the economical and feasible method of thermal drying constitute the main advantages of hard-type cheese production at pilot scale.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of non-O157:H7 STEC, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus in dry fermented sausages. Chorizo and Landjager sausages were inoculated with individual bacterial cocktails and stuffed into natural casings. Temperature, relative humidity, pH, and water activity were monitored through fermentation, drying, and storage. Bacterial counts were determined by serial dilution and plated in triplicates on selective media. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and colony forming units per gram (CFU/g) were observed. Results of the first study validate that contaminated raw materials contribute to pathogen survival and background bacteria outcompeted the starter culture. The pH critical limit of < 5.3 was met but there was no pathogen inhibition. Results from the second study confirm that pH and water activity are not enough to eliminate pathogens when post processing interventions are not used. Critical pH (< 5.3) and water activity (< 0.85) limits were met, but pathogens still survived. In chorizo, non-O157:H7 was recovered through enrichments until the end of the study. In landjager, non-O157:H7 STEC and Salmonella were recovered through enrichments until the end of the study.The studies suggest that sausages produced without post processing interventions are a health risk to consumers.