Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Section 25 of the South African Constitution authorises and sets the limits for two forms of legitimate regulatory interference with property, namely deprivation and expropriation. The focus of this dissertation is on the requirement in section 25(1) that no law may authorise arbitrary deprivation of property. According to the Constitutional Court, deprivation is arbitrary when there is insufficient reason for it. The Court listed a number of factors to consider in determining whether there is a sufficient relationship between the purpose to be achieved by deprivation and the regulatory method chosen to achieve it. The outcome of the arbitrariness question depends on the level of scrutiny applied in a particular case. The level of scrutiny ranges from rationality review to proportionality review. Deprivation that results in an excessively harsh regulatory burden for one or a small group of property owners will probably be substantively arbitrary and in conflict with section 25(1). Courts generally declare unconstitutional regulatory interferences with property rights invalid. However, invalidating legitimate regulatory measures that are otherwise lawful purely because they impose a harsh and excessive burden on some property owners may not always be justified if the regulatory measure fulfils an important regulatory purpose. Invalidating excessive regulatory measures may in some instances also be meaningless and may not constitute appropriate relief in vindicating the affected rights. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the appropriateness of alternative solutions to invalidating otherwise lawful and legitimate but excessive regulatory deprivations of property. The goal is to identify remedies that allow courts to uphold the regulatory measure and simultaneously balance out the excessive regulatory burden it imposes on property owners. One alternative solution is to transform the excessive regulatory measure into expropriation and require the state to pay compensation to the affected owner. This approach is referred to as constructive expropriation. However, in view of the Constitutional Court’s approach to and the wording of section 25 it seems unlikely that it will adopt constructive expropriation as a solution. Another alternative solution is for the legislature to include a statutory provision for compensation in the authorising statute. Examples from German, French, Dutch and Belgian law show that this approach balances out the excessive regulatory burden and allows courts to uphold the otherwise lawful and legitimate but excessive regulatory statute without judicially transforming the deprivation into expropriation. An overview of South African law indicates that there is legislation that includes non-expropriatory compensation provisions. In cases where the regulatory statute does not contain a compensation provision, the courts might consider reading such a duty to pay compensation into the legislation or awarding constitutional damages. In conclusion, it is possible for the state to deprive owners of property in a manner that may result in an excessive regulatory burden being suffered by one or a small group of property owners if the regulatory purpose is necessary in the public interest, provided that the legislature explicitly or implicitly provides for non-expropriatory compensation in the regulatory statute. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Artikel 25 van die Suid Afrikaanse Grondwet magtig en stel grense daar vir twee regmatige vorme van regulerende staatsinmenging met eiendom, naamlik ontneming en onteiening. Die fokus van hierdie proefskrif is op die vereiste in artikel 25(1) dat geen wet arbitrêre ontneming van eiendom mag toelaat nie. Volgens die Grondwetlike Hof is ʼn ontneming arbitrêr as daar nie ʼn voldoende rede daarvoor is nie. Die Hof het faktore gelys wat oorweeg moet word om te bepaal of daar ʼn voldoende verhouding bestaan tussen die doel wat die staat met ontneming van eiendom nastreef en die regulerende maatreël wat vir die doel gebruik word. Die uitkoms van die toets vir arbitrêre ontneming hang af van die hersieningsstandaard wat die howe in ʼn spesifieke geval gebruik. Die standaard wissel van ʼn redelikheidstoets tot ʼn proporsionaliteitstoets. ʼn Ontneming wat ʼn oormatige swaar las op een of ʼn beperkte groep eienaars plaas sal waarskynlik arbitrêr en teenstrydig met artikel 25(1) wees. Die howe se benadering is om ongrondwetlike ontnemings van eiendom ongeldig te verklaar, maar dit is nie altyd geregverdig om toelaatbare en andersins regmatige ontnemings wat ʼn oormatige las op sommige eienaars plaas ongeldig te verklaar nie. Die ongeldigverklaring van wetgewing wat ʼn oormatige ontneming magtig mag soms ook nutteloos wees en nie ʼn gepaste remedie wees om die eienaar se regte te herstel nie. Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om die geskiktheid van alternatiewe oplossings tot die ongeldigverklaring van andersins regmatige maar oormatige ontnemings van eiendom te ondersoek Die doel is om remedies te identifiseer wat die howe toelaat om regulerende ontnemings in stand te hou en terselfdertyd die oormatige las op enkele eienaars uit te balanseer. Een alternatiewe oplossing is om die oormatige ontneming te omskep in onteiening en die staat sodoende te verplig om aan die eienaar vergoeding te betaal. Hierdie benadering staan bekend as konstruktiewe onteiening. Gegewe die Grondwetlike Hof se benadering tot en die bewoording van artikel 25 is dit onwaarskynlik dat die howe konstruktiewe ontneming as ʼn oplossing sal aanvaar. ʼn Ander alternatiewe oplossing is vir die wetgewer om ʼn statutêre bepaling vir vergoeding in die magtigende wetgewing in te voeg. Voorbeelde uit die Duitse, Franse, Nederlandse en Belgiese reg toon aan dat hierdie benadering ʼn oormatige las kan uitbalanseer en die howe toelaat om die andersins geldige en regmatige ontneming in stand te hou sonder om dit in onteiening te omskep. ʼn Oorsig van Suid Afrikaanse reg dui aan dat daar wetgewing bestaan wat wel voorsiening maak vir sodanige vergoeding. In gevalle waar die magtigende wetgewing nie vergoeding voorsien nie kan die howe oorweeg om ʼn vergoedingsplig in die wet in te lees of om grondwetlike vergoeding toe te ken. Hierdie proefskrif kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat dit grondwetlik moontlik is vir die staat om eienaars van eiendom te ontneem op ʼn wyse wat soms daartoe kan lei dat enkele eienaars ʼn oormatige swaar las moet dra, mits die ontneming ʼn belangrike openbare doel dien en die wetgewer uitdruklik of implisiet voorsiening maak vir vergoeding.

Single photons - discrete wavepackets of light - are one of the most fundamental entities in physics. In recent years, the ability to consistently create and manipulate both single photons and pairs of photons has facilitated everything from tests of quantum theory to the implementation of quantum-enhanced precision measurements. These activities all fall within the scope of the rapidly-growing field of quantum information - the exploitation of the properties of quantum states (and specifically their capability to exist in superpositions) to accomplish tasks that would not be possible with classical objects. One stated goal of research in quantum information is to build a device consisting of a network of quantum logic gates that can evaluate quantum algorithms. The photonic implementation of individual logic gates has already been demonstrated. However, partly due to standard methods of preparing single photons, current schemes have severe limitations in terms of scaling up from a single logic gate to multiple concatenated operations. Until now it has not been proven that single photons can be generated in pure and indistinguishable quantum states, something upon which the successful operation of optical quantum logic gates relies. This thesis presents an experimental demonstration of simultaneous generation of almost identical single photons in highly pure states from two independent sources based on parametric downconversion. This is a process of photon pair generation during the passage of a light beam through a nonlinear crystal; one photon from the resulting pair is detected to herald the other. The work herein describes, refines, and implements a technique that minimises the strong quantum correlations usually present within each pair by spectral engineering of the source. This allows the heralded single photons to be in pure states, a property that is confirmed by observing a high-visibility two-photon interference effect without spectral filtering.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ECO - Luciano Liesenberg.pdf: 692474 bytes, checksum: 5165a15913f5888b2817c7fa0b78bef1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-23 / This study aim to analyse the strategies of industrialization with state participation adopted in Brazil and South Korea, as well as evidencing that these strategies have also shown their relevance in developed countries. This theme was adopted to analise the effectiveness of state coordinated actions by promoting the industry despite of its interference on the mechanisms of market. The effectiveness of state interference is assumed to depend on the forms and the quality of the intervention. The first part of the study provides a historical interpretation of state coordenated development processes of industrialization in central economies. The conclusion is that this interference created competitive advantages to this economies, allowing the maintenance of dominant positions in the international trade. The second part ot the study focalize in a comparaty analise of the intervention in Brazil and South Korea. Whith this objective, specific policies were chosen to create a comparative basis: Politics of Financing, Credit and Subsidies; market protection policies, and Foreign Direct Investment incentives and tecnological absorption policies. The efectiveness of this policies was measured by the comparison of macroeconomic aggregates of the two contries. The results evidence that South Korea actieved long-run positive effects, wich provide to the country larger external projection and a more sustainable financial pattern of external indebtedness. External factors also demonstrate significant influence on the adoption and on the result of these politics. In Brazil, despite of the diversificated industrial structure created, the endogenous compound of grouth wasn´t created / Esse trabalho busca analisar as estratégias de industrialização com participação estatal adotadas no Brasil e na Coréia do Sul, bem como evidenciar a existência de experiências históricas dessas estratégias em países centrais. A escolha do tema visa analisar a eficiência de métodos de cooperação entre Estado e indústria. O trabalho assume a hipótese de que a intervenção estatal na alocação de recursos do setor produtivo não possui um componente de ineficiência intrínseco, pois essa depende das formas e da qualidade dessa intervenção. Na primeira parte, foi adotada uma análise histórica de experiências de desenvolvimento industrial com intervenções sobre os mecanismos de mercado. As conclusões dessa análise evidenciam que essas experiências tiveram importância na criação de vantagens competitivas para os países centrais, permitindo a manutenção de posições dominantes no comércio internacional. Na seção seguinte, o trabalho focaliza o estudo das formas dessa intervenção no Brasil e na Coréia do Sul. Para isso foi efetuada uma análise comparativa de políticas setoriais específicas, nas áreas: Política de Financiamento, de Crédito e Subsídios, Política de Proteção de Mercado e Política de incentivo ao Investimento Direto Externo e absorção tecnológica. A mensuração da eficiência dessas políticas foi realizada através de agregados macroeconômicos dos dois países. Os resultados evidenciam que a Coréia do Sul obteve efeitos positivos de longo prazo, que permitiram ao setor industrial do país maior inserção externa e um padrão de financiamento externo sustentável para o país. Fatores externos demonstram também influência significativa sobre a adoção e o resultado dessas políticas. O formato da política econômica adotada no Brasil permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura industrial diversificada, todavia sem o mesmo componente endógeno de crescimento

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2016-10-06T17:41:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSAS MLG 2013.pdf: 1769338 bytes, checksum: 0e1b7429bcf05ce084fb997236bd3649 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2016-10-06T18:44:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSAS MLG 2013.pdf: 1769338 bytes, checksum: 0e1b7429bcf05ce084fb997236bd3649 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T18:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSAS MLG 2013.pdf: 1769338 bytes, checksum: 0e1b7429bcf05ce084fb997236bd3649 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / O tema desta dissertação é A Interferência do Estado nas relações familiares. Adota como marco os princípios constitucionais inseridos na Carta magna de 1988, que influenciaram na adoção de uma nova hermenêutica jurídica no que diz respeito às relações familiares em especial a relação paterno filial. Com a C/F de 1988 houve uma profunda mudança operada no Direito de família, que alterou o seu perfil para o de uma unidade de afeto e de solidariedade, sendo a mesma reconhecida como uma entidade instrumental voltada para priorizar os interesses de seus componentes, em especial os da criança e do adolescente, cujo assentamento passa a ser feito pelo princípio de proteção integral do menor. A supervalorização do afeto pelo Estado definiu o que seria uma relação familiar satisfatória diferenciando-a de outras relações ocorridas na vida cotidiana. Ações pedindo indenizações por dano moral são constantemente impetradas no intuito de condenar os pais abandônicos por responsabilidade civil, expandido a raio da ação estatal no âmbito do direito de família. A supervalorização do afeto pelo legislador nas atuais relações familiares propiciou a que o Estado ampliasse a sua ingerência no seio da família, intervindo numa seara que não é, por suas particularidades, afeita a estas interferências. Com o escopo de sistematização do debate deste tema no estado da arte especializado, bem como na dogmática respectiva, operacionalizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, com auxílio do método lógico-dedutivo. Procedeu-se leituras sucessivas e cruzadas de textos dos especialistas e dos dogmatizadores, registrando-os em fichamentos revisados frequentemente, sobretudo quando do cotejamento de ideias e conceitos contrastantes. Na lide com texto legal, procedeu-se a análise hermenêutica do art. 1.513 do Código Civil em vigor, que consagra o princípio da liberdade ou da não-intervenção na ótica do Direito de Família. Resulta da convergência da revisão de literatura e aplicação da hermenêutica jurídica o reconhecimento de que este princípio mantém relação direta com o princípio da autonomia privada, que também deve existir no âmbito do Direito de Família, evitando assim, uma maior interferência do Estado. Como filtro de seleção de artigos-científicos que adensam a argumentação aqui arrolada, cotejada e construída, usa-se bancos de dados como a Biblioteca Virtual de Revistas Científicas Brasileiras (Scielo), dos quais são arregimentadas e selecionadas produções pertinentes à temática, além do Banco de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES/Domínio Público. / The theme of this dissertation is the State Interference in Family Relationships. It adopts as a landmark the constitutional principles included in the Charter magna 1988 that influenced the adoption of a new legal hermeneutics with regard to family relationships in particular the parental-filial relationship. After the 1988 C/F a profound change was produced in Family Law, which changed the profile of the parental-filial relationship to a unit of affection and solidarity, being recognized as an instrumental entity aimed to prioritize the interests of its constituents, especially those of children and adolescents, whose settlement shall be done by the principle of full protection of the minor. The overvaluation of affection by the State defined what would be a satisfactory familiar relationship, distinguishing it from other relationships that occur in everyday life. Law suits demanding compensation for moral damages are constantly filed, in order to convict alienated parents for civil liability, and expanding the radius of state action within family law. The overvaluation of affection by the legislature on the current family relationships allowed the State to broaden its interference in the family, intervening in a field that is not, in its particulars, accustomed to these interferences. With the scope of discussion systematization on this theme in the art of specialized State, as well as in its respective dogmatic concept, literature searching was supported by aid of logical-deductive method. Successive and crossed readings were carried out on texts of experts and dogmatism thinkers, who recorded them in files frequently reviewed, especially when there is a readback of contrasting ideas and concepts. When dealing with the legal text, hermeneutic analysis was proceeded of article 1513 of the Civil Code in force, which enforces the principle of freedom or non-intervention in the optics of Family Law. Consequence from the convergence of a literature review and application of legal hermeneutics is the recognition that this principle has direct relation to the principle of private autonomy, which must also exist under the Family Law, thus avoiding greater State interference. As a selection filter of scientific articles that deepen this discussion here constructed and checked, databases such as from the Virtual Library of Brazilian Journals (Scielo), from which are collected and selected productions relevant to the topic, besides Bank of Theses and Dissertations from CAPES / Public Domain.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-01T11:10:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Jaqueline Buttow Signorini_Dissertacao.pdf: 2167466 bytes, checksum: 44ac1f22763740668a0805ab6aefcc10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T11:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Jaqueline Buttow Signorini_Dissertacao.pdf: 2167466 bytes, checksum: 44ac1f22763740668a0805ab6aefcc10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Autonomia e liberdade sindical, sua relação com o Estado, a contribuição sindical e a contribuição assistencial chamam a atenção de estudiosos do sindicalismo. Nas discussões ligadas às questões democráticas, é importante analisar os limites da intervenção estatal e as reações do sindicalismo. Esta dissertação procura analisar a liberdade e autonomia sindicais sob perspectivas político/jurídicas, objetivamente, como o Ministério Público do Trabalho (MPT) atua nesta relação na cidade de Pelotas. Há poucos trabalhos relacionados à analise das reações sindicais à ingerência do MPT. O objetivo é compreender as relações na busca por autonomia e liberdade sindical nos sindicatos de Pelotas e as formas de reação desses sindicatos ao papel desempenhado pelo MPT no que tange ao imposto sindical e à contribuição assistencial. A hipótese de que se parte é a de que a atuação do Ministério Público do Trabalho fere a liberdade e autonomia sindicais e que a frágil reação dos sindicatos se deve ao peso da herança coorporativa, que permanece relativamente estável, impedindo sindicatos de reivindicarem liberdade e autonomia efetivas, embora a Constituição Federal de 1988 garanta a livre criação de sindicatos sem autorização prévia e sem interferência no seu funcionamento. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, utilizando análise documental, como a legislação sobre imposto sindical, contribuição assistencial, liberdade e autonomia sindical, atas de reuniões, notificações, ofícios, processos judiciais e processos administrativos, documentos disponibilizados pelos atores envolvidos através de meio eletrônico e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores envolvidos. A dissertação propõe-se a contribuir para um debate mais amplo sobre autonomia e liberdade sindical no Brasil. / Union freedom and autonomy, how it relates with the state and labor union contribution, call for the attention of labor unionism scholars. On the discussions connected to democratic issues it is important to analyze the limits to state intervention and the reactions to labor unionism. This dissertation seeks to analyze union freedom and autonomy under political/legal perspectives, in an objective manner, how the Prosecution Office for Labor, through the creation of the Union Freedom National Coordination, acts upon this relation in the city of Pelotas (RS, Brazil). Works related to the analysis of union reaction to interference from the Prosecution Office for Labor are scarce. This dissertation’s goal is to understand the relations on the quest for union freedom and autonomy in unions in Pelotas and the ways these unions react to the role played by the Prosecution Office for Labor regarding union taxes and assistance contribution. The hypothesis we start from is that the current action from the Prosecution Office for Labor harms the union freedom and autonomy, and that the unions’ fragile reaction is due to the weight of corporative heritage, which remains relatively stable, preventing unions from claiming true autonomy, although the Federal Constitution of 1988 predicts the free creation of unions without previous authorization or interference in its functioning. The methodology employed is qualitative, using documental analysis, such as the laws on union taxes, assistance contribution, union freedom and autonomy, minutes of meeting, legal and administrative actions, internal documents made available by the involved agents through electronic means and semi structured interviews with the involved agents.

My aim with this essay is to investigate if Australia's approach; implementation of lockdown, vaccine passport and restriction of the right of assembly and the impact on public protest is compatible with John Stuart Mill's harm principle. I found a conflict between the individual freedom and harm to others. One the one hand, to implement restrictions intervenes with the autonomy of an individual; of one’s body, freedom to move around freely and with freedom of speech. But on the other hand, not implementing these restrictions could potentially harm others by letting the virus spread in the society. My interpretation of Mill's harm principle is that liberty originates from the individual as a progressive being, hence I claim that allowing people to live their life as they chose -”experiment of living”, will lead to a better and happier society. I argue that the Australian government's approaches during the Covid 19 pandemic was not compatible with the harm principle’s individualistic core as I claim Australia neglected individual freedom. However, I argue that some restrictions might be compatible to the harm principle if they are proportional, time limited and properly scrutinised.