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The state-owned enterprise is a type of a legal entity which is used in the Czech Republic as an alternative to founding of state-owned joint-stock companies. While the state-owned enterprise serves as a one of the possible ways of managing the state property, it is used to fulfil not only economical tasks, but also other kinds of state interest, such as social or security ones. The legal regulation of the state-owned enterprise recently undergone significant changes in reaction to the recodification of the civil law and the law of commercial corporations. The goal of this thesis called "State-owned enterprise and its property" is to analyse the legal regulation concerning the state-owned enterprise and the management of the state property performed by this legal entity in the context of other influential acts, to pinpoint the shortcomings and problems of the current legal regulation, to evaluate the nature of the state-owned enterprise as a legal entity, to determine the nature of the legal phenomenon of the right to manage the property of state and to evaluate the usefulness of the state-owned enterprise as a separate type of legal entity. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first two chapters deal with the development of the state-owned enterprise as a type of legal entity including...

Currently there are 280 state enterprises registered in the commercial register of the Czech Republic. Although most of them are in liquidation and only few dozen is active, generally their importance lies in the purpose which their activities pursue in today's economic and political system. They operate in specific fields, which tend to be of strategic importance, their activities shall often meet a public interest. In sectors, in which state enterprises operate, they usually occupy very strong positions also due to the scale and type of assets, which they have. The distinctive features of a state enterprise gave rise to many legal questions about its nature. In the recent past, some disputes were resolved by practice whereas other issues are conceptual and can only be changed by changing the legislation. Although the systematic attention of professional public has currently not been dedicated to a state enterprise, increased interest has been noticeable in recent years in respect of particular questions relating to it, such as the issue of public procurement, information providing, or transfer of state enterprise profits to the state budget. The thesis focuses on the specifics of a state enterprise. It tries to describe its characteristics and apply them when solving practical issues which state...

L’occupation sans titre du domaine public génère des préjudices patrimoniaux, financiers et économiques. Ce phénomène empêche donc le propriétaire et le gestionnaire domanial de jouir effectivement de leur domaine et nuit à toute valorisation économique du domaine public en freinant le développement des investissements sur le domaine public. L’occupation sans titre est par ailleurs un phénomène qui dépasse les intérêts du propriétaire et du gestionnaire domanial puisqu’elle est susceptible de faire naître une distorsion de concurrence entre les occupants réguliers et illicites.Alors qu’il est impossible de lutter durablement contre l’occupation sans titre du domaine public en raison de son caractère protéiforme et récurrent, la seule solution pour le propriétaire et le gestionnaire domanial est de gérer efficacement chaque cas d’occupation sans titre.Cette thèse vise à présenter un panel de réponses pouvant s’adapter à la multiplicité et aux spécificités des cas d’occupation sans titre, ces réponses ayant toute pour même objectif de faire cesser ce phénomène. Pour mettre en œuvre des réponses efficaces, il faut tout d’abord connaître le statut juridique de l’occupant sans titre et démontrer que ce phénomène résulte de circonstances diverses susceptibles d’être prises en compte dans la gestion de l’occupation sans titre. Deux types de réponses peuvent ensuite être mises en évidence : une réponse contentieuse, réponse classique à l’occupation sans titre, et une réponse négociée, réponse plus souple et ne nécessitant pas l’intervention du juge. / Untitled occupation of the State property generates patrimonial, financial and economic damages. This phenomenon therefore prevents the owner and manager of the State property from effectively benefitting from their domain and hinders any economic development of the State property by slowing or stopping further investment into the State property. Untitled occupation is also a phenomenon that goes beyond the interests of the owner and manager of the domain since it is likely to create a competitive disadvantage between regular and illegal occupants.While it is impossible to fight untitled occupation of state property in the long term due to its protean and recurrent nature, the only solution for the owner and manager of the domain is to effectively manage each situation of untitled occupancy on a case-by-case basis.This thesis aims to present a series of answers that can be adapted to the multiplicity and specificities of cases of untitled occupation with each having the same objective of ending untitled occupation of the State property. To implement the most effective responses, it is first necessary to know the legal status of the untitled occupier and to demonstrate that this phenomenon results from diverse circumstances that may be taken into account in the management of untitled occupation. Depending on the kind of untitled occupation, two types of responses can then be implemented: a contentious response which is the classic response to occupation without title, or a negotiated response being a more flexible approach requiring no intervention by the judge.

1 Legal and property situation of a state enterprise Abstract This thesis focuses on the evaluation of the current legislation of a state-owned enterprise in the Czech Republic, especially in the light of the last amendment of the State-owned Enterprise Act, which is effective from 1st January 2017. The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the valid legislation and also to evaluate the context with other legal regulations and finally to consider the need to preserve the unique legal form of the state-owned enterprise for the future. This diploma thesis is divided into the five chapters. The first chapter contains the brief characteristics of a state-owned enterprise and the definition of the basic concepts. The second chapter describes the historical development of the legal regulations of enterprises managing the state property from the establishment of Czechoslovakia until the year 1997, since when is effective the current State-owned enterprise Act. The third chapter, in four subchapters, analyzes the valid and effective legal regulations of the state-owned enterprise. The first subchapter is devoted to the company bodies of state-owned enterprises, the second to the subject of business and a purpose for which are the state-owned enterprises formed. The third subchapter is devoted to the...

Název disertační práce v anglickém jazyce, abstrakt v anglickém jazyce a tři klíčová slova v anglickém jazyce Title: Legal aspects of state property management Abstract: When acting in the field of private law, State has the quality of a legal entity. However, State is a legal entity of its own kind. It has an immanent double nature and consequently it doesn't cease to stand on the border of private and public law. The principle of legality doesn't apply to State as a private law actor, which means that it can do even what is not explicitly permitted by the law. On the other hand, State cannot fully exploit autonomy of its will because its legal actions are rigorously predestined by the rules setting clear limits to it. Those limits in form of restrictive dispositions are addressed directly to organizational units of the state and state organizations and their purpose is to ensure efficient and economical management of state property as it is in the public interest. This dissertation aims to analyse the individual elements of property relations of the State. The most important subject in those relations is State itself. Nevertheless State cannot be regarded as one compact and confluent unity. On the contrary, its internal structure is crucial. The effects of internal structure of the State on the property...

This dissertation is the first study in Lithuania to analyse Lithuanian trust of property law. Up to now, no one in legal studies has made any complex academic attempt to examine the genesis of property trust law, to discuss the characteristics of subjects and objects of this property trust law or to identify the most commonly occurring problems. There has been neither any thorough academic study concerning the sub-institutions of property trust law, i.e. the right to hold public property or private property in trust. The aim of the research is to comprehensively and systematically analyse, using foreign examples for comparison, the Lithuanian property trust law model, studying the aforementioned property law both as a coherent institution and as an amalgamation of two legal institutions intended for realisation of public and private ownership respectively. The dissertation also aims to reveal certain theoretical and practical issues and deficiencies in the regulation of property trust law in Lithuania, suggesting ways of filling gaps in Lithuanian law on both public and private property trust cases. / Ši disertacija yra pirmasis tyrimas Lietuvoje, analizuojantis Lietuvos turto patikėjimo teisę. Lietuvos teisės moksle iki šiol nebuvo nei vieno kompleksinio mokslinio bandymo, tirti turto patikėjimo teisės prigimtį, aptarti šios daiktinės teisės objektus, subjektų ypatumus, įvardinti dažniausiai pasitaikančias problemas. Nėra išsamių mokslinių tyrimų ir dėl turto patikėjimo teisės atskirų subinstitutų, t. y. dėl viešojo bei privataus turto patikėjimo teisės. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra išsamiai ir sistemiškai, remiantis užsienio teisės patirtimi, išanalizuoti Lietuvos turto patikėjimo teisės modelį, tiriant minėtą daiktinę tiek kaip vientisą institutą, tiek kaip dviejų teisinių institutų, skirtų viešosios bei privačios nuosavybės įgyvendinimui, samplaiką, atskleidžiant teorines bei praktines turto patikėjimo teisės reglamentavimo Lietuvoje problemas ir trūkumus, pasiūlant teisinio reglamentavimo spragų užpildymo būdus tiek viešojo, tiek privataus turto patikėjimo teisės atvejams.

(Summary) The presented paper focuses on adjusting a state enterprise (state - owned enterprise) as a receding form of public enterprise. It sets upon itself a task of clarification, whether this legal form, which has been dominant in the past, is henceforth suitable for use in the present body of laws. Professional literature was studied to acquire relevant knowledge, legal provisions, judicial decisions, and other documents. State enterprise is a specific legal entity conducting business with national property, which has a unique public function and is supposed to generate net operating income. Its institutor can only be a state, that has a similar status as a sole partner of a business entity. Unlike other legal entities engaging in business, the state enterprise doesn't have a legal capacity to acquire assets for itself, but does acquire assets for the state. It is not liable for state obligations and state is not liable for obligations of the enterprise at the same time. This structure causes problems, because it is not consistent with a current legal rule. The paper examines general characteristics of state enterprise, historical development, effective legal enactment, property status of state enterprise, definition of sphere of authority between a founder and business bodies, and business...

Over the last 20 years the number of state-owned enterprises has been steadily declining. At this point there are only about 40 active state-owned enterprises and even greater number of inactive state-owned enterprises which are currently in phase of liquidation. Despite the slim numbers of active state-owned enterprises their role in economy remains still important especially as way how to participate in business activities with state owned property. State-owned enterprises manage property in value of approximately 170 billion Czech crown and using this property they are able to achieve profit over 7.5 billion Czech crown every year. The most important source of legislation regarding state-owned enterprises is act. No. 77/1997 Coll., state-owned enterprises act, which has been amended eleven times. Very important amendment was act No. 213/2013 Coll. which introduced a mechanism that allows to transfer a part of state-owned enterprise profit to state budget. Nevertheless the most important amendment is act No. 253/2016 Coll. with effect from 01. 01. 2017 which in reaction to recodification of private law in Czech Republic and insufficient regulation of some areas introduces substantial chances. The biggest changes are introduced in the area of disposition with state property. The new amending act...

Propriedades de estado sólido estão diretamente relacionadas ao desempenho de um fármaco. Entre todas as propriedades físicas e químicas dependentes da fase cristalina de um fármaco, estabilidade e solubilidade são as que mais alteram sua biodisponibilidade. Neste sentido, a engenharia de cristais moleculares é uma estratégia para aperfeiçoar as propriedades de estado sólido relacionadas às eficácias dos fármacos. Neste trabalho, nove novas formas cristalinas de fármacos antirretrovirais inibidores nucleosídeos de transcriptase reversa, a saber, lamivudina, zalcitabina e didanosina, foram preparadas e suas estruturas cristalinas foram elucidadas por difração de raios X por monocristal. Parte das modificações cristalinas preparadas foi também caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X por pó, espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho e Raman, calorimetria exploratória diferencial e termogravimetria. As solubilidades aquosas e purezas das modificações cristalinas de lamivudina preparadas como amostras monofásicas foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorvância no ultravioleta e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, respectivamente. A solubilidade de lamivudina nas modificações cristalinas preparadas pode ser tanto aumentada quanto reduzida quando comparada com a solubilidade da fase cristalina do fármaco incorporada em formulações farmacêuticas. As solubilidades foram também correlacionadas às características estruturais e calorimétricas, o que permitiu o estabelecimento de relações entre estrutura/energia de rede cristalina e propriedade de estado sólido. Ainda, duas modificações cristalinas de lamivudina, em que moléculas do fármaco estão pareadas através de seus fragmentos de citosina, sendo estes pares helicoidalmente sobrepostos, mimetizando uma estrutura polimérica de ácido desoxirribonucléico, revelaram que nucleosídeos têm a informação estrutural necessária para arquitetar duplas hélices de ácidos nucléicos. / Solid state properties are directly related to drug performance. Among all physical and chemical properties dependent on the crystal phase of a drug, stability and solubility are the main ones that alter its bioavailability. In this way, molecular crystal engineering is a strategy to improve solid state properties of drugs related to their efficacies. In this work, nine new crystal forms of antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs, namely, lamivudine, zalcitabina and didanosine, were prepared and their crystal structures were elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Some of the prepared crystal modifications were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The water solubilities and purities of the lamivudine crystal modifications prepared as monophasic samples were determined by ultraviolet absorbance spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The solubility of lamivudine in the prepared crystal modifications can be either increased or decreased when compared to the solubility of the drug crystal phase incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations. The solubilities were also correlated to calorimetric and structural features, which allowed the establishment of relationships between crystal lattice energy/structure and solid state property. In addition, two crystal modifications of lamivudine, in which drug molecules are paired through their cytosine fragments, being these pairs helically stacked, mimicking a polymeric structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, have revealed that nucleosides possess the structural information necessary to assemble double stranded helices of nucleic acids.