Propriedades de estado sólido estão diretamente relacionadas ao desempenho de um fármaco. Entre todas as propriedades físicas e químicas dependentes da fase cristalina de um fármaco, estabilidade e solubilidade são as que mais alteram sua biodisponibilidade. Neste sentido, a engenharia de cristais moleculares é uma estratégia para aperfeiçoar as propriedades de estado sólido relacionadas às eficácias dos fármacos. Neste trabalho, nove novas formas cristalinas de fármacos antirretrovirais inibidores nucleosídeos de transcriptase reversa, a saber, lamivudina, zalcitabina e didanosina, foram preparadas e suas estruturas cristalinas foram elucidadas por difração de raios X por monocristal. Parte das modificações cristalinas preparadas foi também caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X por pó, espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho e Raman, calorimetria exploratória diferencial e termogravimetria. As solubilidades aquosas e purezas das modificações cristalinas de lamivudina preparadas como amostras monofásicas foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorvância no ultravioleta e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, respectivamente. A solubilidade de lamivudina nas modificações cristalinas preparadas pode ser tanto aumentada quanto reduzida quando comparada com a solubilidade da fase cristalina do fármaco incorporada em formulações farmacêuticas. As solubilidades foram também correlacionadas às características estruturais e calorimétricas, o que permitiu o estabelecimento de relações entre estrutura/energia de rede cristalina e propriedade de estado sólido. Ainda, duas modificações cristalinas de lamivudina, em que moléculas do fármaco estão pareadas através de seus fragmentos de citosina, sendo estes pares helicoidalmente sobrepostos, mimetizando uma estrutura polimérica de ácido desoxirribonucléico, revelaram que nucleosídeos têm a informação estrutural necessária para arquitetar duplas hélices de ácidos nucléicos. / Solid state properties are directly related to drug performance. Among all physical and chemical properties dependent on the crystal phase of a drug, stability and solubility are the main ones that alter its bioavailability. In this way, molecular crystal engineering is a strategy to improve solid state properties of drugs related to their efficacies. In this work, nine new crystal forms of antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs, namely, lamivudine, zalcitabina and didanosine, were prepared and their crystal structures were elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Some of the prepared crystal modifications were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The water solubilities and purities of the lamivudine crystal modifications prepared as monophasic samples were determined by ultraviolet absorbance spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The solubility of lamivudine in the prepared crystal modifications can be either increased or decreased when compared to the solubility of the drug crystal phase incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations. The solubilities were also correlated to calorimetric and structural features, which allowed the establishment of relationships between crystal lattice energy/structure and solid state property. In addition, two crystal modifications of lamivudine, in which drug molecules are paired through their cytosine fragments, being these pairs helically stacked, mimicking a polymeric structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, have revealed that nucleosides possess the structural information necessary to assemble double stranded helices of nucleic acids.

The thesis focuses on the Supreme Audit Office (SAO) - supreme control institution carrying out an external audit of the public administration in Czech Republic. First part of the thesis includes the basic concepts in the field of public administration. Second part is divided into five blocks, which analyze SAO´s position in public power, its scope and authority, organization, control and financial activities. Next part of the thesis introduces models of supreme control institutions used in France, Germany, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden and Slovakia. Those models are compared with Czech SAO at the end of the chapter. The fourth chapter is based on this comparison and introduces the conclusions and possible changes of Czech legislative framework.

This thesis focuses on the status and organization of the Supreme Audit Office (SAO), which carries out the external audit of public administration in the Czech Republic. For easier orientation in the area offers this work in the first part the theoretical foundation of control in public administration. At the beginning of the analysis is presented the historical development of the highest accounting controls in the territory of today's Czech Republic. In three analytic blocks are listed the findings, which were based on research resources, particularly in the area of constitutional, administrative and financial law and on the study of the legislation and professional publications. SAO status as an independent supervisory authority in the Czech legal system is examined in terms of its inclusion in the Constitution and further discussed is the scope SAO and its relation to local government. Linked to this is especially the current proposed change of the Constitution and the Law on the Supreme Audit Office, which is also reflected in the work. This work also introduces the issue of the status of the SAO in the system of public power. The relation of the Supreme Audit Office to other public authorities is partially analysed. Investigated are also the position and competences of authorities within the SAO. In a separate chapter, based on the analysis presented and evaluated, there are the conclusions and suggestions for possible modifications of the law de lege ferenda.

State Land Office Abstract This thesis is dedicated to the State Land Office of the Czech Republic, which was established on the basis of Act No. 503/2012 Coll. As an administrative office with a broad scope, it is impossible to deal with all the aspects of the State Land Office in detail and thus provide a thorough analysis within this thesis. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to provide a general introduction of the State Land Office - its establishment, place within the system of state administration, organisational structure and its main scope. This thesis is divided into six parts. The first part is dedicated to a general characteristic of the State Land Office. First of all, the transformation of the Land Fund of the Czech Republic and the establishment of the State Land Office of the Czech Republic is briefly described, following its placement within the system of public administration, respectively government of the Czech Republic. A large segment of the first part of the thesis then follows a detailed description of the organisational structure of the State Land Office. The following parts are dedicated particularly to the main scope of the State Land Office, which I consider to be agricultural and church restitution, administration of state property according to Act No. 503/2012 Coll. and land...

The thesis deals with the accounting and management of state organizational units. In order to meet the aim of work was selected entity District Court in Jindřichův Hradec. The theoretical part characterizes non-profit organizations, state organizational units, budget rules, accounting and management of state organizational units. The practical part deals with the characteristic of the selected entity, financial statements, accounting of specific cases and comparison with the accounting of business corporations. Furthermore, the practical part deals with the analyses of management with state property and state budget funds.

Ces dernières années, le contexte concurrentiel a démontré la nécessité de réformer la politique portuaire française. C’est ainsi que la réforme portuaire issue de la loi n°2008-660 du 4 juillet 2008 a créé les grands ports maritimes. Le modèle du « landlord port », autrement dénommé port propriétaire/aménageur, a été consacré en France. Le grand port maritime voit ses activités recentrées sur ses missions régaliennes, ses missions d’exploitation ayant été transférées aux opérateurs privés portuaires. Face aux contraintes domaniales, issues du droit administratif, les grands ports maritimes ont dû valoriser leur domaine portuaire en attirant les investisseurs privés et en développant leurs activités avec leur « hinterland ». Le partenariat public/privé est donc la solution pour améliorer la compétitivité des grands ports maritimes. Si du point de vue juridique, l’autorité portuaire est en position « dominante » par son rôle décisionnaire d’attribution d’espaces portuaires aux différents opérateurs, du point de vue économique, le rapport de force est inversé au profit des opérateurs. Il est donc indispensable de parvenir à équilibrer ces visions dans le respect du libre jeu de la concurrence. / These last years, the competitive context demonstrated the necessity of reforming the French port policy. This is how the port reform stemming from the law n°2008-660 of July 4th, 2008 created the Major seaports. The model of landlord port was recognized in France. The Major seaport sees its activities refocused on its kingly missions, its missions of operation having been transferred to the port private operators. In front of state property constraints, stemming from the administrative law, the Major seaports had to value their port domain by attracting the private investors and by developing their activities with their «hinterland». The public / private partnership is thus the solution to improve the competitiveness of the Major seaports. If, from the legal point of view, the port authority belongs in «dominant» position by its decision-making role of allocation of port spaces to the various operators, from the economic point of view, the balance of power is inverted for the benefit of the operators. It is thus essential to succeed in balancing these visions in the respect for the free play of competition.