This thesis reports a study of the microstructural evolution of chromium containing duplex ferrite-martensite steels and examines the effects of the microstructure on the mechanical properties. Emphasis has been placed on determining the microstructural factors responsible for the persistent occurrence of anisotropy in a modified 12 wt% Cr steel designated 3CR12. in addition an investigation has been carried out in order to refine the grain structure of a ferritic steel containing 16-17 wt % Cr by inducing a duplex ferrite-martensite phase structure. The microstructural evolution of 3CR12 was studied during cooling from a solution heat treatment at 1380°C and the natures of the phase transformations evident were investigated. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), in association with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), was used to determine the composition of the phases arising from the solid state δ-ferrite to austenite transformation. It is shown that the high temperature δ-ferrite phase partially decomposes to austenite via a Widmanstatten growth mechanism and consequently a banded two phase structure is produced after hot rolling. The element partitioning which arises during the solid state δ-ferrite decomposition ieads to compositional banding with an indelible nature. A model is proposed for the events leading to the generation of the banded phase structure and the formation of an elongated ferritic microstructure in 3CR12 after sub-critical annealing. The type and distribution of non-metallic inclusions occurring in 3CR12 has also been assessed. Characteristic fracture modes developed during impact testing have been related to the grain morphology and the occurrence of non-metallic inclusions. It is shown that splits form parallel to the rolling plane when Charpy specimens are subjected to impact testing and that both impact energy and mode of fracture are dependent on the directional properties of the 3CR12 microstructure. Splitting is predominantly caused by the low energy crack path provided by long, undulating grain boundaries parallel to the rolling plane, and inclusions, particularly manganese sulphides (MnS), facilitate low energy modes of fracture associated with the splitting phenomenon. MnS inclusions are also found to affect the corrosion resistance of 3CR12 and careful control of the chemistry of the steel permits these inclusions to be restricted to levels at which acceptable impact and corrosion properties are maintained. Refinement of the grain structure of ferritic steels containing 16-17 wt % Cr was carried out by modifying the ratio of ferritising elements to austenitising elements in the steel chemistry. Suitable ruckel additions have been determined which provide alloys with sufficient austenitising ability to refine the high temperature δ-ferrite phase and consequently a duplex ferrite-martensite microstructure is produced. Tempering of these alloys at 700°C results in a lamellar ferrite-martensite structure which gives rise to an attractive combination of impact and tensile properties which may provide a stainless steel with superior cost effectiveness to austenitic grades.

Orientador: Amauri Hassui / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_NelsonCoutinhoda_M.pdf: 3269726 bytes, checksum: cff763b01ba2bd71b0f177a7764ec81c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O torneamento de aços endurecidos como alternativa a retificação cilíndrica, tem se tornado cada vez mais comum no meio industrial. Devido a melhorias do desempenho mecânico das máquinas, aliada aos avanços nos materiais de ferramenta, particularmente do PCBN, os bons resultados obtidos em aplicações e estudos realizados, vem estimulando cada vez mais essa prática. As diversas geometrias de peças utilizadas em componentes mecânicos submetem as ferramentas destinadas ao torneamento de aços endurecidos a condições de corte variadas, seja essas obtidas a partir de superfícies contínuas ou interrompidas. No entanto, a maior parte dos estudos já realizados, relacionados ao torneamento de aços endurecidos está voltada ao corte contínuo, fazendo do corte interrompido uma aplicação ainda pouco explorada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da frequência de interrupção no torneamento de aços endurecidos com ferramenta de PCBN, além de sua interação com o ângulo de posição (?r) e velocidade de corte (vc). Para isso foram realizados experimentos de torneamento em corpos de prova com três frequências de interrupções diferentes, sendo um com baixa frequência de interrupção contendo dois rasgos, outro com média frequência de interrupção contendo quatro rasgos e finalmente outro com alta frequência de interrupção contendo oito rasgos, sendo esses transversais e equidistantes. Para a construção dos mesmos foi utilizado o aço ABNT 4340 com dureza entre 52 e 56 HRC, usando uma classe comercial de ferramenta PCBN 7525 (ISO H25) com alto teor de CBN (90%), recomendada para corte interrompido. Os parâmetros de saída analisados foram temperatura (°C), rugosidade (Ra), desgaste (VBmáx) e volume removido (mm3). Dentre as diversas conclusões desse trabalho, a principal delas indica que entre os parâmetros variados a frequência de interrupção é o que exerce maior influência sobre a temperatura e o volume removido, sendo que nos corpos de prova com maior frequência maiores volumes removidos foram alcançados, enquanto que nos corpos de prova com frequências menores, a temperatura atingiu níveis mais elevados / Abstract: Turning of hardened steels is becoming an important alternative to cylindrical grinding at industrial level. The increasing interest on this technique results from the good mechanical performance of the machine parts, which is accompanied by enhancements of the cutting tool materials, particularly PCBN, and the good results of using this technique, as reported in prior studies. Machine elements are characterized by a diversity of geometric forms. These characteristics promote that the cutting tools used for turning hardened steel are subjected to varying cutting conditions in both continuous and interrupted surfaces. However, most of the studies in this area have been related to turning hardened steels in continuous cutting. As a consequence, cutting of interrupted surfaces remains under-exploited. This work aims at studying the behavior of the interruption frequency during turning of hardened steels by using PCBN tools, as well as the interaction with the cutting tool¿s position angle (?r) and cutting speed (vc). For this, turning tests were performed on samples with three different interruption frequencies: a) low interruption frequency containing two slots, b) average interruption frequency containing four slots, and c) high interruption frequency containing eight slots. AISI 4340 steels with hardness between 52 and 56 HRC were used for manufacturing the samples. A commercial grade PCBN tool 7525 (ISO H25) with high CBN content (90%) was used as a cutting tool. The output parameters were temperature (°C), roughness (Ra), wear (VBmáx), and volume removed (mm3). Results indicate that the interruption frequency is the parameter that most affects the temperature and the volume removed. The samples mechanized at higher frequencies presented higher volume removed. Meanwhile, the samples turned with lower frequencies reached higher temperatures / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Aviation is known to have some of the most stringent structural health monitoring standards in the world. An example of this would be the fact that certain bolts in the aircraft assembly must be periodically removed and inspected for fatigue damage. This can be a very costly endeavour: a case in point being the Hercules C130 aircraft, which requires approximately 200 man hours of down-time for the inspection of the bolts that attach the wings to the fuselage. The substitution of TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steel bolts for the current HSLA steel (AISI 4340) from which the bolts are manufactured, allows the bolt to act in the capacity of load bearing member as well as damage detector. This unique feature is a consequence of the transformation characteristic exhibited by TRIP steels when they are strained: an irreversible change within their microstructure from paramagnetic austenite parent phase to permanent ferromagnetic state occurs in direct proportion to the peak strain. This property allows us to establish a relationship from which the service life of the component can be determined. A prototype of a smart aircraft bolt and washer system has been developed, where the bolt acts as damage detector and the washer effectively examines the health of the bolt by reading the changing magnetic susceptibility of the bolt. This study presents both material development and product development phases of the Smart Aircraft Bolt prototype. A prediction of transformation characteristic due to deformation is carried out using finite element analysis (mechanical model) and a constitutive model (strain induced martensitic transformation kinetics) to predict the best situation for the smart washer. In addition, experimental work is performed in the form of cyclic temperature testing (with and without external loading) and tension-tension fatigue testing. For both sets of experimental testing, two positions of washer placement are tested. A correlation between volume fraction of martensite present and remaining life, is therefore possible. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-02. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:55:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864225.pdf: 1946199 bytes, checksum: 69a5517839dba105097f529387f34b85 (MD5) / Aços para moldes e matrizes são considerados materiais de difícil usinabilidade. Contudo, a fabricação de moldes requer a geração de formas complexas com bom acabamento e sem grandes danos à ferramenta. Por ser um processo versátil e produzir diferentes formas geométricas com precisão, o fresamento é mais comumente utilizado para fabricação de moldes. Porém, sua característica de corte interrompido gera ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento na ferramenta que reduzem significativamente sua vida e tendem a empobrecer a integridade superficial da peça. Propondo estabilizar os ciclos térmicos na ferramenta e reduzir efeitos danosos do corte interrompido à integridade da peça, os fluidos criogênicos são aplicados ao fresamento. Nesta pesquisa determinou-se a influência da condição de refrigeração (criogênica, fluido abundante e a seco) sobre o desgaste da ferramenta (flanco principal e secundário), mecanismo de formação do cavaco (cor e forma) e integridade superficial da peça (deformação plástica, rugosidade e microdureza), ao fresar (de topo) o aço Villares VP100 (Equivalente ao aço AISI P20) utilizado na fabricação de moldes para injeção de plásticos. Os resultados indicaram menor rugosidade e maior vida da ferramenta no fresamento criogênico. O fresamento com fluido gerou menor vida da ferramenta, até mesmo em relação à condição a seco. Maiores danos à integridade superficial foram encontrados na condição a seco, que apesar deste fato, permitiu vida da ferramenta similar ao fresamento criogênico. O meio criogênico propiciou o ambiente mais favorável à usinagem do aço VP100. Apesar do bom rendimento da ferramenta no corte a seco, seu uso pode tornar-se inviável à fabricação de moldes ou matrizes em que intensos aquecimentos podem gerar pobre integridade superficial do produto usinado / Steel for molds production are considered difficult-to-cut materials. However, molds require complex shapes with good surface finish and without serious tool damage during the machining. Milling is the most commonly process applied to molds manufacturing given its versatility when producing precisely different geometric shapes. Otherwise, the interrupted cutting cyclically heats and cools the tool which in turn significantly reduces its life and impairs the workpiece surface integrity. Cryogenics has been used in milling processes aiming at stabilizing the thermal cycles in the tool and reducing the harmful effects on the part surface integrity. This research determined the influence of the cooling condition (cryogenic, wet and dry) on tool wear (main and end flank), chip formation (color and shape) and workpiece surface integrity (grain deformation, roughness and microhardeness) when milling Villares VP100 steel (similar to AISI P20 steel) applied to tooling production for plastic injection. The results indicated smaller part roughness and greater tool life when milling cryogenically. Abundant fluid reduced tool life even when compared to dry condition. More significant damages over workpiece surface integrity were found in dry condition, although similar tool life to the cryogenic milling was also reached. Cryogenics favored the VP100 steel milling. Despite the good performance of the dry milling, its application may be infeasible since greater heating may harms the product surface integrity

Orientador: Alessandro Roger Rodrigues / Co-orientador: Hidekasu Matsumoto / Banca: Juno Gallego / Banca: Eraldo Jannone da Silva / Resumo: Aços para moldes e matrizes são considerados materiais de difícil usinabilidade. Contudo, a fabricação de moldes requer a geração de formas complexas com bom acabamento e sem grandes danos à ferramenta. Por ser um processo versátil e produzir diferentes formas geométricas com precisão, o fresamento é mais comumente utilizado para fabricação de moldes. Porém, sua característica de corte interrompido gera ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento na ferramenta que reduzem significativamente sua vida e tendem a empobrecer a integridade superficial da peça. Propondo estabilizar os ciclos térmicos na ferramenta e reduzir efeitos danosos do corte interrompido à integridade da peça, os fluidos criogênicos são aplicados ao fresamento. Nesta pesquisa determinou-se a influência da condição de refrigeração (criogênica, fluido abundante e a seco) sobre o desgaste da ferramenta (flanco principal e secundário), mecanismo de formação do cavaco (cor e forma) e integridade superficial da peça (deformação plástica, rugosidade e microdureza), ao fresar (de topo) o aço Villares VP100 (Equivalente ao aço AISI P20) utilizado na fabricação de moldes para injeção de plásticos. Os resultados indicaram menor rugosidade e maior vida da ferramenta no fresamento criogênico. O fresamento com fluido gerou menor vida da ferramenta, até mesmo em relação à condição a seco. Maiores danos à integridade superficial foram encontrados na condição a seco, que apesar deste fato, permitiu vida da ferramenta similar ao fresamento criogênico. O meio criogênico propiciou o ambiente mais favorável à usinagem do aço VP100. Apesar do bom rendimento da ferramenta no corte a seco, seu uso pode tornar-se inviável à fabricação de moldes ou matrizes em que intensos aquecimentos podem gerar pobre integridade superficial do produto usinado / Abstract: Steel for molds production are considered difficult-to-cut materials. However, molds require complex shapes with good surface finish and without serious tool damage during the machining. Milling is the most commonly process applied to molds manufacturing given its versatility when producing precisely different geometric shapes. Otherwise, the interrupted cutting cyclically heats and cools the tool which in turn significantly reduces its life and impairs the workpiece surface integrity. Cryogenics has been used in milling processes aiming at stabilizing the thermal cycles in the tool and reducing the harmful effects on the part surface integrity. This research determined the influence of the cooling condition (cryogenic, wet and dry) on tool wear (main and end flank), chip formation (color and shape) and workpiece surface integrity (grain deformation, roughness and microhardeness) when milling Villares VP100 steel (similar to AISI P20 steel) applied to tooling production for plastic injection. The results indicated smaller part roughness and greater tool life when milling cryogenically. Abundant fluid reduced tool life even when compared to dry condition. More significant damages over workpiece surface integrity were found in dry condition, although similar tool life to the cryogenic milling was also reached. Cryogenics favored the VP100 steel milling. Despite the good performance of the dry milling, its application may be infeasible since greater heating may harms the product surface integrity / Mestre

The work contained herein is in pursuance of the Development of the SMART aircraft bolt. Failure of the bolt in the aircraft wing is taken for granted in the project, and the consequent repairs are presently very costly. The SMART material investigated in this work is the TRIP steel, and any reference to SMART material, in this work, shall at all time mean TRIP steel. Investigation of the stresses pertaining to bolts in general is carried out, based on the bolt theories and using the finite element analysis. An optimal bolt based on impact resistance only has also been suggested. Metallurgical behaviour of materials similar to TRIP materials is also investigated, including a section dedicated only to TRIP steels. Therefore, the work contained herein acts as a good base for further research. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Nonlinear ultrasonic waves have demonstrated high sensitivities to various microstructural changes in metal including coherent precipitates; these precipitates introduce a strain field in the lattice structure. The thermal aging of certain alloy steels leads to the formation of coherent precipitates, which pin dislocations and contribute to the generation of a higher harmonics in an initially monochromatic wave. The objective of this research is to develop a robust technique to perform nonlinear Rayleigh wave measurements in metals using a non-contact receiving transducer. In addition a discussion about the data processing based on the two-dimensional diffraction and attenuation model is provided in order to calculate the relative nonlinearity parameter. A precipitate hardenable material, 17-4 PH stainless steel, is used to obtain different precipitation stages by thermal treatment and the influence of precipitates on the ultrasonic nonlinearity is assessed. Conclusions about the microstrucutural changes in the material are drawn based on the nonlinear Rayleigh surface wave measurement and complementary measurements of thermo-electric power, mircohardness and ultrasonic velocity. The results show that the nonlinearity parameter is sensitive to coherent precipitates in the material and moreover that precipitation characteristics can be characterized based on the obtained experimental data.

Orientador: Roseana da Exaltação Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maia_IvanGoncalves_M.pdf: 1727519 bytes, checksum: 4ae95467cd56b424526ca03c4f577c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Visando solucionar o problema da ocorrência de poros em um cordão de solda de um eixo automotivo, o presente trabalho apresenta um estudo da influência de diferentes fatores na ocorrência de porosidade em juntas de aço soldadas pelo processo MIG/MAG robotizado. Basicamente, foi estudada a influência de três fatores na ocorrência dos poros. São eles, a presença de uma camada rica em nitretos na extremidade de um dos tubos que compõe a junta, a limpeza das superfícies a serem soldadas e a vazão do gás de proteção. Após a soldagem dos corpos de prova foram retiradas de cada um deles, três amostras da seção transversal do cordão de solda. A porosidade foi quantificada pela técnica de análise metalográfica por microscopia ótica. Os resultados de porosidade foram apresentados de duas maneiras, uma sem qualquer tipo de restrição quanto aos poros encontrados, e outra em que houve distinção quanto à localização dos poros na seção transversal do cordão de solda. Quando a porosidade foi quantificada de maneira geral, sem qualquer tipo de distinção quanto à localização dos poros, dois fatores influenciaram a ocorrência de poros na junta soldada. São eles, a presença da camada rica em nitretos e a vazão do gás de proteção. No outro caso, levando em consideração a localização dos poros na seção transversal do cordão de solda, foi constatado que para o caso dos poros localizados na raiz da junta, a presença da camada rica em nitretos gerada pelo processo de corte a plasma na extremidade do tubo correspondente ao metal-base 1 afetou significativamente a porosidade resultante no cordão de solda. Além dos ensaios experimentais, ensaios práticos foram realizados no próprio chão de fabrica de produção dos eixos. A realização de ensaios práticos visou avaliar a solução proposta para eliminação da ocorrência de porosidade no cordão de solda dos eixos. Os resultados destes ensaios comprovaram que a substituição do gás utilizado para o corte a plasma na extremidade do tubo correspondente ao metal-base 1, de ar comprimido por oxigênio puro, inibiu a formação dos poros / Abstract: In order to solve the occurrence of pores in weld beads of an automotive axle, the present work studies the influence of three different factors on the occurrence of porosity in joints welded by robotized GMAW process. The factors analyzed were: the presence of a region enriched by nitrides on the surface of the tube related to the base metal 1, the surface cleanliness of the joint components, and the shielding gas flow. Three samples of the weld bead transversal section were retired in each specimen. The porosity was quantified by metalographic analysis technique using an optical microscope. The results were presented by two different ways. In one of this ways, pores were quantified without any kind of distinction. In the other way, pores were grouped in accordance of their location in the weld bead transversal section. The pores quantified without any kind of distinction were affected by the ¿presence of the coat¿ and by the shielding gas flow. The pores located near the joint root were affected only by the ¿presence of the coat¿. In addition to the experimental specimens, practical experiments were made in the axles line production. These practical experiments were developed to evaluate a proposed solution to prevent the occurrence of the pores on the weld bead of the axles. The results of these practical experiments proved that changing the compressed air used in the plasma cut of the extremities of the tube related to the base metal 1 by pure oxygen gas inhibited the pores formation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica