The work is treated as a steel construction multi-storey buildings in the county library Havlickuv Brod. At design requirements were respected in shape and layout of the building. The complex consists of three parts - two, four and five floors. The overall footprint is about 85 x 32 m. The proposal is designed as a composite steel and concrete slab. Pent roof construction is inclined 5 degrees. Anchors are designed as joint. Horizontal forces on the design of frames are transmitted in both directions.

Elaboration of design principles of steel joints. Creation of the finite element model in ANSYS program, the study of static behaviour near the bolt hole, deformation of the screw and the stress components of the welded joint. Comparison with the analytical formulas.

No / This paper presents experimental results of temperature distribution in fire in four typical types of steel-concrete composite joint (web cleat, fin plate, flush endplate and flexible endplate) with different fire-protection schemes. The test specimens were unloaded and the steelwork of each joint assembly was exposed to a standard fire condition [ISO 834, 1975: Fire Resistance Tests, Elements of Building Construction, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva] in a furnace. In total, 14 tests were conducted, including 4 tests without any fire protection and 10 tests with different schemes of fire protection. The main objective of these tests was to investigate the effects of three practical fire-protection schemes as alternatives to full fire protection of the entire joint assembly. The three alternative methods of fire protection were: (1) protecting a segment, instead of the entire length, of the beams; (2) unprotected bolts and (3) protecting the columns only. The main results of these tests are: (1) if all the steel work (excluding the bolts) in the joint assembly was protected, whether or not protecting the bolts had very little effect on temperatures in the protected steelwork other than the bolts. The bolt temperatures were higher if they were not protected than if they were protected, but the unprotected bolt temperatures in a joint with fire protection to other steelwork were much lower than bolt temperatures in a totally unprotected joint; (2) as far as joint temperatures are concerned, protecting a segment of 400 mm of the beam was sufficient to achieve full protection and (3) if only the column was protected, only the joint components that were in the immediate vicinity of the column (such as welds) developed noticeably lower temperatures than if the joint assembly was unprotected, but due to heat conduction from the unprotected steel beams, these temperature values were much higher than if the joint assembly was protected. Furthermore, the column temperatures in the joint region were much higher than the protected column temperatures.

The subject of this master’s thesis is the design and assessment of footbridge in Železný Brod across the Jizera river. The preliminary assessment contains 3 different variants of footbridges. Based on the multi-criteria analysis will be chosen the most suitable type for detailed design. Detailed static analysis contains assessment of the main load-bearing parts of the structure including joints. The length of span is 60,0 m and the width of passage is 2,5 m. The structure is made of steel class S355 and S460.

The diploma thesis presents design and assessment of a loadbearing timber structure of mountain hotel in the Trojmezi u Hrčavy area. The object is a two-storey building without cellar and with attic rooms. The object has a floor plan of an incomplete octagon with a roofless central courtyard. The structure spans 36 meters at its widest dimension and the maximum height reaches almost 12 meters. The individual segments are covered by mono-pitched roof with 27° slope. The main loadbearing elements are constructed of glued laminated timber and solid timber with steel joints and gypsum fibreboard cladding. The loadbearing structure is designed and assessed in accordance with relevant standards, taking ultimate and serviceability limit state into consideration. The thesis includes an engineering report including bill of quantities, structural design report and drawings of loadbearing structure, anchorage and selected details.

The thesis deals with the analysis and standard check of structural steel connections subjected to seismic loads. Analysis is based on a software solution and standard check is performed according to standard requirements and formulas. The first part deals with the theory of seismic load. There are described the general knowledges about the earthquake and the method of determining the effects of seismic loading on buildings according to the EN 1998-1. In the second part of the thesis is made design and check seismically loaded multi-storey steel building. Design is based on recommendations of the EN 1998-1 and some recommendations of research. In the third part is the analysis, verification and check of steel joints, which are contained in the structure designed in the second part of the thesis. On the basis results of analyses of indivudual connections are defined recommendations and requirements for the use and design structural steel connections subjected to seismic loads.

Das ultraschallunterstützte Rührreibschweißen (USE-FSW) als innovatives Hybrid-Pressschweißverfahren zeichnet sich durch eine Reihe von Vorteilen aus, welche es für die Kombination artfremder metallischer Werkstoffe mit deutlich unterschiedlichem Schmelzpunkt ermöglichen, qualitativ hochwertigere Verbunde zu realisieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert experimentelle Untersuchungen der Auswirkungen des zusätzlich eingekoppelten Leistungsultraschalls auf das Prozessverhalten und die Bindungsmechanismen sowie daraus resultierender mechanischer Verbundeigenschaften beim ultraschallunterstützten Rührreibschweißen von Aluminium/Stahl-Verbunden. Im Anschluss an die Ermittlung geeigneter Parameter für das konventionelle Rührreibschweißen erfolgen grundlegende Betrachtungen des Einflusses des Leistungsultraschalls auf das Schwingungsverhalten, das thermische Verhalten und das insitu- Prozesskraftverhalten, aus denen bestmögliche Ultraschallparameter abgeleitet werden. Nachfolgende detaillierte, vergleichende Untersuchungen des konventionellen und des ultraschallunterstützten Rührreibschweißprozesses belegen unter anderem eine Reduktion der Dicke spröder, aluminiumreicher intermetallischer Phasen am Verbund-Interface des USE-FSW-Verbundes, was in einer Erhöhung der Zugfestigkeit und der Duktilität resultiert. / The ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding (USE-FSW) as an innovative hybrid solid state joining process is characterized by a number of advantages that enable the realization of higher quality joints for the combination of dissimilar, metallic material combinations with strongly differing melting points. The present work addresses the impact of the additional power ultra- sound transmission on the process behavior and the bonding mechanisms as well as resulting mechanical joint properties for the ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding of aluminum/steel joints via experimental investigations. Subsequent to the determination of suitable parameters for the conventional friction stir welding basic considerations of the power ultrasound influence on the oscillation behavior, the thermal behavior and the in-situ process force behavior take place for deriving a best possible set of ultrasound parameters. Moreover, the conventional and the ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding process are investigated comparatively in detail, proving a reduction in thickness for brittle, aluminum-rich intermetallic phases at the USE-FSW joint interface among other things, resulting in an improved tensile strength and ductility.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung von CrNi-Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Erhöhung der Lebensdauer der Lötverbindungen. Da sich die Eigenschaften der Fügepartner stark unterscheiden, ist ein geeignetes Fügeverfahren erforderlich. Die wesentliche Herausforderung besteht in der Vermeidung der Bildung von dicken intermetallischen Schichten in der Reaktionszone, welche die mechanischen Eigenschaften der resultierenden Lötverbindungen verschlechtern. Dementsprechend wird ausgehend vom Stand der Technik ein Konzept zur vollständigen Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen der Mischverbunde erarbeitet und umgesetzt. Die Mischverbunde werden durch Induktionslöten hergestellt, was einen lokalen Wärmeeintrag in die Fügestelle ermöglicht. Dadurch können Lötverbindungen mit dünnen Reaktionszonen erzeugt werden. Das Potenzial der Lötverbindungen wird anhand von Zugscher- und Ermüdungsversuchen aufgezeigt, die mit den Ergebnissen der Mikrostrukturanalyse und der fraktografischen Bewertung korreliert werden.:Abkürzungen und Formelzeichen iii Abkürzungen iii Formelzeichen iv Abbildungsverzeichnis v Tabellenverzeichnis xi 1 Einleitung und Motivation 1 2 Stand der Technik 2 2.1 Anwendungen von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 2 2.2 Stoffschlüssiges Fügen von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 3 2.2.1 Schweißen von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 3 2.2.2 Löten von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 8 2.2.2.1 Grundlagen 8 2.2.2.2 Verfahren und Lotwerkstoffe 10 2.3 Besonderheiten bei Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 15 2.3.1 Intermetallische Fe-Al-Verbindungen in der Reaktionszone 15 2.3.2 Kontrolle der Bildung und des Wachstums der Reaktionszone 20 2.3.3 Problematik bei mechanischer Charakterisierung der Mischverbunde 23 3 Folgerungen und Zielstellung 27 4 Experimentelle Durchführung 29 4.1 Grund- und Lotwerkstoffe 29 4.2 Benetzungs- und Lötversuche 31 4.3 Mikrostrukturelle Charakterisierung 34 4.3.1 Mikrostrukturanalyse 34 4.3.2 Mikrohärtemessung und Nanoindentation 35 4.3.3 Thermische Auslagerung 37 4.4 Mechanische Charakterisierung 39 4.4.1 Zugscher- und Warmzugscherversuche 39 4.4.2 Ermüdungsversuche 40 5 Ergebnisse 43 5.1 Benetzungsverhalten 43 5.2 Mikrostrukturelle Untersuchungen 45 5.2.1 Mikrostruktur der Lötverbindungen und Bildung der Reaktionszone 45 5.2.2 Mechanische Charakteristika der Gefügebestandteile 55 5.3 Festigkeitsuntersuchungen 59 5.3.1 Quasistatische Untersuchungen gelöteter Mischverbunde 59 5.3.2 Ermüdungsverhalten gelöteter Mischverbunde 69 5.4 Korrelation zwischen Reaktionszonendicke und Festigkeit 81 6 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 88 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 92 8 Anlagen 93 8.1 Übersicht der Benetzungsproben auf Stahl X5CrNi18-10 93 8.2 Übersicht der Benetzungsproben auf AlMn1Cu 94 8.3 Beispiel der Ergebnisse der EDX-Analyse 95 8.4 Härteverlauf über die Reaktionszone 96 8.5 EBSD-Analyse der Lötverbindung 97 8.6 Mikrozugversuche 98 8.7 TEM-Untersuchungen der hergestellten Lötverbindungen 99 9 Literaturverzeichnis 102 10 Normenverzeichnis 112 11 Publikationen 113 / This thesis deals with the production of aluminum/stainless steel mixed joints in order to improve the mechanical properties and to extend the lifetime of the joints. Because of the different physical properties of the joining partners, a suitable joining technique is necessary. In comparison to welding, brazing offers significant advantages due to the lower liquidus temperature of the used brazing fillers. The main challenge is to prevent the formation of thick intermetallic layers in the reaction zone. These layers deteriorate the mechanical properties of the resulting joints predominantly. Correspondingly, a concept for the complete investigation of the microstructure-property relationships of the brazed joints is investigated. The joints are produced by induction brazing, which takes place in a short process time and allows a local heat input into the joint. Therefore, joints with a thin intermetallic layer in the reaction zone can be manufactured. The potential of the joints is demonstrated using monotonic tensile shear tests as well as fatigue tests. The achieved results are correlated with the results of the microstructural and fractographic analysis.:Abkürzungen und Formelzeichen iii Abkürzungen iii Formelzeichen iv Abbildungsverzeichnis v Tabellenverzeichnis xi 1 Einleitung und Motivation 1 2 Stand der Technik 2 2.1 Anwendungen von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 2 2.2 Stoffschlüssiges Fügen von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 3 2.2.1 Schweißen von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 3 2.2.2 Löten von Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 8 2.2.2.1 Grundlagen 8 2.2.2.2 Verfahren und Lotwerkstoffe 10 2.3 Besonderheiten bei Stahl/Aluminium-Mischverbunden 15 2.3.1 Intermetallische Fe-Al-Verbindungen in der Reaktionszone 15 2.3.2 Kontrolle der Bildung und des Wachstums der Reaktionszone 20 2.3.3 Problematik bei mechanischer Charakterisierung der Mischverbunde 23 3 Folgerungen und Zielstellung 27 4 Experimentelle Durchführung 29 4.1 Grund- und Lotwerkstoffe 29 4.2 Benetzungs- und Lötversuche 31 4.3 Mikrostrukturelle Charakterisierung 34 4.3.1 Mikrostrukturanalyse 34 4.3.2 Mikrohärtemessung und Nanoindentation 35 4.3.3 Thermische Auslagerung 37 4.4 Mechanische Charakterisierung 39 4.4.1 Zugscher- und Warmzugscherversuche 39 4.4.2 Ermüdungsversuche 40 5 Ergebnisse 43 5.1 Benetzungsverhalten 43 5.2 Mikrostrukturelle Untersuchungen 45 5.2.1 Mikrostruktur der Lötverbindungen und Bildung der Reaktionszone 45 5.2.2 Mechanische Charakteristika der Gefügebestandteile 55 5.3 Festigkeitsuntersuchungen 59 5.3.1 Quasistatische Untersuchungen gelöteter Mischverbunde 59 5.3.2 Ermüdungsverhalten gelöteter Mischverbunde 69 5.4 Korrelation zwischen Reaktionszonendicke und Festigkeit 81 6 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 88 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 92 8 Anlagen 93 8.1 Übersicht der Benetzungsproben auf Stahl X5CrNi18-10 93 8.2 Übersicht der Benetzungsproben auf AlMn1Cu 94 8.3 Beispiel der Ergebnisse der EDX-Analyse 95 8.4 Härteverlauf über die Reaktionszone 96 8.5 EBSD-Analyse der Lötverbindung 97 8.6 Mikrozugversuche 98 8.7 TEM-Untersuchungen der hergestellten Lötverbindungen 99 9 Literaturverzeichnis 102 10 Normenverzeichnis 112 11 Publikationen 113

Friction bit joining (FBJ) is a new solid-state spot joining technology developed in cooperation between Brigham Young University of Provo Utah, and MegaStir Technologies of West Bountiful Utah. Although capable of joining several different material combinations, this research focuses on the application of FBJ to joining 5754 aluminum to DP 980 steel, two alloys commonly used in automotive applications. The thicknesses of the materials used were 0.070 inches (1.78 mm) and 0.065 inches (1.65 mm), respectively. The FBJ process employs a consumable 4140 steel bit and is carried out on a purpose built research machine. In the first stage of the weld cycle the bit is used to drill through the aluminum top sheet to be joined. After this, spindle speed is increased so that the bit tip effectively forms a friction weld to the steel bottom sheet. Momentary stoppage of the spindle facilitates weld cooling before the spindle is restarted, shearing the bit tip from the bit shank, and retracted. Incorporated into the bit tip geometry is a flange that securely holds the aluminum in place after joint formation is complete. This research consists of several developmental steps since the technology only recently began to be formally studied. Initial joint strengths observed in lapshear tensile testing averaged only 978.5 pounds (4.35 kN), with a relatively high standard deviation for the data set. Final lapshear tensile test results were improved to an average of 1421.8 pounds (6.32 kN), with a significantly lower, and acceptable, standard deviation for the data set. Similar improvements were realized during the development work in cross tension tensile test results, as average strengths increased from 255.8 pounds (1.14 kN) to 566.3 pounds (2.52 kN). Improvements were also observed in the standard deviation values of cross tension data sets from initial evaluation to the final data set presented in this work.