by Leung Kwong-chuen. / Bibliography: leaves 193-195 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1982

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Monolithic composites are needed that combine low friction and wear, high mechanical hardness, and high fracture toughness. Thin films and coatings are often unable to meet this engineering challenge as they can delaminate and fracture during operation ceasing to provide beneficial properties during service life. Two material systems were synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and were studied for their ability to meet these criteria. A dual hybrid composite was fabricated and consisted of a nickel matrix for fracture toughness, TiC for hardness and graphite for solid/self‐lubrication. An in‐situ reaction during processing resulted in the formation of TiC from elemental Ti and C powders. The composition was varied to determine its effects on tribological behavior. Stellite 21, a cobalt‐chrome‐molybdenum alloy, was also produced by SPS. Stellite 21 has low stacking fault energy and a hexagonal phase which forms during sliding that both contribute to low interfacial shear and friction. Samples were investigated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD). Tribological properties were characterized by pin on disc tribometry and wear rates were determined by profilometry and abrasion testing. Solid/self‐lubrication in the TiC/C/Ni system was investigated by Raman and Auger mapping. A tribofilm, which undergoes a stress‐induced phase transformation from polycrystalline graphite to amorphous carbon, was formed during sliding in the TiC/C/Ni system that is responsible for low friction and wear. TiC additions help to further decrease wear. Stellite 21 was also found to exhibit acceptably low friction and wear properties arising from the presence of Cr23C6 in the matrix and work hardening of the cobalt and chromium during sliding.

Este trabalho inova a aplicação de revestimentos duros usando o processo de soldagem SATG (Soldagem ao Arco Tungstênio com Atmosfera Gasosa) utilizando ligas, em forma de pó, incorporadas diretamente à poça de solda. Devido à boa resistência ao desgaste, utilizou-se a liga Stellite 6, no substrato SAE 1020. Dados de microdureza Vickers, taxa de deposição, diluição, análise micrográfica e desgaste foram comparados com resultados do PAT-P (Plasma por Arco Transferido-Pó) e permitiram avaliar a técnica proposta. Os resultados mostraram um revestimento pelo processo SATG-pó livre de poros, sem oxidação na superfície e diluição superior, ao processo PAT-P. Porém, o consumo de gás foi menor, devido à redução da vazão do gás de arraste e da não utilização de gás plasma. A análise microestrutural evidenciou uma microestrutura similar, para ambos os processos, mas o processo PAT-P apresentou uma microestrutura mais refinada. Obteve-se, pelo processo SATG-pó semi-automático, microdurezas entre 400 e 500 HV e uma taxa de diluição de 5%, próximas aos valores do processo PAT-P. Quanto ao desgaste, observaram-se valores também bem próximos para os três processos. / This work innovates the application of hardfacing by using the welding process GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) using alloys in the powder form and directly embedded in the weld pool. Due to the good wear resistance it was used Stellite 6 alloy for hardfacing the substrate SAE 1020. Vickers hardness data, deposition rate, dilution, micrographic analysis and wear results were compared with the PTA-P (Plasma Transferred Arc-Powder) in order to evaluate the proposed technique. The results showed a coating produced by the process GTAW-powder free of pores, without surface oxidation and higher dilution in comparison with the PTA-P process. However, gas consumption was lower due to reduced flow of the carrier gas and as it was not used as plasma gas. Microstructural analysis showed a similar microstructure for both processes, but the PTA-P process presented a more refined microstructure. It was obtained, by the semi-automatic GTAW-powder process, micro hardness between 400 and 500HV and rate dilution of 5%, values close to the PTA-P process. As for the wear it was observed values very close too, for the three process.

Este trabalho inova a aplicação de revestimentos duros usando o processo de soldagem SATG (Soldagem ao Arco Tungstênio com Atmosfera Gasosa) utilizando ligas, em forma de pó, incorporadas diretamente à poça de solda. Devido à boa resistência ao desgaste, utilizou-se a liga Stellite 6, no substrato SAE 1020. Dados de microdureza Vickers, taxa de deposição, diluição, análise micrográfica e desgaste foram comparados com resultados do PAT-P (Plasma por Arco Transferido-Pó) e permitiram avaliar a técnica proposta. Os resultados mostraram um revestimento pelo processo SATG-pó livre de poros, sem oxidação na superfície e diluição superior, ao processo PAT-P. Porém, o consumo de gás foi menor, devido à redução da vazão do gás de arraste e da não utilização de gás plasma. A análise microestrutural evidenciou uma microestrutura similar, para ambos os processos, mas o processo PAT-P apresentou uma microestrutura mais refinada. Obteve-se, pelo processo SATG-pó semi-automático, microdurezas entre 400 e 500 HV e uma taxa de diluição de 5%, próximas aos valores do processo PAT-P. Quanto ao desgaste, observaram-se valores também bem próximos para os três processos. / This work innovates the application of hardfacing by using the welding process GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) using alloys in the powder form and directly embedded in the weld pool. Due to the good wear resistance it was used Stellite 6 alloy for hardfacing the substrate SAE 1020. Vickers hardness data, deposition rate, dilution, micrographic analysis and wear results were compared with the PTA-P (Plasma Transferred Arc-Powder) in order to evaluate the proposed technique. The results showed a coating produced by the process GTAW-powder free of pores, without surface oxidation and higher dilution in comparison with the PTA-P process. However, gas consumption was lower due to reduced flow of the carrier gas and as it was not used as plasma gas. Microstructural analysis showed a similar microstructure for both processes, but the PTA-P process presented a more refined microstructure. It was obtained, by the semi-automatic GTAW-powder process, micro hardness between 400 and 500HV and rate dilution of 5%, values close to the PTA-P process. As for the wear it was observed values very close too, for the three process.

In the process of a boiling water reactor, high-levels of waste and radiation occur, where almost all the dose per person of the radiation in Forsmark are due to the radioactive iso-tope cobalt-60. The reason is that the stable isotope cobalt-59 is converted to the radioac-tive isotope cobalt-60 due to neutron irradiation in the reactor. Since 2012, unusually high levels of cobalt-60 have been observed at Forsmark 2 which occurs from the material Stel-lite and is a very common sealant in valves. The major disadvantage of the material Stellite in nuclear power is the high concentration of cobalt-59. When grinding alloy surfaces con-taining Stellite, cobalt-59 is released in the form of abrasive dust if the effectiveness of sub-sequent Stellite alloys is poor. The consequences lead to increased radiation levels, which implies major financial costs and a difficult work environment in, for example, mainte-nance work.Today, there is no mapping of valves containing Stellite, which may result in the decon-tamination of Stellite not being requested and missing when a maintenance action in the form of, for example, grinding is performed. The completed mapping of valves containing Stellite is thus the first that has been carried out within Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB for the priority systems 313, 321, 331 and 415.In this work, valves containing Stellite have been mapped along main lines in systems that come into contact with reactor water without passing ion exchange filters. Furthermore, the effects of how the grinding of valves alloy surfaces in the seat / cone affects the feeding of cobalt-59 into the reactor and the effectiveness of subsequent decontamination of Stel-lite after grinding was investigated.The work has been divided into two main moments; Status analysis and Mapping, which in turn is divided into several sub-moments. The status analysis gathered the information re-quired to perform the mapping. With the gathered information from the status analysis, mapping was then carried out and valves were inventoried in the priority systems.A total of 45 valves containing Stellite were found whose water flow is likely to end up in the reactor without passing ion exchange filters. A total of 13 valves containing Stellite were found, which are not detected by the chemical departments measurement points and whose waterflow did not pass ion exchange filters before the reactor for systems 321 and 331.During a decontamination of Stellite in a valve, only alloy surfaces in the valves are con-trolled and cleaned, which results in dust from grinding remaining in the other surfaces of the valve as well as in the pipe ends when the valve has been assembled prior to commis-sioning. Of the 45 valves containing Stellite which have been inventoried, grinding in theseat/cone have occurred in eight of the valves, but only two of the valves have been de-contaminated since 2010-01-01. Since no decontamination of Stellite has occured six of eight times after grinding, and only alloy surfaces are checked as well as decontaminated, the effectiveness of subsequent decontamination of Stellite after grinding is very low.Based on the results of the work, a number of improvement proposals have been present-ed for continued work to reduce the feeding of cobalt 59 to the reactor water and eventu-ally reduce the radiation levels at Forsmark's nuclear power plant. / Vid processen i en kokvattenreaktor uppstår högaktivt avfall och höga strålningsnivåer, där nästan all persondos av strålning på Forsmark beror av den radioaktiva isotopen kobolt-60. Anledningen är att den stabila isotopen kobolt-59 omvandlas till den radioaktiva isotopen kobolt-60 vid neutronbestrålning i reaktorn. Man har sedan 2012 noterat ovanligt höga halter av kobolt-60 på Forsmark 2 vilket härrör till materialet Stellite, som är ett mycket vanligt tätningsmaterial i ventiler. Den stora nackdelen med Stellite i kärnkraftssamman-hang är den höga koncentrationen av kobolt-59. Vid slipning av legeringsytor innehållande Stellite, riskeras kobolt-59 frigöras i form av slipdamm om effektiviteten av efterföljande Stellitesaneringar är dålig. Konsekvenserna leder till ökade strålningsnivåer vilket innebär stora ekonomiska kostnader och en försvårad arbetsmiljö vid till exempel underhållsar-beten.Idag finns ingen kartläggning av ventiler innehållande Stellite, vilket kan resultera i att Stellitesaneringar inte begärs och uteblir då en underhållsåtgärd i form av till exempel slipning utförs. Den genomförda kartläggningen av ventiler innehållande Stellite är där-med den första som har utförts inom Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB för de prioriterade syste-men 313, 321, 331 och 415.I detta arbete har ventiler innehållande Stellite kartlagts längs huvudledningar i system som kommer i kontakt med reaktorvatten utan att passera jonbytarfilter. Vidare har effekterna av hur slipning av ventilers legeringsytor i säte/kägla påverkar inmatningen av kobolt-59 och effektiviteten av efterföljande Stellitesaneringar undersökts.Arbetet har delats upp i två huvudmoment; Nulägesanalys och Kartläggning, som i sin tur delats upp i flera delmoment. I nulägesanalysen samlades den information som krävdes för att utföra kartläggningen. Med den inhämtade informationen från nulägesanalysen, inven-terades och kartlades sedan ventiler i de prioriterade systemen.Totalt hittades 45 stycken ventiler innehållande Stellite vars vattenflöde riskerar att hamna i reaktorn utan att passera jonbytarfilter. Sammanlagt hittades 13 stycken ventiler innehål-lande Stellite som ej registreras av kemiavdelningens provtagningar och som inte passerar jonbytarfilter innan reaktorn för system 321 och 331.Vid en Stellitesanering kontrolleras och saneras endast legeringsytor i ventiler, vilket re-sulterar i att slipdamm kan finns kvar i ventilens övriga ytor samt i rörändarna då ventilen har monterats ihop inför driftsättning. Av de 45 stycken ventiler innehållande Stellite som har inventerats, har åtta stycken slipats i säte/kägla men enbart två stycken Stellitesanerats efter slipning sedan 2010-01-01. Eftersom Stellitesaneringar efter slipning har uteblivitsex av åtta gånger och endast legeringsytor kontrolleras samt Stellitesaneras, är effektivite-ten av efterföljande Stellitesaneringar vid slipning mycket låg.Baserat på resultaten av arbetet, har ett antal förbättringsförslag presenterats för fortsatt arbete att minska kobolt-59-inmatningen till reaktorvattnet och på sikt minska strål-ningsnivåerna på Forsmarks kärnkraftverk.

This thesis presents a method for the prediction of final peak-to-valley (PTV) surface profile variation for face turning of rings of non-uniform cross section. An analytical method relates initial part form, part deflection during workholding and machining, and part elastic recovery to final PTV surface profile variation. Finite element method is used to supplement the analytical model, and experiments are conducted to validate both the analytical and finite element approaches. Analytical and finite element results correspond well with experimental observations, with average relative errors of 11.6 and 7.2 percent, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araujojunior_ib_me_bauru.pdf: 1185170 bytes, checksum: e49c1ae91dff4591b5bc770366352cc9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A indústria busca uma melhor otimização e performance de seus equipamentos, há muito notou-se a importância da contenção do desgaste para o aumento de vida útil dos componentes de máquinas. Em condições operacionais onde há o desgaste por abrasão, comumente faz-se o endurecimento da camada superficial ou a aplicação de uma liga mais nobre e de dureza mais elevada, visando conter este desgaste. A técnica também é chamada de revestimento. Entender melhor os parâmetros que influenciam nos resultados da aplicação destes revestimentos torna-se importante possibilitando menores perdas e uma maior economia, pois busca-se como alvo trabalhar com a melhor performance do revestimento. Objetivou-se neste trabalho o estudo das ligas a base de Cobalto que são aplicadas cada vez mais rotineiramente nas indústrias petroquímicas, onde os componentes e órgãos de máquinas estão expostos a condições severas de desgaste por abrasão e corrosão além da severidade dos trabalhos a altas temperaturas e pressão. Relacionando o desgaste, as ligas a base de Cobalto possuem uma posição destacada e a liga é conhecida comercialmente como “Stellite 6”. Em alguns trabalhos é chamada também de liga coringa por sua versatilidade e destaque em especial. Neste trabalho procurou-se variar as velocidades de resfriamento em cinco patamares, analisou-se a influência da diluição na micro-dureza e os efeitos da variação da velocidade de resfriamento no mecanismo de endurecimento. A aplicação do revestimento ocorreu em três camadas através do processo TIG. Verificamos ainda a interferência da diluição na dureza em cada camada de revestimento. A terceira e última camada foi a que apresentou maior dureza devido à menor diluição com o metal base principalmente no corpo de prova que possuía à menor velocidade de resfriamento devido ao tempo para a formação de precipitados e carbonetos na liga metálica. / The industry searchs a better optimization and performance of their equipment, long noted the importance of containment to increase the wear life of components of machines. In operating conditions where there is wear by abrasion, usually it is the hardening of the surface layer or the application of a more noble alloy and high hardness, wear it to contain. The technique also called hardfacing. Better understand the parameters that influence the results of applying these coatings becomes important because it enables lower losses and greater economy as it seeks to target work with the best performance of the coating. The objective of this research is complements the study of cobalt-based alloys that are applied more routinely in petrochemical industries, where the component units and machines are exposed to severe conditions of wear by abrasion and corrosion than the severity of the work at high temperatures and pressure. Relating the wear, the cobalt-based alloys have a prominent position and the league is known commercially as “Stellite 6”. Some work is also called the league wildcard for its versatility and highlight in particular. In this work we have tried to vary the speed of cooling in five steps, looked up the influence of dilution on micro hardness and the effects of variation in the rate of cooling in the hardening mechanism. The application of the coating occurred in three layers using the TIG process. We note also the interference of dilution in hardness in each layer of coating. The third and final layer was the one with higher hardness due to less dilution with the base metal mainly in the body of evidence that had the lowest rate of cooling due to the time for the formation of precipitates and carbides in the metal.

The thesis deals with plasma overlay welding of cobalt alloys. In the theoretical part of the thesis, suitable cobalt alloys for plasma overlay welding were described, out of which cobalt alloy Stellite 21, was chosen for overlay welding for particular part. Subsequently, the plasma overlay welding machine PPC 250 PTM and the torch PHP 250 S, used in the practical part, were described. In the practical part were debug overlay welding parameters and suggest the suitable overlay welding procedure for particular part.