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Plusieurs types d'activité sont proposés en institution aux personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer, qui selon de nombreuses études, auraient des effets positifs sur le bien-être et le fonctionnement cognitif et social des patients. Dans le secteur de la santé et du vieillissement, divers travaux ont montré l'importance des facteurs motivationnels dans l'efficacité de la prise en charge des personnes et pour leur bien-être. Dans la perspective de la théorie de l'autodétermination (Deci & Ryan, 2000), il apparaît que la présence d'une d'une motivation autodéterminée pour la prise en charge, ainsi que les perceptions de compétence, d'autodétermination et d'appartenance sociale au cours de celle-ci, participent à sa réussite. Ainsi, trois études ont été mises en oeuvre dans des établissements d'hébergement pour personnes âgées. La première étude porte sur l'étude de différents types d'activités et de leur fréquence. La deuxième porte sur la la mise en place de séances d'activités stimulantes en plus de la prise en charge habituelle. Enfin, la dernière étude porte sur l'environnement Snoezelen. Ces différentes études visent à analyser l'effet des activités proposées aux personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer sur leur bien-être, et le rôle de la motivation et de l'encadrement lors celles-ci. Nos résultats ont montré l'impact de certaines formes de motivation autodéterminées, ainsi que des soutiens à l'autonomie, à la compétence et à l'appartenance sociale lors des activités sur les bénéfices de la prise en charge. A l'inverse, les formes de motivation les moins autodéterminées seraient en lien avec des conséquences négatives pour le bien-être des personnes. / In institutions, several types of activities are offered to patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. As many studies suggest, it seems thet these activities generate positive effects on patients' well-being, and cognitive and social performance. In the area of health and ageing, various works have demonstrated the importance of motivational factors in the efficiency of the treatment of persons and their well-being. From the point of view of the self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), it appears that the existence of a self-determined motivation for the treatment, as well as perceptions of competence, self-determination and social belonging during treatment, all contribute to a successful therapy. This is how three studies were introduced in homes for the elderly. The first study examined various types of activities and their frequency. The second one investigated into the implementation of stimulating sessions of activities, in addition to the traditional treatment. Finally, the last study analysed the Snoezelen environment. The purpose of these various studies was to work over the effects of activities offered to persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease for their well-being, and on the function of motivation and support during such activities. Our finding have shown the impact of certain forms of self-determination, as well as support for autonomy, competence and social belonging during activities, on the benefits of the care provided. Conversely, it appears that there is a connection between the least self-determination forms of motivation and negative effects on people's well-being.

Avec l’allongement de l’espérance de vie, il devient essentiel de mieux comprendre les changements cognitifs qui accompagnent le vieillissement normal. La mémoire de travail (MDT) est un système qui permet de maintenir temporairement et de manipuler une petite quantité d’informations ; c’est une fonction cognitive particulièrement importante, impliquée dans la réalisation d’un grand nombre d’activités quotidiennes complexes. L’affaiblissement de la MDT affecte l’ensemble du fonctionnement cognitif et a ainsi un impact sur l’autonomie. Cette thèse porte sur les effets du vieillissement normal sur la MDT et sur les fonctions de contrôle attentionnel (FCA) qui la sous-tendent : l’inhibition, l’alternance et la mise à jour. Nous nous intéressons également à l’éducation et à la pratique d’activités cognitivement stimulantes comme facteurs de protection du déclin de la MDT. L’objectif de la première étude (Chapitre II) était d’examiner les changements liés à l’avancée en âge sur la MDT et les FCA, sur une période de 5 ans. Les participants ont été évalués à deux reprises à 5 ans d’intervalle (Temps 1 ; Sylvain-Roy, Lungu, & Belleville, 2015a) avec trois tâches complexes de MDT (empan de phrases, Brown-Peterson et empan alphabétique) et plusieurs mesures d’inhibition, d’alternance et de mise à jour. Afin d’explorer la possibilité que le déclin sur 5 ans soit modulé par l’âge, nous avons séparé les participants en « jeunes-âgés » (âge moyen au Temps 1: 65,79) et « âgés-âgés » (âge moyen au Temps 1 : 75). Des analyses de variance répétées ont été conduites afin d’examiner l’effet du temps et l’interaction entre le temps et le groupe d’âge. Les analyses ont révélé un effet significatif du temps suggérant un déclin des performances après 5 ans sur l’ensemble des épreuves de MDT ainsi que pour les mesures d’inhibition et d’alternance. Aucune interaction entre le temps et le groupe d’âge n’a été mise en évidence, suggérant que les âgés-âgés ne présentent pas de déclin plus important que les jeunes-âgés. Cette étude montre que le vieillissement normal est marqué par d’importants changements généralisés aux trois tâches de MDT et à la plupart des FCA après seulement 5 ans et que le déclin est similaire quel que soit l’âge. Les implications théoriques et cliniques de ces résultats seront discutées. La deuxième étude (Chapitre III) avait pour objectif d’explorer l’effet de l’éducation et de la pratique d’activités cognitivement stimulantes sur le déclin de la MDT lors du suivi à 5 ans. Des régressions linéaires simples et multiples ont permis de mettre en évidence un effet protecteur de la pratique d’activités cognitivement stimulantes sur le déclin au Brown-Peterson pour l’ensemble des participants. Concernant l’éducation, les résultats indiquent une interaction avec l’âge pour les performances de base (Temps 1) et pour le déclin à la tâche de Brown-Peterson. Plus précisément, seuls les jeunes-âgés semblent protégés par l’effet de l’éducation au Temps 1 puis cet effet disparait entrainant même un déclin plus important des jeunes-âgés les plus éduqués par rapport aux âgés-âgés. Aucune interaction entre l’éducation et la pratique d’activités cognitivement stimulantes n’a été mise en évidence. Les deux autres tâches de MDT (empan de phrases et empan alphabétique) ne semblent bénéficier ni de l’éducation, ni des activités cognitivement stimulantes. Cette étude met en évidence un effet protecteur indépendant de la pratique d’activités cognitivement stimulantes et de l’éducation sur une tâche complexe de MDT. De plus, cette étude suggère que certains facteurs de protection pourraient avoir un effet différent selon l’âge. / With increasing life expectancy, it is becoming essential to better understand the cognitive changes associated with normal aging. Working memory (WM) is a limited capacity system that temporarily holds and manipulates a small amount of information; it is a particularly important cognitive function, involved in numerous complex daily activities. A WM impairment affects the whole cognitive functioning and thus has an impact on autonomy. This thesis assesses the age effects on WM and on attentional control functions (ACFs) that underlie this system: inhibition, shifting and updating. We are also interested in the effects of education and cognitively stimulating activities as protective factors on age-related WM decline. The first study (Chapter II) aimed at examining the age effects on WM and ACFs over a five-year period. Participants were evaluated twice over 5 years (Time 1; Sylvain-Roy, Lungu, & Belleville, 2015a) by three complex WM tasks (i.e., reading span, Brown-Peterson and alpha span) and multiple measures of inhibition, shifting and updating. In order to explore the possibility that decline over 5 years is modulated by age, we separated the participants into a “young-old” group (mean age at Time 1: 65.79) and an “old-old” group (mean age at Time 1: 75). Repeated analyses of variance were conducted in order to examine the effect of time and the interaction between time and group. Results showed a significant decline, over 5 years, for all three complex WM tasks and for measures of inhibition and shifting. Results showed no interaction between time and group, which indicated that the old-old group did not show a greater decline relative to young-old participants. This study shows that normal aging is marked by important and pervasive changes in WM and in most ACFs over a relatively short five-year period. Moreover, old-old and young-old participants show a similar rate of decline; theorical and clinical implications will be discussed. The second study (Chapter III) aimed at exploring effects of education and cognitively stimulating activities on WM decline. Simple and multiple linear regressions showed a protective effect of cognitively stimulating activities on decline for the Brown-Peterson task for all participants. Results also showed an interaction between age and education for baseline performances (Time 1) and for decline on the Brown-Peterson task. That is, only young-old participants seemed to benefit from education on baseline performances. This protective effect then recedes, leading to a greater decline over time for young-old compared to old-old participants. No interaction was found between education and cognitively stimulating activities. The other two WM tasks (i.e., reading span and alpha span) did not seem to benefit from protective effects of education or cognitively stimulating activities. This study shows a protective independent effect of education and the practice of cognitively stimulating activities on one complex WM task. Moreover, this study suggests that the impact of some protective factors could vary with age.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6016.pdf: 2404826 bytes, checksum: 6f5c56360cd20bd9f2bff69542f4d001 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Although many efforts have been made to the spread and consolidation of an education that develops individuals more entrepreneurial, there is no consensus or objective guidelines in the literature regarding the topics that should be part of entrepreneurial education, or skills that must be developed. This research aims to seek a better understanding as to the themes and skills that comprise the Entrepreneurial Education. A set of representative experiments of entrepreneurship education was observed in the subjects and skills covered. Data were organized in a form, enabling the identification and comparison of trends by type of education - primary, secondary and higher education, and courses with no relationship with formal education. The results indicate that in elementary school the focus is on Entrepreneurial Behavior. In secondary school, there is a less marked trend in Entrepreneurial Behavior. In Brazilian higher education, there is a balance between the business group and the Entrepreneurial Behavior. In the experiences in higher education abroad, the trend is on Entrepreneurial Behavior. In courses with no ties to formal education has not been possible to identify a conclusive trend, although a greater number of issues have been cited in Business group. Considering all experiments, regardless of the stage or type of education in the Entrepreneurial Behavior group, the most frequently cited issues were Network Relationships, Creativity, and Autonomy. In the business group, the most cited topics were Marketing, Business Plans and Financial Planning. This research helped to provide a better understanding as to the themes and skills that comprise the Entrepreneurial Education, systematizing data, enabling comparisons and identifying trends and the most frequently cited issues in primary, secondary and higher education, and in courses with no relationship with formal education. / Embora muitos esforços venham sendo envidados para a difusão e consolidação de uma educação que desenvolva indivíduos mais empreendedores, não há consenso ou diretrizes objetivas na literatura quanto aos temas que devem fazer parte da educação empreendedora, ou das competências que devem ser desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo buscar uma melhor compreensão quanto aos temas e competências que compõem a Educação Empreendedora. Um conjunto de experiências representativas da educação empreendedora foi observado em relação aos temas e competências abordados. Dados foram sistematizados em um formulário, visando possibilitar a identificação e comparação de tendências por modalidade de ensino - ensino fundamental, médio, superior e cursos sem vínculo com a educação formal. Os resultados obtidos indicam que no Ensino Fundamental o foco é no Comportamento Empreendedor. No Ensino Médio, há uma tendência menos acentuada no Comportamento Empreendedor. No Ensino Superior brasileiro, há um equilíbrio entre o grupo Negócios e o grupo Comportamento Empreendedor; nas experiências no Ensino Superior do exterior, a tendência é no Comportamento Empreendedor. Nos cursos sem vínculo com a educação formal não foi possível identificar uma tendência conclusiva, embora um número maior de temas tenha sido citado no grupo Negócios. Se considerarmos todas as experiências, independente da modalidade de ensino, no grupo Comportamento Empreendedor os temas mais citados foram Rede de Relacionamentos, Criatividade e Autonomia. No grupo Negócios os temas mais citados foram Marketing, Planos de Negócios e Planejamento Financeiro. Esta pesquisa contribuiu ao proporcionar uma melhor compreensão quanto aos temas e competências que compõem a Educação Empreendedora, sistematizando dados, possibilitando comparações e identificando tendências e temas mais citados nas modalidades de ensino fundamental, médio, superior e cursos sem vínculo com a educação formal.