Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 23, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-179). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1986. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [124]-137).

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-56).

Resumo: Os objetivos gerais deste estudo visaram verificar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), em caprinos e avaliar o método Famacha em cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e Saanen, criadas em sistema de pastejo, sob condições subtropicais. Foram utilizadas 65 cabras, sendo 21 cabras da raça Saanen e 44 cabras de composição genética ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen, pesando entre 35 a 40 kg. No tratamento de baixa intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 3000 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 23 animais, sendo 11 Saanen e 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. No tratamento de alta intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 1500 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 42 animais, sendo 10 Saanen e 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) no parasitismo animal entre as intensidades de pastejo. Os resultados obtidos para a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen foi de 51,6% e 48,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Para as cabras Saanen a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha foram de 16,7% e 82,6%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). No exame de coprocultura foi verificado predominância de mais de 60% de Haemonchus sp., seguido de mais de 30% de Trichostrongylus sp. Nas condições deste estudo a intensidade de pastejo não afetou o parasitismo gastrintestinal em caprinos e o método Famacha mostrou-se eficaz para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e não eficaz para as cabras Saanen. / Abstract: The general objectives of this study had aimed at to verify the gastrointestinal parasitism in different intensities of grazing in Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), in goats and evaluating the Famacha method in goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and Saanen, created in system of grazing, under subtropical conditions. Sixty five goats (21 Saanen and 44 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen) were used in a randomized block design and divided into two different intensities of grazing (treatments). In the treatment of low intensities of grazing had been used 3000 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 23 animals, being 11 Saanen and 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. In the high intensities of capacity had been used 1500 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 42 animals, being 10 Saanen and 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. It did not have difference (P> 0,05) in the animal parasitism enters the intensities of grazing. The results gotten for sensitivity and specificity of the Famacha for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen was of 51,6% and 48,3%, respectively and low sensibility (16,7%) and strong specificity (82,6%) for Saanen goats. Identification of the larvae by coproculture indicated that Haemonchus sp. predominate in the animals from both in different intensities of pastejo followed by Trichostrongylus sp. In the conditions of this study the grazing intensity didn't affect the gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and the method Famacha was shown effective for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and not effective for the goats Saanen. / Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Coorientador: Kleber Tomás de Resende / Banca: Ana Claudia Ruggieri / Banca: Marcelo Beltrão Molento / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_hm_me_jabo.pdf: 429822 bytes, checksum: 9a01550afb4e4e1ba15e6325062ee454 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os objetivos gerais deste estudo visaram verificar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), em caprinos e avaliar o método Famacha em cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e Saanen, criadas em sistema de pastejo, sob condições subtropicais. Foram utilizadas 65 cabras, sendo 21 cabras da raça Saanen e 44 cabras de composição genética ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen, pesando entre 35 a 40 kg. No tratamento de baixa intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 3000 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 23 animais, sendo 11 Saanen e 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. No tratamento de alta intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 1500 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 42 animais, sendo 10 Saanen e 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) no parasitismo animal entre as intensidades de pastejo. Os resultados obtidos para a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen foi de 51,6% e 48,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Para as cabras Saanen a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha foram de 16,7% e 82,6%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). No exame de coprocultura foi verificado predominância de mais de 60% de Haemonchus sp., seguido de mais de 30% de Trichostrongylus sp. Nas condições deste estudo a intensidade de pastejo não afetou o parasitismo gastrintestinal em caprinos e o método Famacha mostrou-se eficaz para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e não eficaz para as cabras Saanen. / The general objectives of this study had aimed at to verify the gastrointestinal parasitism in different intensities of grazing in Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), in goats and evaluating the Famacha method in goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and Saanen, created in system of grazing, under subtropical conditions. Sixty five goats (21 Saanen and 44 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen) were used in a randomized block design and divided into two different intensities of grazing (treatments). In the treatment of low intensities of grazing had been used 3000 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 23 animals, being 11 Saanen and 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. In the high intensities of capacity had been used 1500 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 42 animals, being 10 Saanen and 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. It did not have difference (P> 0,05) in the animal parasitism enters the intensities of grazing. The results gotten for sensitivity and specificity of the Famacha for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen was of 51,6% and 48,3%, respectively and low sensibility (16,7%) and strong specificity (82,6%) for Saanen goats. Identification of the larvae by coproculture indicated that Haemonchus sp. predominate in the animals from both in different intensities of pastejo followed by Trichostrongylus sp. In the conditions of this study the grazing intensity didn't affect the gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and the method Famacha was shown effective for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and not effective for the goats Saanen.

Abstract Long-term monitoring of the wild salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock of the Simojoki river and the stocked hatchery-reared salmon parr and smolts has provided a considerable amount of information on the development of the stock and factors affecting it. Data on the relationships between wild and reared salmon were collected by tagging and trapping both smolts and adult salmon having either a wild or reared background. The tag recapture rate of wild smolts was about twice as high as that of smolts stocked as two-year-olds and slightly greater than for smolts stocked as parr. When survival was measured in relation to the smolt size, the difference between the wild and reared smolts was even greater, and it seemed to be emphasized in years with a low survival rate. The difference observed between the wild and reared salmon in the smolt phase generally disappeared in the adult phase. When adult salmon returned to the river to spawn the difference in the timing of the ascent depended more on the age or sex of the salmon, and less on their origin. Similarly, the survival of adult salmon in the river before or after spawning and later after returning to the sea depended on the sex and age of the fish. The origin of fish affected their behaviour, the reared salmon wandering more than wild adults before settling down into spawning areas. When the yield of wild and reared smolts as returning adults was compared, the wild smolts gave the best results, although the survival from smolt to adult was low in all smolt groups, probably due to the high fishing pressure in the sea. The smolts stocked as parr and those stocked as two-year-old fish were similar in this respect. The former group gave better results if the yield was measured as the number of returning multi-sea-winter adults, while the latter group gave better results if one-sea-winter grilse were also included in the yield. The low yield of adult salmon from stocking and the generally low survival of smolt groups irrespective of their origin emphasises the importance of fishing regulations as a tool in the maintenance or enhancement of naturally reproducing salmon stocks. However, despite the low profitability of stocking, it probably safeguarded the existence of the wild Simojoki salmon stock during its critical phase in the early 1990s. At that time the fishing regulations were not strict enough to prevent the alarming decrease in the salmon stock, and the adult spawners produced by stocking of young salmon may have had a relatively higher value than their number suggests.

Price and inventory decisions are key levers of profit for firms. A manager needs to understand the impacts of pricing, ordering and stocking decisions not only on today's operations but also on future demand. In this dissertation we investigate these intertwining decisions by incorporating inter-temporal effects of pricing decisions through reference prices. We introduce three significant extensions to reference price models to provide more meaningful insight into pricing, inventory and ordering decisions. We first present a threshold reference model. The threshold model incorporates zones of insensitivity around expected price that moderate the reference impacts on demand. This provides a rigourous model that is flexible enough to handle different pricing strategies such as single everyday low pricing (EDLP), high-low pricing (HiLo) and other general price cycles. We develop two solution approaches and provide computational results. We next introduce a reference model with stochastic demand. There is considerable previous research supporting the consideration of variability in pricing and inventory decisions and this is especially true in the context of inter-temporal demand interactions based on pricing decisions. We find that the introduction of stochastic elements can actually increase or decrease the length of the price cycle for some consumers in a reference model depending on the parameters of the model. This extends the stochastic demand model and bridges to reference models for improved managerial insight. The final model presented is the dynamic lot sizing model. When prices and production decisions or order quantities are determined simultaneously the interactions need to be considered to optimize profits. The reference model incorporates the inter-temporal price effects to provide a clearer picture of the optimal decision. The inclusion of reference effects does change the optimal decision. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

I assessed the potential for trophic competition between age-0 largemouth bass and juvenile bluegills by quantifying food resource use similarity in a Virginia recreational small impoundment and by experimentally stocking the species sympatrically and allopatrically in 1.0 m cages and monitoring mortality, growth, and resource use. Niche breadth of bluegills in the small impoundment was greater than that of largemouth bass for eight out of nine sampling dates during the summer and fall of 1997. Virtually every type of item consumed by largemouth bass also was consumed by bluegills. In spite of this, diet overlap between the species was low. Largemouth bass fed primarily on Calanoida, Ephemeroptera, and fish, while bluegills consumed Diptera and Cyclopoida. The fishery of the impoundment consisted of relatively high and moderate densities of slow- and average-growing largemouth bass and panfish, respectively. If the fishery was managed to provide a high density of small bluegill, largemouth bass and bluegill might compete considering the number of prey items shared. Manipulative cage experimentation, which consisted of stocking 5 largemouth bass alone, 10 bluegill alone, 5 largemouth bass and 10 bluegill, 5 largemouth bass and 30 bluegill, and 15 largemouth bass and 10 bluegill in cages, indicated that largemouth bass and bluegills can compete and that there exists a strong asymmetry in their competitive relationship. Bluegills had a much stronger impact on largemouth bass than the reverse. When stocked alone, largemouth bass grew significantly larger than when stocked with either 10 or 30 bluegills. There were no significant differences in bluegill growth rates except between bluegills stocked alone and bluegills stocked with 15 largemouth bass. The analysis of food resource use indicates that Copepoda and Diptera larvae may be the limiting resources catalyzing the competitive interaction. This research suggests that a competitive juvenile bottleneck could occur, depending largely on whether overwinter survival of largemouth bass is size related. Competition between largemouth bass and bluegills may explain why enhancement stocking of fingerling largemouth bass typically is not successful. Further research is needed on the appropriate timing and length at stocking of introductory largemouth bass stockings. Additionally, I recommend that resource partitioning and competition between largemouth bass and bluegills be explored in connection with studies concerning overwinter survival and angling opportunities in small impoundments. Competition between the species may impose an ecological constraint that restricts achievable options in certain systems. / Master of Science

Measurements of runoff quantity and quality from three cattle stocking treatments applied to pastureland in southwestern Virginia indicate the need for further research to determine treatment effects. Three cattle stocking treatments (1) Continuous, 2) Rotational, and 3) Mob) were applied to three pastures at the Virginia Tech Prices Fork Research Farm. Rainfall simulations were performed over replicated plots in each treatment to induce runoff for collection of runoff quantity and quality data during the 2012 grazing season. Additionally, rainfall simulations were performed prior to applying the grazing treatments to establish initial conditions. Monitored runoff quantity and quality response variables included runoff depth, mean nutrient concentrations, and nutrient mass loss. Response variables were compared among the three pastures for initial conditions and among treatments for post-treatment conditions. Additionally, the trends in response variables within the 2012 season were compared among treatments. Plot and rainfall conditions that were expected to influence responses were also collected and analyzed in relation to response variables. Analyses of the response variables suggested that the variability within treatments likely muted any treatment effect on the response variables. Therefore, we concluded that further research is needed to determine treatment effects on runoff quantity and quality. / Master of Science