Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.283-292).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / No meio rodoviÃrio brasileiro, que detÃm 96,2% da matriz de transporte de passageiros e 61,8% da matriz de cargas, à flagrante a deterioraÃÃo dos revestimentos asfÃlticos provocada pelo crescente aumento do volume e do peso das cargas transportadas. Tal configuraÃÃo contribui sobremaneira para o surgimento de defeitos, destacando-se as deformaÃÃes permanentes e o trincamento por fadiga. Por outro lado, o estado do Cearà revela uma carÃncia por rodovias pavimentadas, onde apenas 16,0% da malha possuem algum tipo de revestimento asfÃltico. A mistura asfÃltica Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) surgiu hà alguns anos como soluÃÃo para combater defeitos em rodovias com elevadas solicitaÃÃes de carga. Alguns estudos, contudo, mostram que SMAs com granulometrias de tamanho mÃximo nominal (TMN) menores que os tradicionalmente utilizados oferecem desempenhos semelhantes aos SMAs com TMN usuais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi dosar misturas SMA com granulometrias distintas para estudar algumas caracterÃsticas desse tipo de mistura, investigando a influÃncia (i) do TMN, (ii) do percentual de agregado passante na peneira N 4 (4,75mm) para SMAs com TMN de 12,5mm e (iii) do tipo de compactaÃÃo (Marshall à Superpave) no comportamento mecÃnico das mesmas por meio dos ensaios de (i) mÃdulo de resiliÃncia (MR), (ii) resistÃncia à traÃÃo (RT), (iii) fadiga à tensÃo controlada, (iv) resistÃncia à traÃÃo retida (RTR) por umidade induzida e (v) desgaste CÃntabro. Os resultados reforÃam a noÃÃo de que SMAs com pequeno TMN apresentam desempenhos comparÃveis a SMAs tradicionais, sendo o SMA com TMN de 4,75 um atrativo como potencial soluÃÃo para a pavimentaÃÃo cearense, considerando as caracterÃsticas de trÃfego da malha do estado. / In Brazilian roadways, which concentrate 96.2% of the passengers and 61.8% of the cargo, it is clear the deterioration of asphalt pavements caused by an increasing volume and weight of the vehicle loadings. This configuration strongly contributes to pavement distresses, specially rutting and fatigue cracking. On another hand, the state of Cearà shows a lack of paved roadways, with only 16.0% of paved roads. The Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixture appeared a few years ago as a solution for minimizing distresses on roadways with high traffic levels. Some researches, however, demonstrate that SMA mixtures with small Nominal Maximum Aggregate Sizes (NMAS) offer similar performances to SMA mixtures with usual NMAS. The objective of the present research was to design SMA mixtures with different gradations in order to study some characteristics of this type of mixture, investigating the effect (i) of the NMAS, (ii) of the percentage of aggregate passing in sieve N. 4 (4.75mm) for 12.5mm NMAS SMA mixtures and (iii) of the compaction type (Marshall à Superpave) on the mechanical behavior of the mixtures. The mixtures were evaluated by (i) resilient modulus, (ii) indirect tensile strength, (iii) fatigue life (stress controlled), (iv) resistance to moisture damage and (v) Cantabro abrasion. The results support the idea that SMA mixtures with small NMAS behave similar to those with usual NMAS. Furthermore, the 4.75mm NMAS SMA appears to be a potential solution for roadways in CearÃ, considering the traffic configuration of this state.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Valenca.pdf: 4047438 bytes, checksum: a02cd074f12f4a3944a6c31fbd696ac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of road infrastructure in Brazil, coupled with investments in the automotive industry in the 60s, boosted, years later, the need to implement public and private administrative systems on these roads, in order to maintain good traffic conditions and safety. Moreover, Manaus county has a history of geotechnical problems, such as the costly process of obtaining stone material, due to the thick layers of fine soil overlying rocky horizons and the complicated logistics of its transportation. These facts, on both national and regional levels, have led to the study of asphalt mixtures with improved mechanical performance, according to the scientific literature on commonly used mixtures, for example, Asphalt Concrete. These are discontinuous mixtures with excellent experience, especially on European roads, called Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). SMA is characterized by a high percentage of coarse aggregate, which favors the draindown of mastic asphalt. To reduce this effect, fibers from the Amazonian curauá were added, which are largely produced in the northern region of Brazil and characterized by high mechanical resistance, although mainly applied in automotive composites. In addition, to enable the use of this type of bituminous coating due to the large proportion of coarse materials, we analyzed the performance of a recycled aggregate (Construction and Demolition Waste - CDW) compared to a traditional granite aggregate. In this scenario, there was physical and mechanical characterization of the component materials and of the SMA mixture. With respect to the aggregates, the CDW achieved 160% more Los Angeles abrasion, satisfactory adhesiveness and lower bulk and saturated densities when compared with brita. The mineral mixture, 75% coarse, 15% fine and 10% filler, fit the specifications described by the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA). Inferring a void volume of 4%, meeting the requirements of the empty coarse fraction of the aggregate in the compacted mixture, larger than the empty coarse fraction of the compacted aggregate, similar levels were obtained for the CAP project if using Marshall type dosage, at 6.28% (for SMA with brita), 6.82% (for SMA with CDW), 6.50% (for SMA with brita and curauá) and 6.88% (for SMA with CDW and curauá). Draindown was effectively reduced by curauá fibers with only 0.3% fiber in both asphalt composites. With regard to traction resistance performed at 25 °C, 40°C and 60°C, the composite CDW obtained better results, but fiber insertion lowered the values, possibly by loss of rigidity due to the detriment of their adsorbed water. However, in the Resilience Modulus performed at 25°C and 40°C, in general, fibers contribute to the mechanical behavior, especially the mix with brita and the temperature at 40°C. Increased temperature caused decreased results in both mechanical tests, but the decrease was less in the recycled aggregate. In view of this, a good performance of the recycled aggregate is assumed in SMA blends, with positive results from the addition of curauá fibers particularly as to the resilience of the material. / O desenvolvimento da infraestrutura rodoviária no Brasil, aliado aos investimentos na indústria automobilística na década de 60, impulsionou, anos mais tarde, a necessidade de implantar sistemas administrativos públicos e privados em tais rodovias, a fim de manter boas condições de tráfego e segurança. Por outro lado, o Município de Manaus compunha-se de um histórico de problemas geotécnicos, como os custosos processos de obtenção de material pétreo devido às espessas camadas de solos finos que recobrem os horizontes rochosos em conjunto com as dificuldades logísticas para seu transporte. Tais fatos, de âmbito nacional e regional, suscitaram o estudo de misturas asfálticas de melhor desempenho mecânico, segundo a literatura cientifica, relativa às misturas convencionalmente utilizadas, por exemplo, Concreto Asfáltico. Trata-se de misturas descontínuas com excelentes experiências, mormente nas estradas européias, denominadas de Stone Matrix Asphalt. O SMA se caracteriza pelo alto percentual de agregados graúdos, o que favorece o escorrimento do mástique asfáltico. Para reduzir tal efeito, adicionaram-se fibras amazônicas do curauá, que são largamente produzidas na região norte do Brasil e caracterizadas pela alta resistência mecânica, contudo com maior aplicação em compósitos automotivos. Em complemento, para viabilizar o uso deste tipo de revestimento betuminoso em virtude do elevado partícipe de materiais graúdos, analisou-se o desempenho de um agregado reciclado (Resíduos de Construção e Demolição RCD) comparativamente a um agregado granítico tradicional. Neste panorama, realizou-se caracterização física e mecânica dos materiais partícipes e da mistura SMA. Acerca dos agregados, o RCD alcançou 160% a mais de desgaste por abrasão Los Angeles, satisfatória adesividade e menores densidades aparentes e saturadas em confronto com a brita. Concernente à mistura mineral, enquadrou-se 75% de graúdos, 15% de miúdos e 10% de fíler nas especificações descritas pela National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA). Ao inferir um volume de vazios de 4%, atendendo aos requisitos dos vazios da fração graúda do agregado na mistura compactada maior que os vazios da fração graúda do agregado compactado, obtiveram-se iguais teores de projeto de CAP se realizado a dosagem do tipo Marshall, sendo 6,28% (SMA com brita), 6,82% (SMA com RCD), 6,50% (SMA com brita e urauá) e 6,88% (SMA com RCD e curauá). Referente ao escorrimento, as fibras do curauá reduziram tal efeito com apenas 0,3% de fibras em ambos compósitos asfálticos. Atinente a Resistência a Tração realizada a 25°C, 40°C e 60°C, os compósitos com RCD obtiveram melhores resultados, porém a inserção da fibra minorou os valores possivelmente pela perda da sua rigidez com o detrimento da sua água adsorvida. No entanto, no Módulo de Resiliência executado a 25°C e 40°C, em geral, as fibras contribuíram para o comportamento mecânico, sobretudo a mistura com brita e temperatura de 40°C. Relativo ao aumento da temperatura, ambos os ensaios mecânicos possuíram o decréscimo de seus resultados, mas com menores perdas para o agregado reciclado. Nesta perspectiva, assume-se um bom desempenho do agregado reciclado nas misturas SMA, com resultados positivos na adição das fibras do curauá particularmente quanto à resiliência do material.

This study focuses on the effects of mixing temperature, binder content, and dust content on the performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). Mixes produced at different mixing temperatures and with or without added polymer modified binder (Pb) and/or bag house dust (BHD) were evaluated. Two different types of specimens: laboratory mixed laboratory compacted, and plant mixed laboratory compacted were evaluated by Cantabro Mass Loss (CML) testing in an unaged condition or after a laboratory conditioning protocol (CP) was applied. Additional Pb and BHD were added to plant produced mixes in the laboratory before mixing. Results showed that mixing temperature affected behavior in some cases. Specimens with lower air void (Va) levels performed better than those with higher Va levels. Additional polymer modified binder and BHD, when added together, meaningfully improved mixture results in terms of CML values.

Este trabalho apresenta alguns resultados de pesquisa laboratorial compreendendo projeto de dosagem, comportamento mecânico da mistura SMA (Stone Matrix Asphalt - Matriz Pétrea Asfáltica), bem como, aspectos executivos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de um trecho experimental em SMA para revestimento de pavimentos. Os resultados de laboratório obtidos mostram que o SMA é um revestimento asfáltico que pode apresentar bom desempenho sob cargas pesadas em climas quentes, pois estas misturas são muito resistentes à deformação permanente, mas preservam a flexibilidade como os concretos asfálticos densos. O SMA é uma solução bem conhecida para tráfego pesado na Europa e mais recentemente na América do Norte. O SMA também tem sido empregado para aumento de aderência em pista molhada e para redução de ruído. / This research presents laboratory test results of mixture design, mechanical behavior of SMA (Stone Matrix Asphalt), as well as some construction aspects regarding to development of Brazilian road trial section as a new bituminous surface course to pavement construction or maintenance.The laboratory results show that SMA can perform very well in hot climate under heavy load conditions due to the mixture to be very resistant against permanent deformation but still flexible like dense asphalt concrete. The SMA is a well Known solution for heavy traffic in Europe and, more recently, in North America. The SMA is also employed to increase the adherence in wet conditions and for noise reduction.

Este trabalho apresenta alguns resultados de pesquisa laboratorial compreendendo projeto de dosagem, comportamento mecânico da mistura SMA (Stone Matrix Asphalt - Matriz Pétrea Asfáltica), bem como, aspectos executivos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de um trecho experimental em SMA para revestimento de pavimentos. Os resultados de laboratório obtidos mostram que o SMA é um revestimento asfáltico que pode apresentar bom desempenho sob cargas pesadas em climas quentes, pois estas misturas são muito resistentes à deformação permanente, mas preservam a flexibilidade como os concretos asfálticos densos. O SMA é uma solução bem conhecida para tráfego pesado na Europa e mais recentemente na América do Norte. O SMA também tem sido empregado para aumento de aderência em pista molhada e para redução de ruído. / This research presents laboratory test results of mixture design, mechanical behavior of SMA (Stone Matrix Asphalt), as well as some construction aspects regarding to development of Brazilian road trial section as a new bituminous surface course to pavement construction or maintenance.The laboratory results show that SMA can perform very well in hot climate under heavy load conditions due to the mixture to be very resistant against permanent deformation but still flexible like dense asphalt concrete. The SMA is a well Known solution for heavy traffic in Europe and, more recently, in North America. The SMA is also employed to increase the adherence in wet conditions and for noise reduction.

This research focused on three main objectives: (1) quantify coarse aggregate morphological characteristics using an improved FTI (Fourier Transform Interferometry) image analysis system, (2) evaluate the effects of morphological characteristics of coarse aggregates of various mineral compositions on the mechanical performances of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures constituted; (3) investigate the relationship between the uncompacted void content of coarse aggregates and morphological characteristics. To achieve the first research objective, a Fourier Transform Interferometry (FTI) system was adopted to capture three-dimensional high-resolution images of aggregates. Based on these digital images, the FTI system uses the two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT2) method to rapidly measure aggregate morphological characteristics, including sphericity, flatness ratio, elongation ratio, angularity, and surface texture. The computed shape characteristics of all aggregates were in good agreement with manual measurement results, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of this image analysis system. For the second objective, a series of simple performance laboratory tests were performed on eight types of SMA mixtures with different morphological characteristics. Test included wheel-track loading, dynamic modulus, flow number, and beam fatigue. The wheel tracking test included asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) and Model mobile load simulator (MMLS). In the APA test, samples included eight types of SMA mixtures that consisted of aggregates of 22 fractions. In the MMLS test, six types of SMA mixture samples that consist of coarse aggregate of 15 fractions were tested. Regression analyses were then conducted between weighted mean morphological characteristics and performance parameters. The fatigue performance parameters include |E*|sin φ, where |E*| is complex modulus obtained from dynamic modulus test, the number of loading cycles to failure, and the seismic modulus difference. The rutting performance parameters include |E*|/sin φ, flow number, flow number slope, rut depth and creep slope. For the third objective, different coarse aggregate fractions from different quarries in Virginia were analyzed using the improved FTI system. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the correlation between morphological characteristics and uncompacted void content of coarse aggregates at the size ranges of 4.75-9.5mm and 9.5-12.5 mm, respectively. Aggregate morphological characteristics were found to play an important role in the mechanical performance of stone matrix asphalt mixture and the uncompacted air void content of the coarse aggregates. Both the experimental results and simulation results demonstrated that using more of equi-dimensional, less flaky and elongated coarse aggregates with angular and rougher-textured aggregates is favorable to the mechanical performances of SMA mixtures. Recommended values for each morphological characteristic are provided. / Ph. D.