Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Medeiros.pdf: 2573107 bytes, checksum: 1e5a17966417b43d576f37b4837c682b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was developed at the State University of West of Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel and was aimed at developing a computer program to simulate and scale, optimally, a system of solar water heating. To determine the efficiency parameters of the system were installed three solar collectors of 1.05 m2 each, brand Pro Sol, coupled to a thermal reservoir of 200 liters, containing electrical resistances auxiliary 2000 W. The system works by using thermosyphon, and was installed in a metal bracket fixed to the ground, oriented to the north at an angle of 35 degrees from the horizontal. We collected hourly data of solar radiation and water temperatures, and evaluated two scenarios. In the first scenario, it was considered system utilization auxiliary heating controlled by a thermostat, which linked and hang up the electrical resistances as the temperature of water in boiler oscillated around of temperature of consumption (40 º C). In the second scenario, it was considered the system to power auxiliary heating only in timetables of water consumption, when the water temperature in boiler was lower than the temperature of consumption. Coefficients were calculated heat loss in the solar collector and storage tank, the heat removal factor of solar collector and the overall efficiency of the heating system installed. These calculated parameters and other data collected were used in software developed for simulation and design in order to satisfactorily meet the needs of hot water consumption, and minimize the total installation costs and energy consumption. Finally, these system costs solar heating were compared to costs of an electric shower conventional. The results obtained were as follows: coefficient of heat loss in the solar collector (5,45 Wm-2ºC-1), coefficient of heat loss in the thermal reservoir (5,34 Wm-2ºC-1), removal factor heat of the solar collector (0.78) and overall system efficiency (31%). The times of return on capital invested in the solar heating system (compared to a conventional electric shower), for the two scenarios of use, were, respectively, 11.45 years and 7.81 years. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel, e teve por objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional para simular e dimensionar, de forma otimizada, um sistema de aquecimento solar de água. Para determinar os parâmetros de eficiência do sistema, foram instalados três coletores solares de 1,05 m2 cada, da marca Pro Sol, acoplados a um reservatório térmico de 200 litros, contendo resistências elétricas auxiliares de 2000 W. O sistema utilizado funciona por termossifão, e foi instalado em um suporte metálico fixado ao solo, com orientação para o norte, num ângulo de 35º em relação à horizontal. Foram coletados dados horários de radiação solar e temperaturas da água, e avaliados dois cenários. No primeiro cenário, considerou-se a utilização do sistema de aquecimento auxiliar controlado por um termostato, que ligava e desligava as resistências elétricas conforme a temperatura da água no boiler oscilava em torno da temperatura de consumo (40ºC). No segundo cenário, considerou-se o acionamento do sistema de aquecimento auxiliar somente nos horários de consumo de água, quando a temperatura da água no boiler estivesse menor que a temperatura de consumo. Foram calculados os coeficientes de perda de calor no coletor solar e no reservatório térmico, o fator de remoção de calor no coletor solar e a eficiência global do sistema de aquecimento instalado. Esses parâmetros calculados, e os demais dados coletados, foram utilizados no software desenvolvido para simulação e dimensionamento, de maneira a atender satisfatoriamente às necessidades de consumo de água quente, e minimizar os custos totais de instalação e consumo de energia elétrica. Por fim, esses custos do sistema de aquecimento solar foram comparados aos custos de um chuveiro elétrico convencional. Os resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: coeficiente de perda de calor no coletor solar (5,45 Wm-2ºC-1), coeficiente de perda de calor no reservatório térmico (5,34 Wm-2ºC-1), fator de emoção de calor do coletor solar (0,78) e eficiência global do sistema (31%). Os tempos de retorno do capital investido no sistema de aquecimento solar (em comparação a um chuveiro elétrico convencional), para os dois cenários de utilização, foram de, respectivamente, 11,38 anos e 5,73 anos.

Magistro darbe analizuotos vakuuminių saulės kolektorių, skirtų vandeniui šildyti sistemos energetiniai parametrai, rodikliai ir konstrukcijos. Taip pat šiame darbe nagrinėjama vakuuminio saulės kolektoriaus energetinės charakteristikos. Darbą sudaro dvi dedamosios dalys: analitinė ir praktinė darbo dalys. Analitinėje dalyje apžvelgtos skirtingų tipų saulės kolektorių charakteristikos, saulės kolektorinių vandens šildymo sistemų veikimo principas ir panaudojimo galimybės. Trumpai apžvelgta perteklinės energijos panaudojimo galimybės ir saulės kolektorių sistemos projektavimo principas. Praktinėje darbo dalyje tirta saulės kolektorinė vandens šildymo sistema gamybinėmis sąlygomis. Atskleistas sistemos veikimo mechanizmas, ištirtas kolektorių našumas skirtingomis darbinėmis sąlygomis. Darbo pabaigoje suformuluotos atlikto tyrimo išvados. Pateiktos rekomendacijos tirtos saulės kolektorinės vandens šildymo sistemos administraciniam personalui. / Master's thesis analyses vacuum solar collectors for water heating system energy parameters, indicators and construction. Also vacuum solar collector system energy characteristics. The work consists of two component parts: the analytical and practical parts of the research. In the analytical part is an overview of the different types of solar collector performance, solar water heating systems operation and utilization. Short overview of surplus energy utilization possibilities and solar system design principle. In the practical part of the thesis is investigated solar collector water heating system under production conditions. Revealed mechanism of the system, investigated thermal performance under different operating conditions. In the end of research thesis conclusions are formulated. Recommendations were given for tested solar collector water heating system administrative personnel.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-06-08T13:37:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5529350 bytes, checksum: 5bf79c2d77151888e66a617ba01f6714 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T13:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5529350 bytes, checksum: 5bf79c2d77151888e66a617ba01f6714 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / The environmental issues and the search for renewable and cheaper resources are encouraging the development of new air conditioner types. One of these models that can substitute the most usual nowadays is the adsorption air conditioner system, which does not need a vapor compressor and demands only a hot and a cold source to work. This hot source can easily be supplied by thermal waste or solar energy. However, the fact that solar energy varies throughout the day implies using a thermal storage system and an auxiliary heat source. Those have to be carefully designed in order to guarantee the maximum performance for the available solar energy. This text presents the development of the software SimAds, which employs numerical routines to solve the heating flow problem that occurs inside the adsorber bed during regeneration. The results given by SimAds are applied as boundary conditions in the thermal storage tank analysis of an adsorption air conditioner system. This study was carried out numerically evolving the Finite Volume Method, with physical and mathematical equations validated by S. Ievers’ (2009) work. The results showed that the storage tank's thermal stratification is higher between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. in the afternoon, keeping lower levels during the rest of the day. The energy fraction demanded by the air conditioner's hot water circuit supplied by solar energy was find as 70%. The main conclusion shows that changing the tank inlet's height could increase the thermal performance of the storage system, principally in problems with more than one water inlet and transient temperatures. / A preocupação ambiental e a busca por utilização de recursos renováveis e mais econômicos vêm incentivando o desenvolvimento de novos modelos de condicionadores de ar. Um modelo alternativo ao mais empregado atualmente é o ar condicionado por adsorção, que dispensa o uso de compressores de vapor e precisa de uma fonte fria e uma fonte quente para seu funcionamento, podendo esta última ser resíduo térmico ou energia solar. O fato de a energia solar variar ao longo do dia e entre dias, no entanto, implica na adoção de sistemas de armazenamento de calor e na utilização de uma fonte auxiliar de energia, que devem ser devidamente estudados e dimensionados para que o aproveitamento da energia solar seja o maior possível. Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento do software SimAds, que simula através de rotinas numéricas o aquecimento dos módulos de adsorção durante a fase de regeneração. Os resultados obtidos através do SimAds serviram de condições de contorno para a análise do escoamento dentro do tanque de estocagem de água quente de um sistema de ar condicionado por adsorção. Este estudo foi conduzido numericamente utilizando o método dos volumes finitos, tendo a modelagem físico-matemática do problema validada pelo estudo de tanque de estocagem térmica realizado por S. Ievers (2009). Os resultados da simulação mostraram que o nível de estratificação térmica do tanque apresenta melhores resultados no período das 14 às 17 h, se mantendo em patamares menos favoráveis durante o restante do dia. A fração da energia consumida pelo circuito de água quente do ar condicionado suprida pelos coletores solares foi encontrada de 70%. A principal conclusão aponta que a alteração de altura das entradas do tanque pode melhorar o desempenho térmico do mesmo, principalmente em problemas em que há mais de uma entrada de água quente e com temperatura transiente.

It is known that Sweden is categorised by being one of the regions that experience low solar radiation because it is located in the northern hemisphere that has a low potential of solar radiation during the colder seasons. The government of Sweden aim to promote a more sustainable future by applying more renewable initiative in the energy sector. One of the initiatives is by applying more renewable energy where PV panels will play a greater role in our society and in the energy sector. However, the produced energy from the PV panels is unpredictable due to changes in radiation throughout the day. One great way to tackle this issue is by combining PV panels with different energy storage system. This thesis evaluates an off-grid rowhouse in Eskilstuna Sweden where the PV panels are combined with a heat pump, thermal storage tank, including batteries and hydrogen system. The yearly electrical demand is met by utilizing PV panels, battery system for short term usage and hydrogen system for long-term usage during the colder seasons. The yearly thermal demand is met by the thermal storage tank. The thermal storage tank is charged by heat losses from the hydrogen system and thermal energy from heat pump.The calculations were simulated in Excel and MATLAB where OPTI-CE is composed with different components in the energy system. Furthermore, the off-grid household was evaluated from an economic outlook with respect to today’s market including the potential price decrease in 2030.The results indicated that the selected household is technically practicable to produce enough energy. The PV panels produces 13 560 kWh annually where the total electrical demand reaches 6 125 kWh yearly (including required electricity for the heat pump). The annual energy demand in terms of electricity and thermal heat reaches 12 500 kWh which is covered by the simulated energy system. The overproduction is stored in the batteries and hydrogen storage for later use. The back-up diesel generator does not need to operate, indicating that energy system supplies enough energy for the off-grid household. The thermal storage tank stores enough thermal energy regarding to the thermal load and stores most of the heat during the summer when there are high heat losses due to the charge of the hydrogen system. The simulated energy system has a life cycle cost reaching approximately k$318 with a total lifetime of 25 years. A similar off-grid system has the potential to reduce the life cycle cost to k$195 if the energy system is built in 2030 with a similar lifespan. The reduction occurs due to the potential price reduction for different components utilized in the energy system.

My diploma thesis is focused on design scheme of low-energy family house’s heating system. The goal of the first part of thesis is an introduction of the object following by calculations of transmission coefficients of heat through constructions and calculations of heat loss. Creation of proposal and calculation of underfloor heating output as well as panel and piped radiators and convectors are followed by proposal and calculation of dimensions of piping, pressure loss of underfloor loops, panel and piped radiators and convectors. The thesis also contains design of heating pump with bivalent heat electrical source, calculations of need of heat and calculations of total costs of working heating system as well as design of storage tank and accumulator for hot water. The last part of thesis is focused on control of the heat system.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design of storage tank for petroleum. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part of the work is focused on introducing the known types of storage tanks, their parts, use and benefits. The thesis also briefly summarized legislation regarding this issue. The second part is the actual design of storage tank. It was the strength calculation tanks according to EN 14 015. It was also a voltage FEM analysis of shell and tank roof. Result of work is a design drawing of the storage tank.

This Master’s thesis deals with design of heating source and heating system in the model object. Design is based on three variants of sources and heating systems. The first option is a heating pump air/water, the second option is pellet boiler and the third option is heating pump ground/water. At first heating losses are determined. Then heating systems and related heating sources are designed. The fundamental part of these free options is a design of alternative source for central heat and and hot water and heat storage. The last part is comparison of all variants.

Wärmespeicher tragen bei optimierter Integration in Wärme- und Kälteversorgungsanlagen zur Einsparung von installierter Erzeugerleistung, Brennstoffeinsatz und Betriebskosten bei. Leider treten in Wärmespeichern oft noch beachtliche Verluste auf und das Potenzial zur Kosten- und Energieeinsparung wird nicht vollständig ausgeschöpft. Dabei spielen nicht nur Wärmeverluste an die Umgebung, sondern vor allem auch innere Verluste im Speicher eine Rolle. Schwerpunkte der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Beschreibung der einzelnen Verluste an Wasserwärmespeichern, die Ermittlung ihrer Ausmaße abhängig von der konstruktiven Gestaltung und der Betriebsweise des Speichers sowie die Auswirkungen der Verluste auf einen vorgelagerten Wärmeerzeuger und den Einsatz von Primärenergie. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf umfangreichen Speichermodellierungen mit dem CFD-Code Fluent sowie experimentellen Untersuchungen an drei Testspeichern. Der quantitative Vergleich der Verluste für ausgewählte Beispiele zeigt bestehende Defizite sowie die Potenziale für die Verbesserung der Konstruktion neuer Wasserwärmespeicher auf. / If hot water storage tanks are optimally integrated in heat or cold supply systems, they contribute to a reduction of required capacity, fuel and operation costs. Unfortunately, even today remarkable heat losses and internal losses occur in hot water storage tanks. The potential for cost and energy reductions is not completely utilized yet. Here, not only heat losses to the ambience, but also internal losses play a decisive role. Main focus of the presented work is the description of the single losses at hot water storage tanks and the determination of the correlation between the losses, the tank design and the mode of operation. Furthermore the effects of the losses in the tank on the efficiency of different types of heat generators and the input of primary energy into the system have been examined. The results are based on extended numerical modeling with the CFD-code Fluent as well as experimental test with three storage tanks. The quantitative comparison of the losses for selected examples shows the current shortcomings but even the potential for an optimized hot water storage tank design.

The thesis aims to design a device for utilization of waste heat for heating and hot water in NETME Centre in area of FSI VUT in Brno. First of all there is summary of available sources of waste heat and evaluation of serviceability. Next there is design of a device for utilization of waste heat. Design incluades calculation of heat exchangers and selection of particular heat exchangers. It also incluades design of duct system which anables transportation of heated water from heat exchangers to machine room. In machine room is situated storage tank for accumulation of gained waste heat. This storage tank is conected to heating system and to consumption of hot water which anables utilization of waste heat. Finally there is economic evaluation based on amount of gained waste heat, consumption of heat and costs.

The solar hot water storage tank is off great importance in the solar collector array. It allows transformed energy accumulation thus deals with the inconsistency between supply and demand. The suitable design of the storage tank can improve system efficiency. The storage capacity represents the balance between the amount of stored hot water and the tank's heat losses. The design of the storage capacity is based on three hypotheses. The coverage of hot water demand by solar energy, the ratio between storage capacity and solar thermal collector area and the prediction that the storage capacity corresponds to one- to twofold hot water demand. The purpose of this thesis is to share an understanding of the solar storage tanks design and to improve the design through numerical simulation, experimentations and general calculations. It also focuses on the confirmation of the used hypotheses and determination of the best way to design the solar storage tank for general practice and further potential discussions. The simulation model has three variables – the storage capacity, collector area and the number of occupants. The intent is to find the interdependence of these three variables. The purpose of the simulations is to modify the design of the solar tank based on the mutual influence of studied parameters. The modifications are performed based on the users' needs.