This thesis treats the optical properties of mixed mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol in the thermal infrared (TIR) based on Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) measurements and radiative transfer simulations. The measurements were part of the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2 (SAMUM-2) conducted from January to February 2008 at Praia, Cape Verde. The large amount of different instruments co-located at the main field site during the campaign resulted in a unique dataset comprising in-situ information and remote sensing data perfectly suited for column closure studies. The ultimate goal of this work is to investigate the consistency of microphysical and TIR remote sensing data. This is achieved by reproducing the measured radiances at top and bottom of the atmosphere (TOA, BOA) with a radiative transfer model, which assimilates the microphysical aerosol information gathered during SAMUM-2. The first part of the thesis describes several experimental efforts, including a novel calibration method and a drift correction algorithm for the ground-based FTIR instrument operated within the scope of SAMUM-2 by the author. The second part introduces the concurrent radiative transfer library PIRATES, which has been developed in the framework of this thesis for the analysis of TIR aerosol optical properties. The third and final part of the treatise compares measured and simulated spectra for various typical scenarios encountered during SAMUM-2. It is demonstrated in three case studies, that measured radiances in the TIR atmospheric window region (8-12 µm) can be reproduced at BOA and TOA by radiative transfer simulations assuming spheroidal model particles. Moreover, spherical particles are shown to be an inadequate model for mineral dust aerosol in this spectral region unless the aerosol optical depth is small.