Vi arbetar idag mindre tid än vad den arbetande människan gjort under tidigare årtionden, och många hävdar att vi måste arbeta mer för att vi ska kunna bibehålla vår standard. Men sammantaget, betalt och obetalt arbete, sett ur en familjs perspektiv arbetar många väldigt mycket idag, och med högt ställda krav både på jobbet och i hemmet.Ett antal försök med förkortad arbetstid har gjorts på olika arbetsplatser i landet, de flesta inom kommun och landsting, men få har genomförts med både för- och efterstudie. Vi har i vår studie utgått från den arbetstidsförkortning som genomfördes på Radiumhemmet 2003 där vi genomförde en förstudie där alla som skulle delta i försöket fick svara på en enkät innan projektet påbörjades. När projektet pågått tre månader skickade vi ut ytterligare en enkät till deltagarna. Utöver de som deltagit i projektet med arbetstidsförkortning har vi även genomfört motsvarande studie med en kontrollgrupp bestående av sjuksköterskor som arbetade med normal arbetstid. Vi har i vår undersökning fokuserat på Karaseks krav- och kontrollmodell och deltagarnas välbefinnande före och efter införandet av arbetstids-förkortningen. Frågorna vi har använt oss av utgår från samma som i undersökningarna av levnadsförhållanden (ULF). Eftersom vi också tror att, hur vi använder vår fritid påverkar hur vi mår på vårt arbete, har vi utöver Karaseks krav/kontrollmodell, också använt oss av The role strain theory då vi har studerat hur deltagarna har använt sin nyvunna fria tid och ställt dessa svar i relation till hur nöjda de var med sina nya arbetstider.Resultaten av vår studie visade att arbetstidsförkortningen inneburit ökade krav såsom att arbetet blivit mer jäktigt och att den psykiska stressen hade ökat samtidigt som kontrollen hade minskat då det blivit svårare att hinna med sina arbetsuppgifter. Trots detta visade resultaten att den kortare arbetstiden kan lätta den totala arbetsbördan genom att frigöra tid till annat än betalt arbete, såsom hushålls- och hemarbete samt fritidssysselsättningar och på så sätt öka individens välbefinnande.

-1 were achieved when testing specimens and this rate was obtained using a split Hopkinson pressure bar. A substantial number of preliminary tests were conducted in order to obtain a suitable specimen size which was then used in the temperature measurement process. Quasistatic, intermediate and high strain-rate tests were performed; the last utilised the radiometer for temperature measurement. An Eyring plot was constructed from which fundamental values for activation volumes and enthalpies were obtained. Full descriptions of the testing techniques used have been included and a brief photoelastic analysis has been carried out on a partially deformed specimen which shows molecular alignment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-88).

abstract: Academic deviance is a potentially detrimental behavior for students and universities alike in that it causes credit to be given to individuals where it is not due. Furthermore, it is a common occurrence, with around half of college students admitting to engaging in this behavior at least once. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between perfectionism, strain, and academic deviance. In doing this, this study uses data from a primary data collection effort in Arizona State University, with a final sample of 696 students, to answer three research questions: Are there differences in the likelihood of engaging in academic deviance by maladaptive perfectionists, adaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists? Are there differences in the perceptions of the wrongness of academic deviance between maladaptive perfectionists, adaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists? Are there differences in how context dependent maladaptive perfectionists, adaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists view academic deviance the wrongness of academic deviance? Ordered logistic regression are used to access these research questions. Results suggest that neither perfectionism nor strain were a significant factor in determining the likelihood that a participant would engage in an academically deviant behavior, or how wrong they believed that behavior to be. However, perfectionism did seem to have a mild impact on how context dependent individuals felt the wrongness of their behaviors, meaning that if the cause of the strain was due to the professor’s actions, students viewed academic deviance as less wrong, and self-control explained at least part of this effect. Strain, on the other hand, did not have a significant effect. Overall, the results suggest some legitimacy to the use of general strain theory to explain the potential relationships, given the relationship between perfectionism and context dependency. Additionally, the results support policy implications designed to reduce maladaptive thoughts and subsequently academic deviance, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Future research should examine the link between perfectionism and other types of academic strain. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

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The instrumental misuse of prescription stimulants as "study drugs", particularly by college students, is a serious issue that needs to be further investigated. Using data from a sample of 549 University of Central Florida Orlando students, the current study tested the relationship between prescription stimulant misuse and social learning theory, as well as general strain theory. Approximately 17% of participants reported misusing prescription stimulants for academic purposes at least once in the past year. Findings show support for social learning theory; the number of friends who use prescription stimulants and the individual's attitudes about the effectiveness of the drugs are both significant variables. General strain theory was divided into two parts; the first one tests the relationship between strain and negative affect, while the second tests negative affect, strain and prescription stimulant misuse. Overall, general strain theory was not found to explain prescription stimulant misuse. Also, results showed students who binge drink or use other substances are significantly more likely to report prescription stimulant misuse. Potential implications for these findings are discussed, as well as future research directions.

This paper examines the relationship between income inequality and the homicide rate in 59 geographic areas in New York City known as Community District Tabulation Areas (CDTAs). The premise for this paper is that community members in each CDTA share similar social characteristics and therefore these areas provide a useful lens through which to analyze ecological social phenomena such as homicide. The main hypothesis for this paper is that the homicide rate in the CDTAs will vary directly with the level of income inequality within each CDTA. The outputs from several models testing this hypothesis do not support this hypothesis. The models failed to produce a result showing a relationship between income inequality and the homicide rate that is statistically significant. However, the models did produce results showing a strong relationship between a composite of several indicators of disadvantage and the homicide rate in the CDTAs. The model also produces results that show a moderate relationship between the homicide rate and the racial makeup of CDTAs along with a moderate inverse relationship between voter turnout and the homicide rate. / Master of Science / The causes behind fluctuations in violence rates has been the subject of much scholarship over the past several decades. Policymakers can use the results of these studies to design effective intervention programs. This study investigates to what extent there is a link between inequality and the homicide rate in New York City. This study uses several social theories such as social disorganization, strain theory, and collective efficacy to analyze homicide rates in 59 geographic areas throughout New York City known as Community District Tabulation Areas (CDTA). I use data from several sources to form variables that represent social phenomena in each CDTA, such as relative disadvantage, absolute disadvantage, and collective efficacy. I then explore the relationships between these variables against the homicide rate in each CDTA. This study concludes with findings on the relationships and discussion about the results.

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Using data from the Chicago Homicide Dataset for years 1988-1992 and the Chicago Community Area Demographics, multiple regression and mediation analysis are used to examine various community level factors’ impact on Intimate Partner Homicide (IPH) rates per Chicago community area. The relationship between the percentage of non-white and IPH rate per Chicago community area is significant and positive, but disappears once economic strain is taken into account, as well as when family disruption is included in the model. There is a weak, but positive relationship between population density and IPH rates, but neither economic strain nor family disruption mediates the relationship between population density and IPH rates. Economic deprivation is positively related to IPH rates, but economic strain and family disruption partially mediate the relationship between economic deprivation and IPH rates. Finally, the relationship between the percentage of males aged 30-59 and IPH rates per community area in Chicago is moderately negative, but this relationship disappears once economic strain is accounted for in the model. However, family disruption does not mediate the relationship between the percentage of males aged 30-59 and IPH rates. These results indicate that some structural covariates impact IPH rates and that some relationships are mediated by economic strain and family disruption. These results also lend support to a modified approach to general strain theory (GST). More research is necessary to validate these results.