Master of Science / Department of Kinesiology / Carl Ade / Background: Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is a commonly used treatment for prostate cancer with controversy currently surrounding its association with long-term cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, the aim of the current investigation was to non-invasively measure left ventricular mechanics at rest and during submaximal exercise in human prostate cancer survivors with and without a history of ADT. Methods: Eighteen prostate cancer survivors, 9 with a history of ADT and 9 matched (1:1) non-ADT controls, completed the protocol. Standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography were used to evaluate left ventricular systolic and diastolic function at rest and during submaximal cycling exercise. Results: At rest, there were no differences between groups. Ejection fraction was not different between groups at rest or during exercise (rest p=0.7; exercise p=0.8). During exercise, systolic left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate failed to increase in the ADT group (p=0.4; p=0.07), but significantly increased in the non-ADT group (p=0.03; p=0.02). During exercise, systolic strain was significantly different between groups (p=0.02). Diastolic longitudinal strain increased with exercise in both groups (p=0.003; p=0.003). In the ADT group during exercise, mitral valve deceleration time was not significantly different from rest (p=0.8) and was slower compared to non-ADT (p=0.03). Conclusion: In prostate cancer survivors with a history of ADT, there are significant abnormalities of left ventricular systolic function that become apparent with exercise. These findings may hold significant value beyond the standard resting characterization of ventricular function, in particular as part of a risk-stratification strategy.

abstract: As the demand of sustainable construction materials increases, use of fibers and textiles as partial or full reinforcement in concrete members present a tremendous opportunity. Proper characterization techniques and design guides for hybrid materials are therefore needed. This dissertation presents a comprehensive study on serviceability-based design of strain softening and strain hardening materials. Multiple experimental procedures are developed to document the nature of single crack localization and multiple cracking mechanisms in various fiber and fabric reinforced cement-based composites. In addition, strain rate effects on the mechanical properties are examined using a high speed servo-hydraulic tension test equipment. Significant hardening and degradation parameters such as stiffness, crack spacing, crack width, localized zone size are obtained from tensile tests using digital image correlation (DIC) technique. A tension stiffening model is used to simulate the tensile response that addresses the cracking and localization mechanisms. The model is also modified to simulate the sequential cracking in joint-free slabs on grade reinforced by steel fibers, where the lateral stiffness of slab and grade interface and stress-crack width response are the most important model parameters. Parametric tensile and compressive material models are used to formulate generalized analytical solutions for flexural behaviors of hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) that contains both rebars and fibers. Design recommendations on moment capacity, minimum reinforcement ratio etc. are obtained using analytical equations. The role of fiber in reducing the amount of conventional reinforcement is revealed. The approach is extended to T-sections and used to model Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) beams and girders. The analytical models are extended to structural members subjected to combined axial and bending actions. Analytical equations to address the P-M diagrams are derived. Closed-form equations that generate the interaction diagram of HRC section are presented which may be used in the design of multiple types of applications. The theoretical models are verified by independent experimental results from literature. Reliability analysis using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is conducted for few design problems on ultimate state design. The proposed methodologies enable one to simulate the experiments to obtain material parameters and design structural members using generalized formulations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2016

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est la caractérisation et la modélisation du comportement thermo-mécanique d'un acier à haut taux de carbone dans des conditions de chargement identiques à celles d'un procédé de formage incrémental à 720°C. Le regain d'intérêt des industriels pour ce type de procédé provient du fait qu'ils sont moins énergivores et permettent un ratio matière valorisée sur matière brute intéressant pour des propriétés mécaniques améliorées de la pièce formée. Le recours à l'outil numérique devient aujourd'hui une solution intéressante pour optimiser au mieux la mise au point du procédé. Son application demande, entre autres, une description fine du comportement du matériau dans les conditions de sollicitations de celui-ci, c'est-à-dire sur une large plage de vitesses de déformation et de températures. Pour cela, une caractérisation du matériau est nécessaire dans ces conditions. Le comportement mécanique d'un acier à haut taux de carbone a été étudié au travers d'essais de traction quasi-statiques et dynamiques afin de déterminer la sensibilité du matériau à la température et à la vitesse de déformation. Cette caractérisation repose sur la combinaison novatrice d'un système de chauffage par induction contrôlé par pyrométrie et d'un système d'acquisition d'images numériques. Ce dernier est utilisé pour la détermination des déformations à partir des champs de déplacement obtenus par corrélation d'images. En particulier, les effets de la température sur le module d'élasticité, l'anisotropie et l'écrouissage isotrope ont été étudiés. Les résultats de ces essais ont ensuite constitué une base de données expérimentales pour l'identification des paramètres de divers modèles de comportement thermo-élasto-visco-plastique. Ces derniers sont plus ou moins complets selon le nombre de paramètres utilisés pour décrire le comportement du matériau sur l'ensemble du domaine étudié. Cela permet d'identifier le modèle avec le meilleur ratio qualité/coût-délai pour une application donnée. Chacun des modèles étudiés dispose donc d'un domaine de définition propre. / The aim of this thesis work is the characterization and the modelisation of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a high-carbon steel with loading conditions corresponding to those imposed by a forming process at 720°C. The renewal interest for this kind of industrial process comes from the fact that they use less energy and provide a ratio of material valued/raw material interesting to improved mechanical properties of the formed part. The use of numerical tool becomes today an interesting solution to optimize the development process. Its application requires a detailed description of the material behaviour in the loading conditions of the process, that is over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. So, a material characterization is required in those conditions. The mechanical behaviour of a high-carbon steel was studied through quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests in order to determine the temperature and strain rate sensitivity of the material. This characterization is based on the innovative combination of an induction system controlled by pyrometry and a digital image acquisition system. This one is used for the determination of strains from displacement fields obtained by digital image correlation. In particular, effects of temperature on the modulus of elasticity, anisotropy and isotropic hardening were studied. Results of these tests allow us to establish an experimental database for the identification of parameters of various thermo-elasto-visco-plastic models. These are more or less complete depending on the number of parameters used to describe the material behaviour throughout the studied area. The model with the best ratio quality/cost-delay for a given application can be identified. Each of studied models has a specific domain of validity.

O aumento de demanda por combustíveis menos poluentes e de fontes renováveis faz com que o Etanol se destaque como uma alternativa as fontes convencionais de energia. O crescente aumento no consumo deste produto, para os próximos anos, exigirá meios de transporte e estocagem eficientes e seguros, desde os diversos produtores até os terminais de distribuição. O transporte por dutos é, sem dúvida, a forma mais econômica de transporte deste produto, porém, há evidências de que esses dutos de transporte e fundo de tanques de armazenamento de etanol poderiam ser susceptíveis ao fenômeno de corrosão sob tensão. Este fenômeno pode ser avaliado, por exemplo, por ensaios de baixa taxa de deformação (BTD) com corpos de prova com ou sem entalhe. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência da severidade do entalhe em corpos de prova ensaiados a baixa taxa de deformação no meio etanol combustível simulado (PRCI SFGE). Foram preparados quatro tipos de corpos de prova de aço API X70: sem entalhe, com entalhe da norma NACE TM 0111, com entalhe “intermediário” (severidade 18,9% menor que o da norma) e com entalhe “menos severo” (redução de 37,2% na severidade do entalhe, segundo concentração de tensões, quando comparado com o da norma). Os resultados mostram que os quatro tipos de corpos de prova apresentaram susceptibilidade ao meio (etanol PRCI SFGE). Nos corpos de prova sem entalhe esta susceptibilidade foi evidenciada somente nas imagens fractográficas. Já nos CPs com entalhe, mesmo com redução de concentrações de tensões no entalhe, observou-se resultados bem semelhantes, ficando evidenciada a susceptibilidade ao meio tanto nas imagens fractográficas (fratura frágil), quanto pela diminuição da ductilidade. / The increasing demand for cleaner fuels and renewable sources makes the ethanol rise as an alternative to conventional energy sources. The increasing consumption rate of this product, predicted for the upcoming years, will require safer and more efficient methods for transportation and storage through the entire transport cycle. Pipelines are the most economical way to transport it. However, there is evidence that pipeline transportation and the bottom of the storage tanks for ethanol might be susceptible to the stress corrosion cracking phenomenon. This phenomenon can be assessed by slow strain rate tests (SSRT) using smooth or notched specimen. This work aims to evaluate the influence of notch severity in specimens submitted to SSRT technique in simulated fuelgrade ethanol (PRCI SFGE). Four types of specimens of steel API X70 were prepared: unnotched, notched according to standard NACE TM 0111, notched with “intermediate” severity (severity 18.9% lower than the standard) and “less severe” notched (reduction of 37.2% on severity of the notched when compared with the standard). The results show that both sample types presented susceptibility in the solution (ethanol PRCI SFGE). For the unnotched specimens this susceptibility was observed only in fractographic images. In the notched specimens, despite the reduction of stress concentrations in the notch, the results were very similar. In this case the susceptibility can be observed in fractographic images (brittle fracture) as well as by decrease in the ductility.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Os aÃos maraging sÃo ligas de ultra-alta resistÃncia com vasta aplicaÃÃo na engenharia, desde vasos de alta pressÃo de operaÃÃo em processos crÃticos, componentes aeronÃuticos, aplicaÃÃes militares atà equipamentos esportivos. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os efeitos da fragilizaÃÃo por hidrogÃnio no aÃo maraging 18% Ni da classe 300, nas condiÃÃes solubilizada e envelhecida. As amostras foram solubilizadas a 1093 Â10K por 3,6 ks, seguido de um resfriamento ao ar e envelhecidas a 753 e 843 Â10K por 10,8 ks, respectivamente e resfriadas ao ar. Foi realizada uma caracterizaÃÃo microestrutural por difraÃÃo de raios-X, correntes parasitas, medidas de dureza Rockwell e microscopia eletrÃnica e Ãptica. Para avaliar os efeitos do ingresso de hidrogÃnio nas propriedades mecÃnicas do aÃo maraging 18% Ni da classe 300 foram realizados ensaios de traÃÃo com baixa taxa de deformaÃÃo (BTD). A taxa de deformaÃÃo aplicada foi 1,0 x 10-6 s-1. Os ensaios foram realizados ao ar (meio inerte) e em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob o potencial catÃdico de -1,2 VECS. Foi observada uma reduÃÃo de 11,06 para 3,89% no alongamento e de 61,28 para 10% na reduÃÃo de Ãrea para as amostras solubilizadas. As amostras envelhecidas a 753 Â10K por 10.8 ks apresentaram maior reduÃÃo nessas propriedades. Nesta condiÃÃo a reduÃÃo observada foi de 1929,26 MPa para amostras ensaiadas ao ar para 447,64 MPa para amostras ensaiadas em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob potencial catÃdico no limite de resistÃncia e de 7,30 para 1,62 % no alongamento. As amostras envelhecidas a 843 Â10K, as quais apresentaram de cerca de 10% de austenita sofreram fragilizaÃÃo similar as amostras envelhecidas a 753 Â10K. Trincas secundÃrias perpendiculares a carga aplicada foram observadas nas amostras solubilizadas e ensaiadas em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob potencial catÃdico. Os resultados indicam que a presenÃa de precipitados e de austenita revertida impedem a propagaÃÃo de trincas secundÃrias na seÃÃo longitudinal nas condiÃÃes envelhecidas. A anÃlise da superfÃcie de fratura revelou caracterÃstica de uma fratura dÃctil nas amostras ensaiadas ao ar com dimples de diferentes tamanhos e profundidades, enquanto que nas amostras ensaiadas em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob potencial catÃdico foram observadas trincas induzidas pelo hidrogÃnio e microcavidades e regiÃes de quase-clivagem para todas as condiÃÃes estudadas. / Maraging steels are ultra high strength alloys widely used in engineering applications from high pressure vessels operating in critical processes, aircraft components, military applications to sports equipment. This work assessed the effects of hydrogen embrittlement in 18% Ni maraging grade 300 steel in the solution annealed and aged conditions. Samples were solution annealed at 1093 Â10K for 3.6 ks, followed by air cooling and aging at 753 and 843 Â10K for 10.8 ks, respectively, and cooled by air. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, eddy current, hardness measurement and optical and electron microscopy. To assess the effects of hydrogen ingress on the mechanical properties of 18% Ni maraging grade 300 steel, slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performed. A strain rate of 1.0x10-6 s-1 was applied. The tests were carried out in air (middle inert) and the samples immersed in the electrolyte at a simultaneous potential of -1.2 VSEC. The results showed the reduction elongation from 11.06 to 3.89% and from 61,28 to 10% in reduction of area for samples in the solution annealed condition. The greatest reductions were observed in the samples aged at 753 Â10K for 10.8 ks. In this condition the reduction from 1929.26 MPa in air tests to 447.64 MPa in ultimate tensile strength and from 7.30 to 1.62% in elongation under cathodic polarization in the 3,5% NaCl solution was observed. The samples aged at 843 Â10K for 10.8 ks, where about 10% of reverted austenite was identified, showed evidence of hydrogen embrittlement as seen in the samples treated at different conditions. Secondary cracks, perpendicular to the loading direction at the longitudinal surface of the solution annealed fractured samples immersed in 3,5% NaCl solution under cathodic potential were seen. The results evidence that the precipitates and reverted austenite difficult secondary crack propagation in longitudinal section on aged samples. Scanning electron examination showed a change in fractografic features from ductile dimples to quasi-cleavage and microvoid modes when comparing samples without (air tested) and with hydrogen ingress.

O aumento de demanda por combustíveis menos poluentes e de fontes renováveis faz com que o Etanol se destaque como uma alternativa as fontes convencionais de energia. O crescente aumento no consumo deste produto, para os próximos anos, exigirá meios de transporte e estocagem eficientes e seguros, desde os diversos produtores até os terminais de distribuição. O transporte por dutos é, sem dúvida, a forma mais econômica de transporte deste produto, porém, há evidências de que esses dutos de transporte e fundo de tanques de armazenamento de etanol poderiam ser susceptíveis ao fenômeno de corrosão sob tensão. Este fenômeno pode ser avaliado, por exemplo, por ensaios de baixa taxa de deformação (BTD) com corpos de prova com ou sem entalhe. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência da severidade do entalhe em corpos de prova ensaiados a baixa taxa de deformação no meio etanol combustível simulado (PRCI SFGE). Foram preparados quatro tipos de corpos de prova de aço API X70: sem entalhe, com entalhe da norma NACE TM 0111, com entalhe “intermediário” (severidade 18,9% menor que o da norma) e com entalhe “menos severo” (redução de 37,2% na severidade do entalhe, segundo concentração de tensões, quando comparado com o da norma). Os resultados mostram que os quatro tipos de corpos de prova apresentaram susceptibilidade ao meio (etanol PRCI SFGE). Nos corpos de prova sem entalhe esta susceptibilidade foi evidenciada somente nas imagens fractográficas. Já nos CPs com entalhe, mesmo com redução de concentrações de tensões no entalhe, observou-se resultados bem semelhantes, ficando evidenciada a susceptibilidade ao meio tanto nas imagens fractográficas (fratura frágil), quanto pela diminuição da ductilidade. / The increasing demand for cleaner fuels and renewable sources makes the ethanol rise as an alternative to conventional energy sources. The increasing consumption rate of this product, predicted for the upcoming years, will require safer and more efficient methods for transportation and storage through the entire transport cycle. Pipelines are the most economical way to transport it. However, there is evidence that pipeline transportation and the bottom of the storage tanks for ethanol might be susceptible to the stress corrosion cracking phenomenon. This phenomenon can be assessed by slow strain rate tests (SSRT) using smooth or notched specimen. This work aims to evaluate the influence of notch severity in specimens submitted to SSRT technique in simulated fuelgrade ethanol (PRCI SFGE). Four types of specimens of steel API X70 were prepared: unnotched, notched according to standard NACE TM 0111, notched with “intermediate” severity (severity 18.9% lower than the standard) and “less severe” notched (reduction of 37.2% on severity of the notched when compared with the standard). The results show that both sample types presented susceptibility in the solution (ethanol PRCI SFGE). For the unnotched specimens this susceptibility was observed only in fractographic images. In the notched specimens, despite the reduction of stress concentrations in the notch, the results were very similar. In this case the susceptibility can be observed in fractographic images (brittle fracture) as well as by decrease in the ductility.

Le bois est utilisé comme matériau absorbeur de chocs dans les conteneurs de transport du CEA. La simulation numérique des crashs tests de ces structures fait partie intégrante de leur développement et de leur validation. Il est donc impératif d’étudier expérimentalement les différentes essences de ces matériaux afin de mettre en évidence leurs caractéristiques et de déterminer leurs lois de comportement. En effet, ces données sont absolument nécessaires afin d’alimenter les modèles numériques retenus pour les simulations. A partir des modèles existants dans les codes de calcul ou par la programmation de lois de comportement spécifiques prenant en compte le paramètre vitesse de déformation, le comportement de ce matériau cellulaire a été simulé afin de participer à ce programme de validation produit. / Wood is usually used as material absorber of shocks in CEA’s containers. Numerical simulation of crash-test of these structures is an integral part of their development and their validation. It is thus imperative to experimentally study various type of wood to highlight their characteristics and determine their behavior. Indeed, these data are absolutely necessary to feed the numerical models chosen for the simulations. From the existing models in simulation tools or by programming specific laws, both taking into account the parameter strain rate, the behavior of this cellular material was modeled to participate in this product program.

A new model of the material flow in rotary friction welding of tubes is proposed. The material flow proposed is based on 3D scans of welds performed with tungsten tracers. The tracers indicate a bifurcation of flow into two deformation paths. A different analysis is performed on each path.The material in Path 1 interacts with the weld interface and exhibits large amounts of azimuthal flow. Previous analytical investigations that have analytically modelled the weld interface as a non-Newtonian fluid are used to calculate the strain rate in this zone.The material in Path 2 transitions from axial to primarily radial flow. The assumption of no azimuthal flow in Path 2 is validated through experimental results of the tracer study. The directional transition in this path is compared to orthogonal machining and equal channel angular pressing. The process to estimate the variables needed to calculate strain and strain rates using the equations from orthogonal machining and equal channel angular pressing is defined. Strain and strain rate in Path 2 are dependent upon feedrate and upset. Both decrease throughout the welding process. The strain rate is higher than previous studies in rotary friction welding because of the deformation model proposed.

PART I Hollow-sphere (HS) steel foam is a relatively new material whose cellular morphology and material properties qualify it as a metallic foam. This is an innovative foam-like material that exhibits high stiffness paired with low relative densities. Technological advancements in the past few decades have enabled the manufacturing of this material by a sintering process and, as a result, research has begun to accelerate as a multi-school collaboration effort for this particular work. Even though commercialization has been a challenge for metallic foams, it is imperative that researchers continue to prove and promote the advantages of metallic foams despite the current challenges posed by commercialization. One of the most promising characteristics of metallic foams is their energy absorption capacity. This work explores hollow-sphere steel foam’s ability to absorb energy at high strain rates under a dynamic impact load and builds upon an earlier work of quasi-static compression loading. Since most research in this field has been attributed to aluminum open-cell foams, the objective of this work seeks to build upon and apply existing methods to cultivate new research material for hollow-sphere steel foam. The premise of this work began with experimental research analyzing stress-strain relationships of a mass impacting samples of HS steel foam with different kinetic energies. As a result, material properties were extracted and quantified such as elastic modulus, yield stress, and energy absorption, among others. These properties set the foundation for the next set of research; finite element analysis whose objective is to develop a functional material model that could be used for a later application in structural engineering, such as a blast or crash impact. PART II The second part of this thesis applies structural engineering mechanics to a complex arboricultural project. A particular American elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree is the focus of analysis due to its usage for tree climbing competitions. Structurally, this work is relevant to structural engineering by involving finite element analysis of a branch of this American elm tree. This particular work has the objective of understanding how a particular American elm branch behaves structurally under a variety of dynamic loads with different input parameters. Before any of the analyses can be implemented, the definite geometry of the tree has to be measured and material properties have to be calculated. Field experimental data are imperative for this project so that the idealized model can represent the real system as best as possible. Following the data acquisition and modeling of the tree, loads that were either measured or calculated are applied. These loads can be idealized as an impulse load and a cyclic load, with variability imposed within each of them. It is within this variability of the parameters within the loads that the purpose of this work arises. By applying extreme loads upon this tree branch, critical points along the branch can be identified by calculating maximum bending and axial stresses. These stresses indicate not only the critical points along the primary branch but in addition, they indicate the magnitude and severity of these potential stresses, which can be compared directly with the mechanical properties of the wood in the branch. The final intent of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of how a particular branch behaves dynamically in order to better equip tree climbers, academics, and professionals by integrating structural mechanics and arboriculture.

This master thesis is divided into three main parts. In first part is more closely described the method of tube flaring. Tube flaring was chosen for analysis of biaxial stress, in this thesis particularly in the presence of high strain rate. In the second part is more closely described influence of high strain rate on the forming process. There is described influence of high strain rate on behavior of the material, hardening, change of quasi-static yield strength to the dynamic yield strength, influence of high strain rate on the microstructure and more. During the description of these processes there is effort to describe the cause of these changes as well. For this task was used domestic and foreign literature, as well as peer review papers whose authors study intensively this problematic. Besides all of the above there is also derived the velocity of elastic and plastic wave. In the end is evaluated experiment, in which was done tube flaring, which is part of this master thesis. Results from the 3D optical system ARAMIS are interpreted with the help of Microsoft Excel, where the chosen results were used as the input to the equations modified for the dynamic loading.