Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-91). / The wide range of the petroleum industry's products as well as the varied value of these products coupled with the global nature of the petroleum industry presents both challenges and opportunities within the petroleum supply chain. It is along this supply chain that challenges for creating value for the customer exist as well the opportunities for reaching this goal. Value chain analysis methodology has been hailed as being capable to lend itself to process improvement challenges faced along supply chains. To achieve this objective, a case study method was used to collect and analyse data. This dissertation identifies and follows one of the supply chains of a petroleum company operating in South Africa to investigate how value chain analysis can be implemented along its supply chain.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-87). / Environmental issues in the world today and often seen in the media are causing a stir in the business world. The effect is that the environment in which businesses operate has significantly changed over the past two decades and businesses are faced with new risks and challenges as well as new opportunities in addressing the needs and claims of stakeholders. Environmental accounting is now on an expansion path with increasing focus on the environment. In order to benefit from the accounting data, strategic cost management can be used as a philosophy to provide competitive strategies. This research paper will describe the environmental component of business and describe the role of environmental accounting in strategic cost management. Furthermore, an assessment will be performed on a South African organisation. The assessment will demonstrate how a South African organisation has reacted and integrated environmental business aspects into their organisation.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-71). / Small to medium scale enterprises (SMEs) face an ever increasing competitive and unforgiving business environment. Deregulation. increased global competition. the global economic downturn and the technical recession that South Africa has entered into (SACCI. May 2009). place increased pressure on their profit margins and ability to generate positive cash flow. These tough trading conditions are likely to continue for some time to come (De Klerk. 2009) and therefore companies need to respond appropriately to these challenges in order to survive (Sartorius et al. 2007). Survival is dependant on positive cash flow generated by profitable trading. Yet. many SMEs do not have effective strategies in place to maximise their customer profitability in order to enhance their cash flows. The challenge is therefore the development and adoption of practical customer profitability analysis tools for use by these SMEs. In this research an investigative single case study in a business to business setting based on detailed field work was performed. The study focussed on a typical South African SME trading with all the major retail groups in South Africa. The case study was performed via diachronic research into the use of Activity Based Costing (ABC) in customer profitability analysis (CPA). The objective of the study was to critically evaluate whether ABC is a practical tool for conducting customer profitability analysis in a South African SME environment. This was done by investigating what might motivate a SME to adopt ABC and determining the specific benefits likely to accrue to a SME following the implementation of ABC. The research has shown that the implementation of ABC made it possible to identify customers who. despite the fact that they generate a modest gross profit. are in fact unprofitable as a result of the overheads consumed by them. This insight shaped future marketing. pricing, sales and customer support strategies. More specifically, it assisted management to maximise income by identifying areas in the value chain to which resources should be channelled for maximum profit while still maximising customer satisfaction. This led to a substantial improvement in overall profitability. Owing, firstly, to increased gross profit following enhancements in the pricing policy and secondly, to increased sales volumes as a result of revised marketing strategies and new product launches. No significant additional costs were incurred in implementing ABC. A standard desktop computer and readily available accounting and spreadsheet software were used in the CPAs. No outside consultants were used since the champion of the project was knowledgeable in the application of ABC techniques This suggests that it is both practical and cost effective to implement ABC in a SME environment provided the necessary skills and infrastructure are available or can be outsourced. Although these findings are of a single case study and cannot be generalised, the combination of this empirical case study and the literature review findings presented in this study strongly suggest that Activity Based Costing is a practical tool for the formulation and measuring of outcomes of customer profitability strategies in a South African SME environment.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo fundamental demonstrar a possibilidade de construir uma Análise de Custos de Concorrentes através das Demonstrações Contábeis e Financeiras. Este trabalho explorou, em um estudo entre quatro empresas do setor de Celulose e Papel, do Brasil, a possibilidade de utilizar as Demonstrações Contábeis e Financeiras como ferramenta para Análise dos Custos dos Concorrentes. Em um primeiro momento, em estudo qualitativo, foram comparados os principais elementos constantes nas DFC´s do primeiro trimestre de 2007 das empresas em análise. Finalmente, foram comparados os principais índices das empresas e suas estruturas de custos, em um estudo quantitativo com dados que compreendem do primeiro trimestre de 2000 ao segundo trimestre de 2007. Através das análises feitas foi possível concluir que é possível inferir sobre os custos dos concorrentes através de suas Demonstrações Contábeis e Financeiras. / The present study aimed to show the possibility of built a Competitors Cost Analysis through Financial Reporting. This work explored, in a study between four companies of Pulp and Paper Sector, in Brazil, the possibility of Financial Reporting usage as a tool for Competitors Cost Analysis. In a first moment, on a qualitative study, the companies main elements of Financial Reporting of first quarter of 2007 was compared. Finally, the main companies indices and cost structures was compared, in the period of first quarter of 2000 to second quarter of 2007. Through analyses was possible to conclude that is possible to infer about the competitors´ cost through its Financial Reports.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:15:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e analisar as informações de gestão estratégica de custos (GEC) encontradas nos relatórios das companhias abertas brasileiras listadas nos níveis de governança corporativa da BOVESPA. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa nos relatórios de 2005, 2006 e 2007 de 30 companhias dos níveis 1, 2 e Novo Mercado de governança corporativa, em quantidade proporcional ao total de 140 companhias listadas nesses níveis no segundo semestre de 2007. A amostra foi constituída por escolha aleatória das companhias e calculada utilizando o maior Coeficiente de Variação de Pearson e grau de significância de 5%. Utilizando a técnica de análise de conteúdo, os relatórios foram analisados e as informações sobre GEC foram classificadas em 16 categorias. As categorias foram definidas com base nos temas-chaves de GEC, propostos por Shank e Govindarajan (1997): Análise dos direcionadores de custos, Análise da cadeia de valor e Análise do posicionamento estratégico. Para validá-las utili / The main objective of this paper was to identify and analysis which strategic cost management (SCM) information may be found in the Brazilian open companies’ reports listed in BOVESPA’s corporate governance levels. To do that, some research was conducted in the 2005, 2006 and 2007 reports of 30 companies of levels 1, 2 and New Market of corporate governance, in proportional amount to the total of 140 companies listed in those levels in the second semester of 2007. The sample was made up of companies randomly chosen and calculated by using the highest Pearson’s Variation Coefficient and a significance degree of 5%. The reports were analyzed through the content analysis technique and the information on SCM was classified in 16 categories. The categories were set based on SCM key-topics, proposed by Shank and Govindarajan (1997): Cost Driver Analysis, Value Chain Analysis, and Strategic Positioning Analysis. In order to validate them, the Delphi Run technique was used. The information on SCM, after being classif

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo fundamental demonstrar a possibilidade de construir uma Análise de Custos de Concorrentes através das Demonstrações Contábeis e Financeiras. Este trabalho explorou, em um estudo entre quatro empresas do setor de Celulose e Papel, do Brasil, a possibilidade de utilizar as Demonstrações Contábeis e Financeiras como ferramenta para Análise dos Custos dos Concorrentes. Em um primeiro momento, em estudo qualitativo, foram comparados os principais elementos constantes nas DFC´s do primeiro trimestre de 2007 das empresas em análise. Finalmente, foram comparados os principais índices das empresas e suas estruturas de custos, em um estudo quantitativo com dados que compreendem do primeiro trimestre de 2000 ao segundo trimestre de 2007. Através das análises feitas foi possível concluir que é possível inferir sobre os custos dos concorrentes através de suas Demonstrações Contábeis e Financeiras. / The present study aimed to show the possibility of built a Competitors Cost Analysis through Financial Reporting. This work explored, in a study between four companies of Pulp and Paper Sector, in Brazil, the possibility of Financial Reporting usage as a tool for Competitors Cost Analysis. In a first moment, on a qualitative study, the companies main elements of Financial Reporting of first quarter of 2007 was compared. Finally, the main companies indices and cost structures was compared, in the period of first quarter of 2000 to second quarter of 2007. Through analyses was possible to conclude that is possible to infer about the competitors´ cost through its Financial Reports.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-17T14:28:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiMunizContabeis.pdf: 1160769 bytes, checksum: 3a3bcdbaef4ce4f9f2154437b0fc9d9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T14:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianiMunizContabeis.pdf: 1160769 bytes, checksum: 3a3bcdbaef4ce4f9f2154437b0fc9d9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo investiga a adoção de práticas de gestão estratégica de custos (GEC) por grandes empresas brasileiras. Há uma vasta literatura sobre tais práticas destacando a sua efetiva utilização pelas empresas como forma de obterem vantagem competitiva e se manterem no mercado de forma sustentável. A escolha recaiu sobre 15 práticas destacadas por autores como sendo as principais. Os dados da pesquisa, caracterizada como aplicada e descritiva, foram obtidos por meio de questionário estruturado, postado na internet, para o qual se obteve 54 retornos de empresas pertencentes ao grupo das 500 maiores empresas, segundo a publicação da Revista Exame de 2008. A análise dos dados se deu por meio de estatística descritiva e a utilização de redes neurais. Constatou-se que as empresas, em sua maioria, utilizam o custo-meta, padrão e determinantes de custos; não foi possível identificar se há a intenção de utilizar outras práticas no futuro. Pode-se analisar a adoção das práticas em relação ao benefício encontrado ou à dificuldade percebida, sendo esse o critério relacionado com a adoção ou não de determinada prática de GEC. Constatou-se que a principal barreira à maior adoção é em relação a benefícios percebidos como baixo pelos respondentes. É possível ainda comparar este estudo com outros estudos internacionais e perceber semelhanças entre as principais práticas adotadas por empresas brasileiras, configurando-se um uso ainda não intensivo. / This study investigates the adoption of practices of large Brazilian companies? Strategic Management Accounting (SMA). There is a vast literature about the topic, highlighting its importance for companies to achieve competitive advantage and about their permanency in the market in a continuous and sustainable manner. The research selected 15 practices highlighted by the authors as being the mainly ones. The survey data (characterized as descriptive and applied research) were obtained through structured questionnaire posted on the internet, which obtained 54 returns of companies inside the group of the 500 largest companies according to the publication of the Revista Exame of 2008. Data analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics and by the use of Neural Networks. It was found that the most of the companies use the cost target, pattern and determinants of cost; it was not possible identify according to the answers of the firms the intention to use another practice in the future. It was analysed the adoption of the practice found in relation to benefit or to perceived difficulty, being this criteria related to the adoption or not adoption of a particular practice of SMA. It is also possible to relate this study to other international studies and notice similarities between the main practices adopted by Brazilian companies and the international ones.

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar e identificar, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Contingência, os fatores ou circunstâncias que favorecem ou inibem a prática da Gestão de Custos Interorganizacionais (GCI) por parte de hospitais privados no Brasil. Como estratégia de pesquisa, utilizou-se de levantamento, por meio de questionário estruturado, aplicado a uma população de 40 hospitais privados brasileiros. Os dados foram analisados basicamente por meio de recursos da estatística descritiva com cálculos de médias, desvios padrão, mediana, moda e distribuição de frequência. A pesquisa não identificou nenhum novo fator capaz de inibir ou favorecer a GCI que seja configurado como específico do setor hospitalar. Entretanto, alguns fatores condicionantes, reportados na literatura, não se aplicam ou não fazem sentido no setor hospitalar. A análise dos dados revelou que, sob a perspectiva dos hospitais pesquisados, os fatores tipo de cadeia, confiança dos planos de saúde e expectativa de divisão de benefícios econômicos com planos de saúde são inibidores da GCI. Todos os demais fatores investigados sob a mesma perspectiva podem ser considerados favoráveis à GCI. A pesquisa identificou algumas ações realizadas pelos hospitais junto a fornecedores e/ou planos de saúde que se configuram como práticas de GCI, a saber: compras consignadas, compras programadas, e empacotamento de serviços. No tocante à gestão de processos ou atividades, tais como cirurgias, processamento de roupas, esterilização de materiais, exames, etc., nenhuma evidência foi encontrada a respeito da GCI. Os achados permitem afirmar que os hospitais pesquisados confiam mais em seus fornecedores do que nas operadoras de planos de saúde. Em se tratando de cooperação para resolução dos problemas que surgem no dia a dia dos negócios, sob a ótica dos hospitais, os fornecedores estão mais dispostos a cooperar do que os planos de saúde. Os hospitais percebem também que os fornecedores estão mais dispostos a comprometer-se no sentido de manter o relacionamento por longo prazo do que os planos de saúde. No que diz respeito à divisão justa de benefícios econômicos advindos de uma possível parceria com foco na gestão conjunta de custos, na percepção dos hospitais, as expectativas maiores recaem sobre seus fornecedores. Os dados também demonstram que os hospitais percebem seu relacionamento com fornecedores mais estável e maduro do que o relacionamento com os planos de saúde. Corroborando evidências empíricas de pesquisas anteriores, os dados parecem apontar também para uma possível dependência financeira dos hospitais em relação às operadoras de planos de saúde. / This study aims to investigate and identify, from the perspective of Contingency Theory, the factors or circumstances that encourage or inhibit the practice of Interorganizational Cost Management (ICM) by private hospitals in Brazil. As a research strategy was used to survey through structured questionnaire applied to a population of 40 private hospitals in Brazil. Data were analyzed primarily through descriptive statistics resources with averages, standard deviations, median, mode and frequency distribution. The research has not identified a new factor that could inhibit or encourage the ICM that is configured as a specific hospital sector. However, some conditioning factors, as reported in the literature, do not apply or do not make sense in the hospital sector. Data analysis revealed that, from the perspective of the hospitals surveyed, the factors \'type of chain,\' \'trust of health plans\' and \'expectation of sharing economic benefits with health plans\' are inhibitors of ICM. All other factors investigated under the same perspective can be considered favorable to the ICM. The research identified some actions taken by hospitals with suppliers and / or health plans that constitute ICM practices, namely consignment purchase, planned purchases, and packaging services. Regarding the management of processes or activities such as surgeries, laundry, sterilization of materials, examinations, etc., no evidence was found regarding the ICM. The findings show that hospitals surveyed rely more on their suppliers than in the health plan operators. From the perspective of hospitals, considering cooperation as way to solve the problems that arise on day-to-day business, suppliers are more willing to cooperate than the health plans. Hospitals also realize that suppliers are more willing to \'engage\' in order to maintain the relationship for the long-term than the health plans. With regard to the equitable sharing of economic benefits arising from a possible partnership with a focus on joint management of costs, the perception of hospitals, greater expectations weigh on their suppliers. The data also show that hospitals notice that their relationship with suppliers more stable and mature than the relationship with health plans. Corroborating empirical evidence from previous research, the data seem to indicate to a possible financial dependence of the hospitals on the operators of health plans.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade e identificar as peculiaridades da aplicação do Custeio Alvo em serviços hospitalares. Como produto teste da pesquisa, elegeu-se a cesariana realizada em pacientes via planos de saúde com internação em apartamentos Standard. Visando alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa, utilizou-se diversas fontes de dados e informações, tais como: levantamento bibliográfico, questionário, entrevistas, observação direta dos processos e atividades, e levantamento de dados nos relatórios contábeis, financeiros e administrativos da entidade objeto deste estudo de caso. A literatura pesquisada forneceu subsídios para entender e explicar o processo de aplicação do Custeio Alvo em serviços hospitalares. Paralelamente à pesquisa bibliográfica, elaborou-se um questionário que foi aplicado em um grupo de 50 (cinqüenta) mulheres com o objetivo de verificar a percepção delas em relação ao grau de importância de cada atributo do produto teste. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas com os gestores da entidade com o objetivo de verificar como são estabelecidos os preços e margens da cesariana realizada em pacientes via planos de saúde. A análise documental realizada em planilhas de custos, balancetes, e demais relatórios contábeis, financeiros e administrativos contribuiu para conhecer os procedimentos adotados pela instituição para mensurar e controlar seus custos e receitas. Antes de testar a aplicabilidade do Custeio Alvo a produtos e serviços hospitalares através de um caso prático, verificou-se, primeiramente, sua possível aplicação em termos teóricos, ou seja, verificando se os princípios e requisitos do Custeio Alvo, tal como foram expostos nos tópicos 2.5 e 2.6 são aplicáveis a este segmento. Na seqüência, foi possível demonstrar passo a passo, o processo de aplicação do Custeio Alvo em serviços hospitalares, além de se constatar alguns aspectos específicos da aplicação do Custeio Alvo em serviços hospitalares não encontrados na literatura consultada. / This research aimed at verifying the practicability of the Target Costing application to hospital services, as well as identifying its peculiarities. The caesarian operation was selected as the research test product, when carried out in patients hospitalized in standard room, using health plan. Based on such purposes, several data and information sources were used such as: bibliographic survey, questionnaire, interviews, direct observation of the processes and activities, and data survey in accounting, financial and administrative reports from the entity chosen for this case study. The literature provided subsidies to understand and explain the Target Costing application process in hospital services. A questionnaire was also performed and applied to a group of 50 (fifty) women in order to verify their perception of the importance degree of each test product characteristic. Besides, some interviews with the entity directors were accomplished to verify how the caesarian prices and margins are established for patients with health plan. The documental analysis carried out in cost spreadsheets, balance sheets and other accounting, financial and administrative reports contributed to know the procedure adopted by the entity to measure and control its costs and revenues. Before testing the Target Costing applicability to hospital products and services using a practical case, at first, the possibility of the application was analized in theoretical terms, that is, it was verified if the Target Costing principles and requisites are applicable to this segment, as they were exposed in 2.5 and 2.6 topics. After that, it was possible to demonstrate the Target Costing application process in hospital services, step by step, and to find out some specific aspects of the Target Costing application in hospital services not found in the literature verified.

Grandes alterações nas características dos negócios vêm modificando gradativamente as condições de competição no mercado. Diante disso, as empresas necessitam não só conhecer o mercado, como também as variáveis internas e dominar seus processos internos. A correta gestão de custos é fator importante para assegurar a permanência e a sobrevivência de uma empresa perante a rivalidade de outras empresas na busca de fidelizar seus clientes. O presente estudo tem por finalidade promover um acompanhamento do custo padrão. Para tanto, o trabalho foi desenvolvido como uma pesquisa-ação e dividido em dois grandes blocos, o primeiro tem a função de criar condições favoráveis para a implantação e o segundo é caracterizado pela implantação do acompanhamento com a utilização de indicadores. Ainda, pôde-se verificar que a aplicação dessa metodologia proporcionou avanços na gestão estratégica de custos, especialmente, no processo decisório aliando teoria e prática. O acompanhamento elaborado demonstrou-se bastante aderente aos objetivos da organização funcionando como canalizador de esforços. Como conclusão final, constatou-se a importância do acompanhamento com a utilização de indicadores comparando o custo realizado e o custo padrão e constituindo uma base sólida na busca por um melhor desempenho empresarial. / Major changes in business characteristics have been gradually changing the competition conditions of the market. Whereupon, companies need not only to know the market, as well the internal variables and manager their internal processes. The correct cost management is an important factor to ensure the permanence and survival of a company in a competitive market, where the rivals seek the fidelity of their customers. This study aims to promote a monitoring for the standard cost. To this end, the project was developed as a research-action and divided into two large blocks: the first one has the function to create favorable conditions for the deployment and the second one is characterized by the deployment of indicators/pointers itself. More, through the created system was possible to verify advances in the strategic cost management, specially, on the decision making combining theory and practices. The developed performance indicators show up quite adherent to organization goals and work as efforts channels. As a final conclusion, comparing the standard and the realized cost, it was noted the indicators importance in management systems, what constitute a solid base in search for a better business performance.