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Major depressive disorder is a prevalent and serious mental health disorder that negatively affects individuals and their intimate relationships. Given little is known about the experience of depression for men, and the co-occurrence of male depression and marital discord, the current study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of spouses\' experience of male depression, and how depression affects their relationships. Using a stress generation perspective, this qualitative study interviewed depressed men and their partners about both partners\' experiences of male depression in their relationships and their experience of the relationship between marital discord and depression. Couples identified behaviors and aspects of their relationships that influenced the relation between depression and relationship quality and partially supported the applicability of stress generation theory among couples with a depressed male partner. In addition to partially supporting stress generation theory, couples highlighted several positive experiences in their relationships as a result of enduring these struggles together. The findings pointed to several clinical implications and areas of future research among this population. / Master of Science

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Although there is a substantial amount of evidence documenting the stress generation effect in depression (i.e., the tendency for depression-prone individuals to experience higher rates of stressful life events that are in part influenced by the individual), additional research is required to elucidate its underlying mechanisms as well as to advance current understanding of the specific types of dependent life stresses (i.e., events influenced by characteristics and attendant behaviors of the individual) relevant to this effect. The present study proposed an extension of the stress generation hypothesis, in which the content of dependent stresses that are produced by depression-prone individuals is contingent upon, and matches, the nature of their particular vulnerability. This extension was tested within the context of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) and Cole's (1990, 1991) competency-based model of depression. Also assessed were the specificity of excessive reassurance-seeking and negative feedback-seeking to stress generation in social domains and as potential mediators or moderators of the relation between cognitive vulnerability and dependent stress. General support was found for vulnerability-specific stress generation. Specifically, in analyses across vulnerability domains, evidence of relational specificity was found for all domain-specific cognitive vulnerabilities with the exception of self-perceived social competence. In analyses within cognitive vulnerability domains, support for the specificity hypothesis was found for self-perceived competence in academic and appearance domains. The within-domain analyses for negative inferential styles in achievement, interpersonal, and appearance domains produced more mixed results, but were largely supportive. Additionally, excessive reassurance-seeking was found specifically to predict dependent stress in the social domain, and moderated, but did not mediate, the relation between negative inferential styles overall and in the interpersonal domain and their corresponding generated stress. Finally, no evidence was found for a stress generation effect with negative feedback-seeking. / Psychology

Mental Violence in present study is similar to a western concept, bullying. But is has its characteristics, forms and causes in Chinese workplace. It is a form of indirect interpersonal aggression and identified through the perceptions of its receivers. It does not involving touching receivers physically but is psychologically damaging. It exists between individuals of equal status, such as colleagues. Moreover, it is a two-way phenomenon, which could be reversible. Mental Violence may be the result of a conflict of values. It is particularly evident among the Chinese New Educated Youth. Chinese New Educated Youth is that cohort of young people who were partly Confucian and Collectivistic for emphasizing harmony but also partly Individualistic and Westernized for pursuing personal goals. For this cohort, the above two orientations were incompatible and dissonant leading to stress. Furthermore, they had a competitive lifestyle which was no longer supported by the welfare of a planned economy this exacerbates their stress. To relieve stress, Mental Violence was employed in their daily contacts, e.g. in workplaces. The evidence in support of this account was discussed and evaluated. There is no excuse for any violence. However, we have to say sometimes a kind of violence is not always too noxious for someone, such as the sender of violence. To some limited extent, violence could be considered as positive and it at least helped people to relieve stress and recover a balance from unbalanced situation. Mental Violence is such violence. It is a result of negotiation and a side effect of stress as well. Nevertheless, most of things are double-edged swords. Mental Violence is no exception. For the sender, it might be a buffer and makes him or her relaxed; for the receiver, it is absolutely negative, discomfort and even aggressive. For helping readers to clearly understand such violence, and for advising others to raise their awareness of the violence, this study would explore its causes and characteristics. From ancient traditional society to the present modern one, Confucianism and Collectivism afterwards represent a kind of gentle culture which deeply influences traditional Chinese. Chinese traditional philosophy, such as Confucianism and Taoism, stresses the significance of the harmony relationship for the growing, maturing and success of the Chinese. Chinese New Educated Youth who were disciplined for such a culture in thoughts and behaviours while growing up. Therefore, to keep harmony and to avoid conflict becomes a key characteristic for Chinese interactions in a collective society. However, the opening policy to the West world exposed China to the influence of Individualism which is absolutely unlike Confucian or Collectivism. Confucianism s influence has been challenged by Westernized values because of globalization. The difference between two values made Chinese New Educated Youth confused in their thoughts and appropriate behaviours in interpersonal relationships. To recover a balance, they need to relieve such a stress from the confusion and other stressors as well. While using the two value systems in interaction with others, Mental Violence usually happened. Therefore, the conflict of two different values in dealing with social relationship became one cause for Mental Violence. In present research, I tried to reveal Mental Violence, a particular kind of daily conflict in interactions among modern Chinese. For pursuing why Chinese New Educated Youth was special and experienced Mental Violence often, they were compared with other generations in China. Therefore, this research invited participants from three generations (Chinese New Educated Youth, the older generation who were born before 1970s, and the younger generation who were born in 1980s) and from different cities in China. Participants occupations covered different professions, and all of them worked in three sizes of offices (small, big and single). Both of qualitative and quantitative data collecting methods were used in the study. They contained semi-structural interviewing and filling up the questionnaire. And main methods of data analysis are factor analysis, correlation and Thematic Analysis. The result indicated that Mental Violence of Chinese educated youth occurred in workplace was the most often, but was largely unseen by people outside of the group. Because I had to establish why this cohort would be inclined to apply more Mental Violence in daily life, I compared them with their previous generation and the later generation through measuring demographics, westernised, individualism and collectivism. Three generations are different in the Individualism-Collectivism tendency. Chinese New Educated Youth were always in the middle. They were seemed as partly Collectivistic and partly Individualistic. Linked with categories of Mental Violence Chinese New Educated Youth usually experienced, it seems they applied double standards to deal with social interactions. Due to such standards made them failed in establishing good relationships with colleagues, in other words, whatever Chinese New Educated Youth or their colleagues did not feel happy in their social interactions, it means Chinese New Educated Youth have conflict in Individualism-Collectivism tendency. Otherwise, through the investigation, I noticed significant demographical difference other than the generation in experiencing Mental Violence. Male participants reported experiencing Mental Violence more than female ones. The higher education the participant got, the more he or she experienced Mental Violence. Comparing with other occupations, intellectual respondents reported sending Mental Violence the most. Participants who worked as staffs experienced Mental Violence more than people who worked as administrators in the workplace. And people who were singles experienced Mental Violence the most in workplace. Because conflict of relationship seems a sensitive topic for Chinese, I started interviews from talking about overviews of participants workplaces with them. Therefore, the result also shows characteristics of structure and social relationship of Chinese modern offices. China had lot of small size offices in which 2 to 10 staffs worked. Small offices organised small relative closed groups. In such a group, staffs had long time for face to face interaction everyday. Such offices were much more than single offices where only one person worked in and big offices where more than ten persons in. Both of the above characteristics of workplace are not beneficial for physical aggressions as previous study proved but could considered as a structural factor for Mental Violence. Actually, the Mental Violence which reported occurring in small offices is the most often, especially among Chinese New Educated Youth. Hope this research could be a model for further more thorough relevant study. All of the above would be a step towards further study on Mental Violence and Chinese New Educated Youth.

A thesis submitted to the College of Dental Medicine of Nova Southeastern University of the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pitch and thread depth of orthodontic miniscrew implants(MSI's) on stress generation. Methods. Quasi-three dimensional photoelastic models were created with MSI's embedded and then loaded with 60 and 104 grams respectively and evaluated under a full field reflection polariscope. The control MSI's (1.0mm pitch / 0.25mm thread depth) were compared to 3 experimental groups (n=10) which varied with only one design characteristic: Group 1 (0.75mm pitch), Group 2 (1.25mm pitch) and Group 3 (0.40 thread depth). The maximum shear stress (τmax) was calculated at 5 predetermined and standardized points. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the means of τmax followed by a Tukey's post hoc (p<0.05). Results. No statistical differences were found for τmax between the control group and each of the 3 experimental groups except at point 4. At point 4, the control group was higher by an average of 5.05 and 7.1 MPa for the 60 and 104 gram loads respectively (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found for points 1, 2, and 5 for the 60 gram load and for points 1, 2, 3, and 5 for the 104 gram load. The mean τ max from highest to lowest was located at points 5<1< 2<4 <3 in both the 60 and 104 load steps. The variability in τmax at point 4 may have been due to its proximity to the neutral zone of the present loading conditions. Conclusions. As the orthodontic load was increased, maximum shear stress also increased for each of the four MSI designs used in this study. The results of this study suggest that, within limits, variation of pitch and thread depth of MSI's may not have a significant influence on the stress generation when loaded for orthodontic purposes. Photoelastic analysis has shown to be a viable option to evaluate mechanical properties of MSI'S.

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