Abnormal aggregation of microtubule associated protein tau is the defining pathological hallmark of tauopathies, which include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related frontotemporal dementias (FTLD-tau). However, the cellular events precipitating tau pathogenesis in disease are unknown. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism regulating tau aggregation in tauopathies. We have previously shown that RNA binding proteins (RBPs) associated with stress granules (SGs) progressively accumulate with tau in multiple mouse models of tauopathy, as well as in human AD and FTLD-tau brain tissue. We now present a novel functional role for tau in regulating the biology of SGs in neurons. Tau facilitates the rapid formation of SGs in the soma and dendrites in response to exogenous stress, which functions to transiently reprogram protein synthesis to promote cell survival (also known as the ‘translational stress response’). However, the chronic interaction of tau with SG proteins in disease, such as with the SG nucleating protein T cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1), promotes tau misfolding and neurotoxicity, which can be modulated in primary neurons by pharmacological or genetic manipulations that increase (i.e. puromycin, TIA1 overexpression) or decrease (i.e. cycloheximide, TIA1 knockdown or knockout) SG formation, respectively. In order to test whether SGs also mediate the progression of tauopathy in vivo, we crossed PS19 transgenic (P301S) tau mice with Tia1-/- or C57BL/6J (background strain) mice. PS19 mice with heterozygous reduction in TIA1 (P301S TIA1+/-) developed less SGs compared to P301S TIA1+/+ mice, which was associated with marked neuronal protection, improved cognitive function, and prolonged lifespan. The behavioral neuroprotection in P301S TIA1+/- mice was associated with decreased accumulation of soluble tau oligomers, and occurred despite the increased presence of neurofibrillary tangles. Our findings suggest that TIA1 stabilizes tau in its oligomeric state, preventing its further assembly into insoluble fibrils, which are less toxic. More importantly, the studies described in this dissertation identify modulation of RBP aggregation in SGs as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD and FTLD-tau.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第18485号 / 生博第314号 / 新制||生||41(附属図書館) / 31363 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 尚志, 教授 米原 伸, 教授 朝長 啓造 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les protéines capables de lier des ARNs sont essentielles pour les différentes étapes de maturation de l'ARN messager (ARNm), en dirigeant leur localisation et leur devenir dans la cellule, et en formant avec les ARNs des particules ribonucléoprotéiques (mRNPs). Les mRNPS peuvent former des structures cellulaires dynamiques qui sont adressées vers des fonctions spécifiques. Ces granules, tels que les granules de stress formés suite à un stress cellulaire, contiennent des ARNm dont la traduction est inhibée et qui sont stockés transitoirement. Ma thèse a consisté en la caractérisation fonctionnelle de G3BP (RasGAP SH3 binding protein), une RBP exprimée de façon ubiquitaire chez l'homme et la souris, et impliquée dans l'assemblage des granules de stress. Par recombinaison homologue classique, des souris knock-out pour G3BP ont été générées. Ces souris ont une espérance de vie faible et des défauts du comportement associés au Système Nerveux Central, en particulier un phénotype de type ataxie. Des expériences d'électrophysiologie ont aussi montré une altération de la plasticité synaptique dans l'hippocampe des souris KO. J'ai donc réalisé des expériences d'immunoprécipitation après cross-link (Cross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation, CLIP) pour purifier à partir de cerveau de souris un complexe stable contenant G3BP, et les ARNs associés ont été identifiés par séquençage haut débit (High-Throughput Sequencing, HITS-CLIP). De façon surprenante, la plupart des cibles de G3BP correspondent à des transcrits codants mais qui contiennent des séquences introniques, et des ARNs non codants. De plus, mes résultats ont montré que l'absence de G3BP1 affecte la stabilité de ces transcrits pré-matures spécifiquement dans le cervelet, ce qui peut être corrélé au phénotype d'ataxie des souris KO G3BP1. Cela suggère un nouveau mécanisme de régulation qui passe par la stabilisation de transcrits pré-matures, qui pourraient être convertis en transcrits matures par exemple lors d'un stress et de la séquestration de G3BP dans les granules. / RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are essential in the different steps of processing of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs), directing their localization and fate within the cell, and forming with them the ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). mRNPs can assemble into dynamic cellular structures in which they are routed towards specific functions. RNA granules such as stress granules (SGs) contain translationally silenced mRNPs storing transiently repressed mRNAs.My thesis work consisted in the functional characterization of G3BP (RasGAP SH3 binding protein), an RBP that is expressed ubiquitously in both humans and mice and is involved in the assembly of SGs. Using classical homozygous recombination, viable G3BP1 knock out mice were generated that demonstrated short lifespan.and behavioral defects linked to the Central Nervous System (CNS), notably an ataxia phenotype. Electrophysiology experiments showed an alteration of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of KO mice. Therefore, I used Cross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) to purify from mouse brain a stable complex containing G3BP, and performed High-Throughput Sequencing (HITS-CLIP) to identify associated RNAs. Strikingly, most of the G3BP targets correspond to intron sequence-retaining transcripts and non-coding RNAs. My results also showed that G3BP1 depletion influences the stability of these premature transcripts in the cerebellum, which can be correlated to the ataxia phenotype of the G3BP1 KO mice. This comprehensive analysis suggests a new mechanism of gene regulation based on stabilization of silenced premature transcripts which might be converted to mature transcripts under stress condition and sequestration of G3BP in SGs.

The eukaryotic stress response involves translational suppression of non-housekeeping proteins, and the sequestration of unnecessary mRNA transcripts into stress granules (SGs). This process is dependent on mRNA binding proteins (RBPs), such as T- cell intracellular antigen (TIA-1). RBPs interact with unnecessary mRNA transcripts through prion and poly-glutamine like domains, and their aggregation mirrors proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in molecular genetics emphasize the importance of SG biology in disease by associating multiple RBPs linked to SGs with neurodegenerative disease. The major difference between SG proteins and aggregation prone proteins in neurodegeneration is that aggregation of SGs is transient and rapidly reverses when the stress is removed. In contrast, aggregates associated with disease are stable and accumulate over time. This study identifies overabundant SGs as a novel pathology in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. The data suggest that TIA-1 is intimately linked to tau pathogenesis, acting as a modifier of tau aggregation and associated toxicity. TIA-1 is present in a protein complex with tau protein including hyper-phosphorylated and misfolded tau. The expression of WT or P301L mutant tau increases the formation and size of TIA-1 positive SGs, and the localization and dynamics of these SGs are altered. Conversely, the expression of TIA-1 increases the formation and stabilization of phospho- and misfolded tau inclusions, as well as visible alterations in microtubule morphology, perhaps reflecting a loss of tau function. The data further show that co-expression of TIA-1 and tau leads to dendrite shortening, increases in caspase cleavage, and apoptosis in primary neurons, suggesting that an interaction between TIA-1 and tau results in neurotoxicity. This toxicity is SG-dependent and is rescued by microtubule stabilizing drugs. The results of this thesis research suggest that the aggregation of tau may proceed through the SG pathway, with SG formation accelerating the pathophysiology of tau aggregation. These studies propose that these tau aggregates serve as a nidus for further accelerated aggregation of SGs, leading to formation of long-lived pathological SG.

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第18627号 / 生博第318号 / 新制||生||42(附属図書館) / 31527 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 尚志, 教授 米原 伸, 教授 朝長 啓造 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第19907号 / 生博第354号 / 新制||生||47(附属図書館) / 32984 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 尚志, 教授 米原 伸, 教授 朝長 啓造 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21668号 / 医博第4474号 / 新制||医||1035(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 道行, 教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 安達 泰治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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