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Role of NTRK3 in the extinction of fear memories and streess-coping: studies in a mouse model of panic disorderAmador Arjona, Alejandro 23 July 2008 (has links)
The correct development and function of CNS is critical for brain health of the organism. Early or chronic stress causes prominent alterations in brain function, and affects the expression of neurotrophic factors in limbic brain regions involved in the regulation of mood and cognition. Recent evidences have opened the idea that in complex organisms, an altered expression of certain neurotrophins by stress could be involved in the onset and pathophysiology of most psychiatric disorders, such as depression, squizophrenia or anxiety disorders. It is hypothesized that altered levels of neurotrophic factors could contribute to the atrophy and cell death of these regions, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which would produce a malfunction in limbic-related areas, and as a consequence, a precipitation or worsening of psychiatric illnesses. We were interested in panic disorder pathophysiology, which is a stress-related disorder and is characterized by an altered cognitive processing of emotional information. Although little evidence has been found supporting a neurotrophic role in PD, recent data has revealed that NT-3/TrkC signaling might play a key role in limbic system morphology and function. Therefore, we suggest that NT-3/TrkC system is involved in PD pathogenesis. The main objective in the work of this doctoral thesis lie to determine the role of NTRK3 gene, that codifies for TrKC, in emotional cognition and stress response processes that underlies PD. To this end, we used a genetically modified mouse model of NTRK3 overexpression, which was validated as a model of PD. Here, it is characterized the effects produced by the increase of NTRK3 expression in the CNS, focusing in neural alterations that might influence changes in cognitive processes involved in coping strategies. Moreover, it is studied the mechanisms that underlie in these processes by different approaches, 1/physiologically, measuring the HPA axis response, 2/brain activation, analyzing the activation pattern to a stress stimulus, 3/cellular and gene expression profiling, characterizing key brain regions in cognitive processes, and 4/pharmacologically, studying neurotransmitters function.
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Interleukin-1 signaling in the stressed CNS: From microglial source to neuronal destinationDiSabato, Damon J. January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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The social regulation and genetic and environmental underpinnings of cortisol : a longitudinal genetically-informed studyCantave, Yamiley Christina 08 1900 (has links)
Contexte : Bien qu’il ait été proposé que l’exposition à un faible statut socioéconomique (SSE) familial altère l’activité de l’axe hypothalamo-pituito-surrénalien et sa production de l’hormone cortisol, les résultats actuels sont incohérents et suggèrent la présence de facteurs supplémentaires susceptibles de modifier ces associations. Pourtant, peu d’études à ce jour ont adopté une approche développementale sensible au timing, à la stabilité et aux changements au sein du SSE familial lors de l’étude de l’association liant le SSE au cortisol. En outre, peu de travaux empiriques ont évalué si cette association est non linéaire ou si elle est modulée par le soutien social. Enfin, rares sont les études qui ont examiné dans quelle mesure cette association est affectée par les facteurs génétiques et par les processus gène-environnement, notamment à l’adolescence. Objectifs : Ancré dans une perspective de psychopathologie développementale, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’examiner les processus gène-environnement impliqués dans les associations entre le SSE et divers indicateurs de sécrétion cortisolaire mesurés à l’adolescence. Cette thèse a également examiné dans quelle mesure ces associations sont affectées par le timing, la chronicité et les changements au sein du SSE familial et sont atténuées par le soutien social. Méthodes : Les participants proviennent de l’Étude des jumeaux nouveau-nés du Québec, un échantillon populationnel de jumeaux recrutés à la naissance. Le SSE familial a été recueilli au cours de la petite enfance (0-5 ans) et à la mi-adolescence (14 ans). Le soutien social a été rapporté par les jumeaux à l’âge de 14 et de 19 ans. Le cortisol diurne (n=569) a été mesuré à l’âge de 14 ans au réveil, 30 minutes plus tard, l’après-midi et le soir pendant quatre jours non consécutifs. Le cortisol capillaire (n=704) a été mesuré à l’âge de 19 ans. Résultats : Cette thèse est composée de trois articles. Les résultats des deux premiers articles indiquent que l’étiologie génétique du cortisol au réveil et capillaire fluctuent au long du continuum du SSE mesuré à la petite enfance. Les formes que prennent ces interactions gène-environnement sont toutefois distinctes pour ces indicateurs. De plus, nos résultats révèlent la présence d’associations uniques entre le SSE familial mesuré à la mi-adolescence et la plupart des indicateurs cortisolaire, soit suivant une relation linéaire, ou non linéaire. Nous avons également trouvé que l’association liant le SSE au cortisol capillaire n’est pas expliquée par une étiologie génétique commune, mais semble refléter les effets de l’environnement partagé par les jumeaux. Enfin, les résultats du troisième article suggèrent que l’effet synergique du SES familial mesuré à la petite enfance et à la mi-adolescence prédisent la sécrétion cortisolaire. De plus, l’association concomitante entre le SSE et le cortisol au réveil est modulée par le soutien social. Conclusions : Collectivement, ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’adopter une approche développementale et génétiquement informative lors de l’étude de l’association liant l’adversité aux systèmes physiologiques de stress. Un tel examen pourrait contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-tendant les disparités socioéconomiques précoces documentées en matière de santé, d’apprentissage et de comportements. / Background: While exposure to lower family socioeconomic status (SES) has been proposed to
induce alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and its production of the
hormone cortisol, existing findings are inconsistent and suggest the presence of additional factors
that may modify these associations. Yet, few of the past studies have taken a developmental
approach sensitive to the timing, stability, and change within family SES when investigating the
association between SES and cortisol secretion. Furthermore, little empirical attention has been
devoted to assessing the possibility that this association might be nonlinear or is modulated by
youth’s perceived availability of social support. Lastly, the extent to which this association is
affected by genetic factors as well as gene-environmental interplays has seldom been investigated,
particularly in adolescence. Objectives: Rooted in a developmental psychopathology perspective,
the present thesis’s main objective is to examine the gene-environment processes implicated in the
associations of family SES with multiple indicators of cortisol secretion during adolescence. This
thesis also investigated to what extent these associations are affected by the timing, chronicity and
change in SES and buffered by perceived social support. Methods: Participants are from the
Québec Newborn Twin Study, a population-based sample of twin pairs recruited at birth. Family
SES was collected in early childhood (ages 0–5) and mid-adolescence (age 14). Perceived social
support was reported by twins at aged 14 and 19. Diurnal cortisol (n=569) was measured at age 14
at awakening, 30 min later, in the afternoon and evening over four non-consecutive days. Hair
cortisol (n=704) was measured at age 19. Results: This thesis is comprised of three articles. The
results of the first two papers indicate that the genetic etiology of adolescence awakening cortisol
and HCC fluctuated along the continuum of early childhood family SES. The patterns of these
gene-environment interactions were, however, distinct for these indicators. Furthermore, our
results pointed to unique associations between mid-adolescence family SES and most of the diurnal
and hair cortisol indicators, either according to a linear or nonlinear function. We also found that
the association linking mid-adolescence family SES to HCC is not explained by a common genetic
etiology but appears to reflect shared environmental effects. Finally, the results of the third paper
revealed that the synergistic effect of early childhood and mid-adolescence SES predicted cortisol
secretion. Moreover, the concomitant association between SES and awakening cortisol was found
to be modulated by mid-adolescence social support. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings
underscore the necessity of espousing a developmental and genetically sensitive approach in
studies investigating the impact of adversity on stress physiological systems. Such investigations
may pave the way to a fuller understanding of the mechanisms underlying the early roots of
socioeconomic disparities in health, learning and behaviours.
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