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11	Método numérico para determinação do coeficiente de atrito ao longo da superfície em contato lubrificado. / Numerical method for the evaluation of the coefficient of friction along the surface in lubricated contacts. Lima, Arnaldo Oliveira 08 May 2019 (has links) A eficiência dos sistemas mecânicos é influenciada diretamente pelo coeficiente de atrito local, sendo este relacionado com os regimes de lubrificação. O coeficiente de atrito pode ser estudado usando o método de elementos finitos (MEF) com a finalidade de substituir ensaios experimentais e reduzir tempo de análise. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para avaliar o coeficiente de atrito em um par tribológico e seu efeito na eficiência por simulação numérica. Para esta modelagem foi definido um sistema composto por um par de engrenagens helicoidais. Em uma primeira análise, foi empregado o programa AVL Excite Power Unit, que utiliza a ferramenta MBD (Multi-Body Dynamic - Dinâmica de Multi-Corpos), possibilitando a simulação da transmissão com seus principais elementos em um modelo 1D, que leva em consideração a teoria da lubrificação elastohidrodinâmica (EHL). Também foi utilizado o programa Abaqus®, da Dassault Systèmes, para a criação de um modelo 3D, que considera o par engrenado e sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de uma subrotina para a aplicação do modelo de lubrificação da literatura. Em todas as simulações foram considerados condições de operação de um banco de provas e três diferentes acabamentos superficiais dos dentes das engrenagens em função do processo de fabricação: fresamento, retificação e polimento. Além da rugosidade, avaliou-se o efeito da velocidade angular nas perdas do sistema. O modelo 3D foi comparado com o modelo 1D e com resultados de eficiência de ensaios de banco de prova. O modelo 3D permitiu avaliar o coeficiente de atrito local na linha de contato do dente engrenado. Maiores velocidades angulares aumentaram a espessura de específica de filme, diminuindo assim o coeficiente de atrito e promovendo uma melhoria na eficiência do sistema. Os menores valores de coeficiente de atrito estão na região do diâmetro primitivo, onde o SRR é nulo. A velocidade angular influenciou mais do que a rugosidade. As análises dos modelos 1D e 3D indicaram que o modelo 1D superestima a eficiência da transmissão, enquanto que o modelo 3D apresentou resultados compatíveis com o banco de provas. / The efficiency of mechanical systems is influenced directly by the local friction coefficient, which is related to the lubrication regimes. The coefficient of friction can be studied using the finite element method (FEM) to replace experimental tests and reduce analysis time. This dissertation had the objective to develop a methodology to evaluate the coefficient of friction in a tribological pair and the effect on the efficiency by numerical simulation. In this model, a system composed of a pair of helical gears was defined. In a first analysis, the AVL Excite Power Unit software was used, which uses the tool MBD (Multi-Body Dynamic), enabling the simulation of the transmission with the main elements in a 1D model, which takes into account the theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). The Abaqus® software was used to create a 3D model, which considers the pair of helical gear and a developed subroutine for application of the literature lubrication model. In all simulations, the conditions of operation of a rig tests and three different surface finishes of the gear teeth were considered, depending on the manufacturing process: milling, grinding and polishing. Besides the roughness, the effect of angular velocity on the losses of the system was evaluated. The 3D model was compared with the 1D model and with the results of rig tests efficiency. The 3D model allowed to evaluate the coefficient of local friction in the contact line of the tooth. Higher angular velocities increased the film specific thickness, thus reducing the coefficient of friction and promoting an improvement in the efficiency of the system. The lowest values of coefficient of friction are in the region of the primitive diameter, there the SRR is zero. The angular velocity influenced more than the roughness. The analyzes of the 1D and 3D models indicated that the 1D model overestimates the transmission efficiency, while the 3D model presented results compatible with the rig tests. Atrito Coefficient of friction Engrenagens Finite Element method Lubricated contacts Método dos elementos finitos Roughness Rugosidade Stribeck curve
12	Lubrification Mixte des Etanchéités dynamiques : application aux garnitures mécaniques d'étanchéité Minet, Christophe 10 July 2009 (has links) (PDF) Les garnitures mécaniques sont des composants d'étanchéité d'arbres tournants fréquemment rencontrés dans les applications industrielles. Une garniture est constituée de deux surfaces planes annulaires dont le contact est lubrifié par le fluide dont il faut assurer l'étanchéité. Le fonctionnement optimal est obtenu en minimisant à la fois la fuite et l'usure. Cela correspond à une épaisseur de film de l'ordre du micromètre, et à un régime de lubrification mixte. Dans ce cas, le film fluide n'est pas complet et des zones de contact apparaissent. Une analyse bibliographique approfondie a permis de justifier le recours à une approche déterministe pour notre étude. Cela nécessite de caractériser correctement les surfaces rugueuses et de pouvoir les reproduire par simulation numérique. Une étude métrologique a été menée sur des échantillons de garnitures mécaniques à plusieurs stades de fonctionnement. Ainsi, les valeurs des paramètres statistiques de la rugosité de ces surfaces ont pu être déterminées. Un modèle numérique de génération de surface rugueuse non Gaussienne a été développé. Un modèle d'écoulement déterministe de la lubrification mixte des garnitures mécaniques est ensuite présenté. Il inclut la cavitation dans le fluide et le contact normal hertzien des aspérités. La résolution de l'équation de conservation du débit est entreprise au moyen de la méthode des volumes finis. Une étude paramétrique a été réalisée pour quatre surfaces statistiquement équivalentes et représentatives d'un état de surface rodé. Le modèle met en évidence la génération de portance due à la rugosité, bien que les surfaces moyennes soient planes et parallèles. Des courbes de Stribeck ont été tracées pour chaque cas étudié. L'écart-type de la hauteur des rugosités est le paramètre ayant le plus d'influence sur les résultats. De plus, le développement de la microcavitation, qui dépend étroitement de l'agencement de la rugosité, a une grande importance dans la modélisation. [SPI] Engineering Sciences tribologie lubrification mixte étanchéités dynamiques garnitures mécaniques surfaces rugueuses contact des aspérités cavitation étude paramétrique courbes de Stribeck
13	Investigation of Acceleration Dependent Nonlinear Lubricated Friction in Hydraulic Actuation Systems 2016 January 1900 (has links) Lubricated friction issues are central to all hydraulic actuation systems undergoing motion and any in-depth understanding of the nature of lubricated friction will advance future component design. The classic friction models of hydraulic actuation systems under steady state conditions and their dependency on velocity and temperature have been studied extensively over the past years. A model which is commonly employed to represent the characteristics of friction is that of Stribeck in which the dependency of the friction force is based on velocity alone. However, experimentally, it has been found that lubricated friction is dependent on acceleration. Thus, the Stribeck model can be considered as a subset of a dynamic friction model in which acceleration is zero. Thus, it can be concluded that the Stribeck model is best applied to cases when the change rate of the velocities is very small. This thesis considers the dependency of lubricated friction on acceleration when pressure and temperature changes are relatively constant. As such, the basic hypothesis for this study was proposed as follows: “Lubricated friction in hydraulic actuation systems is not only a function of velocity, but is also a function of both velocity and acceleration”. In this thesis several terms are defined which facilitate the description under which friction models are developed. For example, the term non-steady state friction is used to account for the effect of acceleration on lubricated friction force while in motion. Further, the lubricated friction models are divided into two groups: steady state friction models and non-steady state friction models. Nonlinear friction modeling and measuring methods are reviewed in this dissertation. This review also includes nonlinear lubricated friction modeling in hydraulic actuation systems. A conclusion from this review was that limited research has been done in documenting and explicitly demonstrating the role of acceleration on lubricated friction. The research first introduced a methodology to experimentally measure friction as a function of acceleration and to demonstrate this dependency in the form of a three dimensional graph. A novel technique to experimentally obtain data for the lubricated friction model was introduced. This allowed the lubricated friction forces to be measured as a function of velocity in a continuous manner, but with acceleration being held constant as a family parameter. Two different valve controlled hydraulic actuation systems (VCHAS) were studied under a wide variety of accelerations at constant temperature and pressure. To enable repeatable data collection for the different friction conditions and to accommodate for the effect of hysteresis, a periodic parabolic displacement waveform was chosen which enabled the acceleration to be a family parameter. The second phase of the research introduced a method of representing the data (lubricated friction model) in a lookup table form. The relationship of lubricated friction (in this work, pressure differential, ΔP across the actuator) as a function of velocity and acceleration was presented in a unique semi-empirical 2D lookup table (2D LUT). Limitations of this experimental approach were identified, but the dependency on acceleration was clearly established. The last phase of the study implemented this 2D LUT model into a practical software model of an actuator and demonstrated its accuracy when compared to its experimental counterpart. The semi-empirical model (2D LUT) was experimentally verified by implementing the semi-empirical and Stribeck models into a real time simulation of an actuator and by comparing the experimental outputs against simulated outputs for a common sinusoidal input. A sinusoidal actuator displacement input was chosen to test the simulations as it was not used in the collection of the original data. The output of the simulation was compared to the experimental results and it was evident that for the range in which data could be collected in developing the model, the proposed 2D LUT model predicted an output that was superior to a model which used a standard Stribeck model. It was concluded that the semi-empirical model could be integrated into a simulation environment and predict outputs in a superior fashion when compared to the Stribeck friction model. Thus it was concluded that the stated hypothesis is consistent with the experimental evidence shown by all hydraulic actuators considered. Further, it was also observed that the traditional Stribeck form (steady state dynamic friction) does change with increasing acceleration to the point that the standard breakaway friction almost disappears. It is evident that the 2D LUT is a viable tool for modeling the non-steady state friction of hydraulic actuation systems. The semi-empirical 2D LUT model so developed is a more global representation of hydraulic actuator lubricated friction. In this research, only linear hydraulic actuators were considered; however, the novel nonlinear semi-empirical 2D LUT lubricated friction model can be applied to any actuator (linear and rotary) and provides a new way in which the dynamic friction can be viewed and modeled. Nonlinear Lubricated Friction Stribeck Acceleration Dependent Hydraulic Actuation Systems EHA VCHAS Parabolic Differential Pressure Steady State Friction Non-Steady State Friction Hysteresis Modeling and Simulation Semi-empirical Model 2D LUT
14	Modélisation de la Lubrification Mixte et du Comportement Thermique dans les Garnitures Mécaniques Nyemeck, André Parfait 09 December 2011 (has links) (PDF) Les garnitures mécaniques sont des composants utilisés pour assurer l'étanchéité d'arbres tournants. Elles sont constituées principalement de deux anneaux plans (le rotor et le stator), dont l'interface, qui constitue la barrière d'étanchéité, est lubrifiée par un film fluide. Le fonctionnement optimal est obtenu en minimisant à la fois la fuite et l'usure. Cela correspond à une épaisseur de film de l'ordre du micromètre, et à un régime de lubrification mixte. L'étude bibliographique présentant l'état de l'art a permis de justifier l'utilisation d'une approche multi-échelles pour traiter le problème de lubrification mixte. Une autre partie de cette bibliographie a permis d'identifier les modèles thermiques à mettre en œuvre. Le modèle multi-échelles développé pour l'étude de la lubrification mixte des garnitures mécaniques est ensuite présenté. Ce dernier utilise les surfaces numériquement générées et consiste à décomposer le domaine d'étude en plusieurs sous-domaines. L'équation de Reynolds prenant en compte la cavitation dans le fluide est résolue par la méthode des volumes finis à l'échelle micrométrique dans les sous-domaines de même que le contact normal hertzien des aspérités. Une échelle macroscopique est introduite pour connecter les conditions aux limites aux bornes des sous-domaines. Un champ de pression macroscopique est ainsi obtenu en assurant la conservation globale du débit. Ce modèle prend également en compte, à l'échelle macroscopique, le comportement Thermo-Elasto-HydroDynamique (TEHD) dans les garnitures mécaniques. La discrétisation des équations de chaleur et de déformation est effectuée grâce à la méthode des éléments finis pour une géométrie axisymétrique. La validation du modèle multi-échelles est faite avec un modèle déterministe de lubrification mixte, d'une part, et d'autre part avec un modèle TEHD pour surfaces lisses précédemment développé au laboratoire. L'influence des paramètres caractérisant le comportement de la garniture est analysée au travers d'une étude paramétrique. Cette étude a permis d'identifier les différents régimes de lubrification dans lesquels l'épaisseur du film lubrifiant est contrôlée par la hauteur des rugosités ou par les déformations thermoélastiques des faces.
15	Settling-Time Improvements in Positioning Machines Subject to Nonlinear Friction Using Adaptive Impulse Control Hakala, Tim 31 January 2006 (has links) (PDF) A new method of adaptive impulse control is developed to precisely and quickly control the position of machine components subject to friction. Friction dominates the forces affecting fine positioning dynamics. Friction can depend on payload, velocity, step size, path, initial position, temperature, and other variables. Control problems such as steady-state error and limit cycles often arise when applying conventional control techniques to the position control problem. Studies in the last few decades have shown that impulsive control can produce repeatable displacements as small as ten nanometers without limit cycles or steady-state error in machines subject to dry sliding friction. These displacements are achieved through the application of short duration, high intensity pulses. The relationship between pulse duration and displacement is seldom a simple function. The most dependable practical methods for control are self-tuning; they learn from online experience by adapting an internal control parameter until precise position control is achieved. To date, the best known adaptive pulse control methods adapt a single control parameter. While effective, the single parameter methods suffer from sub-optimal settling times and poor parameter convergence. To improve performance while maintaining the capacity for ultimate precision, a new control method referred to as Adaptive Impulse Control (AIC) has been developed. To better fit the nonlinear relationship between pulses and displacements, AIC adaptively tunes a set of parameters. Each parameter affects a different range of displacements. Online updates depend on the residual control error following each pulse, an estimate of pulse sensitivity, and a learning gain. After an update is calculated, it is distributed among the parameters that were used to calculate the most recent pulse. As the stored relationship converges to the actual relationship of the machine, pulses become more accurate and fewer pulses are needed to reach each desired destination. When fewer pulses are needed, settling time improves and efficiency increases. AIC is experimentally compared to conventional PID control and other adaptive pulse control methods on a rotary system with a position measurement resolution of 16000 encoder counts per revolution of the load wheel. The friction in the test system is nonlinear and irregular with a position dependent break-away torque that varies by a factor of more than 1.8 to 1. AIC is shown to improve settling times by as much as a factor of two when compared to other adaptive pulse control methods while maintaining precise control tolerances. control position adaptive impulsive settling-time nonlinear friction pulses displacements precise tolerances log-spaced update distributed learning Coulomb Stribeck Tomizuka Yang AIC PID MRAC STR RTAI Linux FreeBSD kernel modules microcontroller convergence practical self-tuning methods techniques limit-cycles steady-state error zero stable stability bound envelope partitioned scheme lookup-table multi-point adaptation repeatable mean servo motor exponential square-law rise-time real-time log-log interpolation pro-forma curve-fit sensitivity compliance variable static dynamic response torque acceleration velocity optical encoder parameters evolution fixed-law enhanced split weighting initialization trajectory layered processes Mechanical Engineering

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